Beneficiation of low-grade diasporic bauxite with hydrocyclone

Low-grade diasporic bauxite was treated with hydrocyclone of small cone-angle.The effects of apex diameter,feed pressure and feed concentration on separation indexes were tested,and then the separation process was discussed by hydrokinetics tentatively.The results show that the increase of apex diameter changes the spacial locality of the envelope of zero vertical velocity, resulting in decrease of the ratio of Al2O3/SiO2 in overflow and increase of the recovery of Al2O3 in underflow,while feed pressure and feed concentration have no remarkable effect on the spacial locality of the envelope of zero vertical velocity,however,the separation indexes are improved by the increase of feed pressure,but are worsened by the increase of feed concentration.

Mineralogical and sink-float studies of Jajarm low-grade bauxite

Jajarm＇s bauxite deposits are mainly diasporic, and they have a low mass ratio of Al2O3/SiO2. It is necessary to increase the run-of-mine mass ratio before feeding the material to the Bayer process. Chemical analysis indicated that the low-grade bauxite sample from Jajarm contained 43.9wt% Al2O3 and 13.35wt% SiO2, resulting in a mass ratio of 3.29. According to mineralogical studies, the presence of aluminosilicate minerals such as kaolinite, illite, and quartz was the main reason for the decrease of the mass ratio. Microscopic observations revealed that, with the size reduction from -1000＋710 to -38 μm, the liberation degree of diaspore increased from 10% to 60%, and that of aluminosilicates increased from 20% to 85%. Heavy liquids with the densities of 2.8, 3.0, 3.2, and 3.4 g/cm3 were used to evaluate the heavy media separation in three sizes, i.e., -3350＋710, -710＋212, and -212＋125 μm. Laboratory studies confirm that the density of 3.2 g/cm3 can produce the concentrates （in sunk fractions） with recoveries of 89.09%, 91.24%, and 84.68% with the Al2O3/SiO2 mass ratios of 5.03, 5.16, and 5.15 for the -3350＋710, -710＋212, and -212＋ 125 μ m sizes, respectively.

Suspension calcination and alkali leaching of low-grade high-sulfur bauxite:Desulfurization, mineralogical evolution and desilication

To enable the utilization of low-grade and high-sulfur bauxite, the suspension calcination was used to remove the sulfur and the activate silica minerals, and the calcinated bauxite was subjected to a desilication process in Na OH solution under atmospheric pressure. The desulfurization and desilication properties and mineralogical evolution were studied by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and FactSage methods. The results demonstrate that the suspension calcination method is efficient for sulfur removal: 84.21% of S was removed after calcination at 1000°C for 2 min. During the calcination process, diaspore and pyrite were transferred to α-Al2O3, magnetite, and hematite. The phase transformation of pyrite follows the order FeS2 → Fe3O4 → Fe2O3, and the iron oxides and silica were converted into iron silicate. In the alkali-soluble desilication process, the optimum condition was an alkali solution concentration of 110 g/L, a reaction time of 20 min, and a reaction temperature of 95°C. The corresponding desilication ratio and alumina loss ratio were 44.9% and 2.4%, respectively, and the alumina-to-silica mass ratio of the concentrate was 7.9. The Al2O3·2SiO2, SiO2, and Al2O3 formed during the calcination process could react with Na OH solution, and their activity decreased in the order of Al2O3·2 SiO2, SiO2, and Al2O3.

Development of A New Lime Adding Technology in Two-Stream Digestion Process of Diasporic Bauxite

Indirect heating and intensified digestion technology can be applied to reduce greatly the energy consumption in Bayer process of diasporic bauxite. A great advantage of two-stream process is to avoid or reduce efficiently serious scaling problem of bauxite slurry on indirect heating surface, which certainly happens in the single stream process and brings about great troubles to the indirect heating. As a result of a great number of experiments and the theoretical analysis, a new lime adding technology for the two-stream digestion process is developed in this paper that lime is added into spent liquor stream instead of bauxite slurry, which is more suitable to the two-stream process of diasporic bauxite. The influences of the new lime addition technology on preheating and digestion process were discussed. It was deduced that the new technology can be used efficiently in the two-stream process of non-diasporic bauxite.

Reaction behavior of silicon-rich diasporic bauxite with ammonium sulfate during roasting

The separation of Al from the silicon-rich diasporic bauxite is of great significance in alumina production.Herein,we proposed a low-temperature ammonium sulfate roasting-water leaching process to extract aluminum from silicon-rich diasporic bauxite.Parameters including roasting temperature,dosage of ammonium sulfate,roasting time,and particle size of ore were investigated.Under the condition of roasting temperature of 400℃,roasting time of 5 h,ammonium sulfate dosage of 2.5 times of the theoretical value and ore particle size of 80−96μm,more than 98%leaching rate of aluminum was obtained.The phase transformation and mechanism during the roasting process were revealed by using X-ray diffraction,thermogravimetric analysis,differential thermal analysis,and scanning electron microscope methods.The diaspore and kaolinite phases in the silicon-rich diasporic bauxite could react with ammonium sulfate to form corresponding sulfates(NH_(4))_(3)Al(SO_(4))_(3) Al(SO_(4))_(2) and Al_(2)(SO_(4))_(3).The proposed technology could provide an effective method for the direct and separation of aluminum from silicon-rich diasporic bauxite.

Effect of hydroxamic acid starch on reverse flotation desilicate from diasporic bauxite

It is important to depress diaspore effectively in order to remove silicates from diasporic bauxite. A new water soluble polymer hydroxamic acid starch (HA-starch) was prepared. The effects of the product on the diaspore and kaolinite flotation were investigated and its reactive mechanism was studied by zeta potential measurement and FTIR. The results show that HA-starch can depress diaspore while make positive effect on kaolinite flotation at low pH value(pH below 6). The flotation recovery of diaspore was sharply decreased with the increase of concentration of HA-starch. The chemical adsorption of HA-starch on the surface of diaspore was revealed.

Technology and mechanism of desilication from roasted diasporic bauxite in atmosphere

The leaching desilication technology of roasted diasporic bauxite in atmosphere by caustic soda solution was investigated. The optimum parameters were: the grinding fineness of the roasted bauxite -0.076??mm and 80% ～ 85%, leaching time 2?h, Na 2O k 100 ～ 150?g/L, L/S 4～5, leaching temperature 90 ～ 95?℃. The desilication rate 55.20% and concentrate A/S (mass ratio of Al 2O 3 to SiO 2) 9.90, as good as those obtained at pressure, were obtained respectively. Investigation of two stage leaching shows that it can both improve desilication rate of roasted ore and reduce leaching time. When time of the first stage and the second stage is 30?min and 30?min respectively, desilication rate can reach 59.65%. X ray diffraction analysis of the concentrate has proved that desilication procedure is accompanied with the formation of sodium aluminosilicate hydrate. X ray spectra also show that silica removed during leaching is amorphous silica. SiO 2 occurring as quartz in raw ore or mullite formed during roasting can not dissolve in alkali solution.

Flotation techniques for separation of diaspore from bauxite using Gemini collector and starch depressant

The floatability of diaspore and three kinds of silicate minerals,including kaolinite,illite and pyrophyllite,by a cationic Gemini surfactant as collector and starch as depressant was investigated as function of reagents concentration and pulp pH.Further studies of artificially mixed minerals and bauxite ore were also detailedly conducted.At last,the pre-desliming reverse flotation separation process was adopted.It can be concluded that the combinational use of a Gemini cationic collector and the starch depressant is effective.The concentrates with Al2O3 to SiO2 mass ratio of 9.66 and the recovery of Al2O3 of 71.73% are obtained from natural bauxite ore(A/S=5.70) at pH value of around 10.

Effects of Polymeric Flocculants on Settlement of Bayer Red Mud Generated from Chinese Diaspore Bauxite

A systematic investigation on the interaction between Bayer red mud particles generated from Chinese diaspore bauxite and commercial sodium polyacrylate(SPA) or polyacrylamide(PAM) was performed by red mud settling tests,conductivity-pH titration and Ubbelodhe viscosimetric measurement.The results indicate that the treatment with red mud by SPA gives a lower red mud settling rate and lower supernatant turbidity than the treatment with red mud by PAM.There is an optimum polymer dosage of 300 g/t(based on the weight of dry red mud) when red mud slurry is treated by SPA or PAM,so 'bridging' adsorption is one of the main interactions between red mud and SPA or PAM.With the increase of NaOH concentration,the hydrolysis degree of PAM dissolved in NaOH solution increases and its molecular weight almost does not change,but the settling rate of red mud treated by it drops rapidly.The settling rate of red mud treated by PAM dissolved in 10 g/L NaOH solution is 0.61 m/h while by PAM dissolved in distilled water it is 1.31 m/h,because the adsorption ability of the hydrolyzed PAM onto red mud surface declines primarily due to the formation of-CONH2～-COO-～-CONH2 intramolecular hydrogen bond。

Breakage Distribution Estimation of Bauxite Based on Piecewise Linearized Breakage Rate

Laboratory tests were carried out to study the breakage kinetics of diasporic bauxite and determine its breakage distribution function. Non-first order breakage with different deceleration rates for different size intervals is found, which is most probably caused by the heterogeneity of the ore. Piecewise linearization method is proposed to describe the non-first order breakage according to its characteristics. In the method, grinding time is divided into several intervals and breakage is assumed to be first order in each interval. So, the breakage rates are calculated by taking the product of the last interval as feed and then established as a function of particle size and grinding time. Based on the predetermined breakage rate function, the breakage distribution of the ore is back-calculated from the experimental data using the population balance model (PBM). Finally, the obtained breakage parameters are validated and the simulated data are in good agreement with the experimental data. The obtained breakage distribution and the method for breakage rate description are both significant for modeling the full scale ball milling process of bauxite.

Flotation mechanism of octylic hydroxamic acid on diaspore

Bauxite resources are widely spread in the earth. However, the effective utilization of this mineral is still under infant. The conventional collector for diaspore mineral is oleic acid. It has three main drawbacks which are highly insoluble, large dosages in bauxite flotation, and low selectivity, which hinder its application in industry. In this research, octylic hydroxamic acid was synthesized, and its collecting ability toward two major minerals in bauxite-diaspore and kaolinite was investigated. The collecting power of various reagents for diaspore are shown as follows: oleic acid<octylic hydroxamic acid; while the collecting power for kaolinite was like this: octylic hydroxamic acid<oleic acid. It is shown that octylic hydroxamic acid has the capability of high collectivity and good selectivity. The optimum pH was determined to be 8 9. Zeta potential test revealed that the anionic collectors-octylic hydroxamic acid and oleic acid had been adsorbed on the surface of diaspore and kaolinite, meanwhile the adsorption for diaspore was more remarkable. By the adsorptive capability and IR tests, the adsorption of octylic hydroxamic acid on diaspore was determined to be a process of chemical absorption, which was greater than that of oleic acid.

Effects of Roasting Pretreatment in Intense Magnetic Field on Phase Transition and Digestion Performance of Diasporic Bauxite

This paper investigates the changes of phase and apparent morphology under the combined effects of an intense magnetic field and temperature field.The effect of different roasting conditions on the digestion performance of roasted ore is also studied.The results indicate that roasting pretreatment under high magnetic fields can change the microstructure and digestion performance of bauxite.The Al phase changed faster of high iron bauxite than that of low iron bauxite.The digestion performance of low iron bauxite improved significantly through roasting pretreatment in intense magnetic field. But the digestion performance of bauxite get worse with the iron content in bauxite increase,because the high iron content of bauxite lead the shielding effect of magnetic field and make the crystal structure of bauxite stably,the surface area or low iron bauxite increased obviously during pretreatment.The optimal pretreatment condition of low iron bauxite is roasting temperature of 550℃,roasting time of 60min and magnetic field intensity of 6T,while for the high iron is roasting temperature of 500℃,roasting time of 60min and magnetic field intensity of 9T.

Action mechanism of octylic hydroxamic acid on diaspore

The conventional collector for diaspore mineral is oleic acid,which is highly insoluble and must be used in high dosage in bauxite flotation,that is the great drawback of oleic acid in use.Octylic hydroxamic acid was synthesized,and its collecting ability to certain minerals in bauxite:diaspore and kaolinite were studied.The collecting power of various reagents to diaspore in an incremental sequence was shown as follows:oleic acid<octylic hydroxamic acid,while the incremental sequence of the collecting power to kaolinite was like this:octylic hydroxamic acid < oleic acid.It could be seen that octylic hydroxamic acid had the capability of high collectivity and good selectivity,and octylic hydroxamic acid was chosen to use in the following experiments.Reduced zeta potential showed the adsorption of the anionic collector on the mineral.By the adsorptive capability and IR(infrared ray)tests,the adsorption of octylic hydroxamic acid on diaspore was determined to be chemical absorption,which was greater than that of oleic acid,as it was absorption by hydrogen bond.

河南省巩义铝土矿地球化学特征分析

龙门-巩义地区是河南省铝土矿成矿带之一.通过对巩义铝土矿主要成分化学测试,研究分析铝土矿床化学元素变化规律.结果表明:铝土矿矿石主要矿物成分为一水硬铝石(含量45%~95%),其次为高岭石、伊利石等(含量4%~25%),含少量菱铁矿、黄铁矿、方解石、白云石等,微量矿物有锆石、磷灰石等.矿石的主要化学成分为Al_(2)O_(3)、SiO_(2)、Fe_(2)O_(3)、TiO_(2)、S,共占总成分的83.42%.其中,Al_(2)O_(3)含量40.46%~77.59%,平均60.68%;SiO_(2)1.00%~29.54%,平均14.07%;铝硅比值(A/S)1.8~65.1,平均4.3.在不同埋深条件下,相对深度越大,Al_(2)O_(3)的含量值及A/S值相对越大.该区域的化学风化指数(CIA)值可达到91.16,指示本区含铝岩系遭受了强烈的化学风化作用.

一水硬铝石型铝土矿焙烧碱浸脱硅新工艺(Ⅰ)

针对中、低铝硅比的一水硬铝石—高岭石型铝土矿 ,以山西铝土矿作原料 ,在回转窑上进行了焙烧脱硅工艺研究 ,结果表明 :采用回转窑焙烧铝土矿是可行的 ,其焙烧工艺条件为 :矿石粒度 0～ 2 0mm ,焙烧温度10 5 0～ 110 0℃ ,焙烧时间 15～ 2 0min。在碱浸溶出脱硅条件下焙烧矿的脱硅率达 5 5 .6 1% ,精矿铝硅比为 9.92。X射线衍射分析表明 :焙烧过程中高岭石发生热分解产生的非晶态SiO2 ,在碱浸溶出脱硅过程中溶于NaOH脱除。高压溶出试验表明 :脱硅铝精矿中Al2 O3 的溶出率比原矿要高。

铝土矿选择性磨矿的必要性与可行性研究

论述了我国铝土矿的资源状况与特点 ,根据铝土矿选矿的研究现状 ,分析了一水硬铝石型铝土矿选择性磨矿的必要性 ,并对其可行性进行了研究 ,指出了铝土矿选择性磨矿研究的方向。

温度对油酸钠在一水硬铝石矿物表面吸附的影响

采用红外光谱和光电子能谱检测,研究了不同温度条件下油酸钠在一水硬铝石矿物表面吸附,并分析了温度影响油酸钠捕收一水硬铝石能力的根本原因。结果表明:在一定温度范围内(10～45℃),油酸钠对一水硬铝石的捕收能力随温度的升高而提高;在常温或相对低温条件下,油酸钠在一水硬铝石表面没有呈现明显的化学吸附形式,只有在较高药剂浓度和较高温度下,油酸钠在一水硬铝石表面才发生明显的化学吸附。温度影响油酸钠捕收能力的主要原因,可能是温度的不同导致了油酸钠在溶液中的各组份分布率的差异,从而影响油酸钠的捕收能力。

一水硬铝石型铝土矿焙烧碱浸脱硅新工艺(Ⅲ)

通过对铝土矿焙烧后碱浸脱硅的研究 ,获得常压碱浸脱硅的工艺条件为 :矿粉粒度 <0 .0 76mm占80 %～ 85 % ,溶出时间 2h ,ρ(Na2 Ok) =10 0～ 15 0 g/L ,L/S =4,溶出温度 90～ 95℃ ,搅拌速度 95 0r/min。在此溶出条件下 ,回转窑焙烧矿的脱硅率可达 5 5 .2 0 % ,精矿A/S =9.90 。

铝土矿选择性磨矿中磨矿介质的研究

研究了球形、短圆柱形和短圆柱+球形3种磨矿介质对铝土矿选择性磨矿的作用。研究结果表明:大直径球形介质对粗粒级铝土矿的冲击力较大,容易造成过粉碎,小直径球形介质的擦洗作用能提高粗粒级铝土矿的铝硅比;短圆柱介质对铝土矿磨矿具有较好的选择性,但对铝硅比的提高幅度较小,磨矿速率较低;短圆柱+球形介质具有球形介质和短圆柱介质的优点,既具有较高的磨矿速率,又能较大幅度地提高粗粒级的铝硅比,适合铝土矿选择性磨矿的要求。对于短圆柱+球形介质,介质配比对铝土矿选择性磨矿的磨矿效果有明显的影响。

一水硬铝石型铝土矿焙烧碱浸脱硅新工艺(Ⅱ)

在烧结杯上模拟带式焙烧机进行了铝土矿的焙烧脱硅试验。结果表明 :采用带式焙烧机焙烧铝土矿是可行的。获得的焙烧工艺条件为 :矿石粒度 0～ 5mm ,焦粉用量 3.4% ,混合料水分 7.5% ,950℃点火 1min ,80 0℃保温 2min ,点火负压 3kPa ,焙烧负压 7kPa。采用苛性碱溶出脱硅 ,焙烧矿脱硅率可达 43.45% ,精矿A/S =8.31。X射线衍射分析表明 :焙烧过程中高岭石发生热分解产生的非晶态SiO2 ,经碱处理后溶于NaOH而被脱除。高压溶出试验表明 :脱硅铝精矿中Al2 O3的溶出率比原矿高。