The Roles of Low-level Jets in “21·7” Henan Extremely Persistent Heavy Rainfall Event

An extremely heavy rainfall event lasting from 17 to 22 July 2021 occurred in Henan Province of China, with accumulated precipitation of more than 1000 mm over a 6-day period that exceeded its mean annual precipitation. The present study examines the roles of persistent low-level jets(LLJs) in maintaining the precipitation using surface station observations and reanalysis datasets. The LLJs triggered strong ascending motions and carried moisture mainly from the outflow of Typhoon In-fa(2021). The varying directions of the LLJs well corresponded to the meridional shifts of the rainfall. The precipitation rate reached a maximum during 20-21 July as the LLJs strengthened and expanded vertically into double LLJs, including synoptic-weather-system-related LLJs(SLLJs) at 850–700 hPa and boundary-layer jets(BLJs)at ~950 hPa. The coupling of the SLLJ and BLJ provided strong mid-and low-level convergence on 20 July, whereas the SLLJ produced mid-level divergence at its entrance that coupled with low-level convergence at the terminus of the BLJ on21 July. The formation mechanisms of the two types of LLJs are further examined. The SLLJs and the low-pressure vortex(or inverted trough) varied synchronously as a whole and were affected by the southwestward movement of the WPSH in the rainiest period. The persistent large total pressure gradient force at low levels also maintained the strength of low-level geostrophic winds, thus sustaining the BLJs on the synoptic scale. The results based on a Du-Rotunno 1D model show that the Blackadar and Holton mechanisms jointly governed the BLJ dynamics on the diurnal scale.

A novel method for gamma spectrum analysis of low-level and intermediate-level radioactive waste

The uncertainty of nuclide libraries in the analysis of the gamma spectra of low-and intermediate-level radioactive waste(LILW)using existing methods produces unstable results.To address this problem,a novel spectral analysis method is proposed in this study.In this method,overlapping peaks are located using a continuous wavelet transform.An improved quadratic convolution method is proposed to calculate the widths of the peaks and establish a fourth-order filter model to estimate the Compton edge baseline with the overlapping peaks.Combined with the adaptive sensitive nonlinear iterative peak,this method can effectively subtracts the background.Finally,a function describing the peak shape as a filter is used to deconvolve the energy spectrum to achieve accurate qualitative and quantitative analyses of the nuclide without the aid of a nuclide library.Gamma spectrum acquisition experiments for standard point sources of Cs-137 and Eu-152,a segmented gamma scanning experiment for a 200 L standard drum,and a Monte Carlo simulation experiment for triple overlapping peaks using the closest energy of three typical LILW nuclides(Sb-125,Sb-124,and Cs-134)are conducted.The results of the experiments indicate that(1)the novel method and gamma vision(GV)with an accurate nuclide library have the same spectral analysis capability,and the peak area calculation error is less than 4%;(2)compared with the GV,the analysis results of the novel method are more stable;(3)the novel method can be applied to the activity measurement of LILW,and the error of the activity reconstruction at the equivalent radius is 2.4%;and(4)The proposed novel method can quantitatively analyze all nuclides in LILW without a nuclide library.This novel method can improve the accuracy and precision of LILW measurements,provide key technical support for the reasonable disposal of LILW,and ensure the safety of humans and the environment.

Axial length shortening in myopic children with Stickler syndrome after repeated low-level red-light therapy

AIM:To report the myopia-controlling effect of repeated low-level red-light(RLRL)therapy in patients with Stickler syndrome(STL),an inherited collagenic disease typically presenting with early onset myopia.METHODS:Three STL children,aged 3,7,and 11y,received RLRL therapy throughout the follow-up period of 17,3,and 6mo,respectively after exclusion of fundus anomalies.Data on best-corrected visual acuity(BCVA),intraocular pressure,cycloplegic subjective refraction,ocular biometrics,scanning laser ophthalmoscope,optical coherence tomography,genetic testing,systemic disease history,and family history were recorded.RESULTS:At the initiation of the RLRL therapy,the spherical equivalent(SE)of 6 eyes from 3 patients ranged from-3.75 to-20.38 D,axial length(AL)were from 23.88 to 30.68 mm,and BCVA were from 0.4 to 1.0(decimal notation).Myopia progression of all six eyes slowed down after RLRL therapy.AL in five out of the six eyes shortened-0.07 to-0.63 mm.No side effects were observed.CONCLUSION:Three cases of STL whose progression of myopic shift and AL elongation are successfully reduced and even reversed after RLRL therapy.

Formation of Low-Level Jets over Southern China in the Mei-yu Season

This study examines the diversity of low-level jet(LLJ)formation and related physical processes over southern China.A total of 171 LLJ formation events with enhanced daily southwesterlies and early-morning maximum wind speeds were observed during the mei-yu seasons of 1989–2018.The LLJs can be further categorized into four types based on the increases in the daily mean and diurnal amplitude of the low-level winds.Analysis of the synoptic-scale disturbances shows that the two types of LLJ formation(Q1 and Q4),which feature large increases of daily southerly wind components,are mainly induced by west-east dipole patterns of pressure change,in association with the enhanced southwest vortex and/or the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH).In contrast,the other two types(Q2 and Q3),which feature relatively large increases in their daily westerly components,are related to a northwest-southeast dipole pattern of pressure change due to the mid-latitude trough and the WPSH.We further analyze the considerable variations in the diurnal thermal forcing among the LLJ formation events.The strong(weak)daytime heating of solar radiation leads to relatively large(small)increases in the diurnal amplitude of low-level winds in Q1 and Q2(Q3 and Q4)types.Therefore,different combinations of synopticscale disturbances and diurnal thermal forcings are found to account for the diversity in LLJ formation and associated differences in downstream rainfall patterns.These results help to improve our understanding and prediction of the formation of LLJs.

Thermodynamics and Microphysical Characteristics of an Extreme Rainfall Event Under the Influence of a Low-level Jet over the South China Coast

In this paper,the data of Automatic Weather Stations(AWSs),ERA5 reanalysis,sounding,wind profile radar,and dual-polarization radar are used to study an extreme rainfall event in the south China Coast on 11 to 12 May 2022 from the aspects of thermodynamics and microphysical characteristics under the influence of low-level jets(LLJs).Results show that:(1)The extreme rainfall event can be divided into two stages:the first stage(S1)from 0000 to 0600 LST on May 12 and the second stage(S2)from 0700 to 1700 LST on the same day.During S1,the rainfall is mainly caused by the upper-level shortwave trough and the boundary layer jet(BLJ),characterized by strong upward motion on the windward side of mountains.In S2,the combined influence of the BLJ and synoptic-system-related low-level jet(SLLJ)increases the vertical wind shear and vertical vorticity,strengthening the rainstorm.In combination with the effect of topography,a warm and humid southwest flow continuously transports water vapor to farther north,resulting in a significant increase in rainfall over the study area(on the terrain’s windward slope).From S1 to S2,the altitude of a divergence center in the upper air decreases obviously.(2)The rainfalls in the two stages are both associated with the mesoscale convergence line(MCL)on the surface,and the wind field from the mesoscale outflow boundary(MOB)in S1 is in the same direction as the environmental winds.Due to a small area of convergence that is left behind the MOB,convection moves eastward quickly and causes a short duration of heavy rainfall.In S2,the convergence along the MOB is enhanced,which strengthens the rainfall and leads to strong outflows,further enhancing the surface convergence near the MOB and forming a positive feedback mechanism.It results in a slow motion of convection and a long duration of heavy rainfall.(3)In terms of microphysics,the center of a strong echo in S1 is higher than in S2.The warm-rain process of the oceanic type characterizes both stages,but the convective intensity in S2 is significantly stronger than that in S1,featuring bigger drop sizes and lower concentrations.It is mainly due to the strengthening of LLJs,which makes small cloud droplets lift to melting levels,enhancing the ice phase process(riming process),producing large amounts of graupel particles and enhancing the melting and collision processes as they fall,resulting in the increase of liquid water content(LWC)and the formation of large raindrops near the surface.

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here,we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs)in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5)reanalysis dataset.Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs)concentrated at heights of 900-1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 2300 LST(LST=UTC+8 hours)but are strongest at 0200 LST,with composite wind velocities>14 m s^(-1).Synoptic-system-related LLJs(SLLJs)occur most frequently at 0800 LST but are strongest at 1100LST,with composite wind velocities>12 m s^(-1).Both BLJs and SLLJs are characterized by a southwesterly wind direction,although the wind direction of SLLJs is more westerly,and northeasterly SLLJs occur more frequently than northeasterly BLJs.When Wuhan is south of the mei-yu front,the westward extension of the northwest Pacific subtropical high intensifies,and the low-pressure system in the eastern Tibetan Plateau strengthens,favoring the formation of LLJs,which are closely related to precipitation.The wind speeds on rainstorm days are greater than those on LLJ days.Our analysis of four typical heavy precipitation events shows the presence of LLJs at the center of the precipitation and on its southern side before the onset of heavy precipitation.BLJs were shown to develop earlier than SLLJs.

Effects of Kangfuxin Solution (康复新液) Combined with Low-level Laser on Cytokines and Immune Function in Patients with Radiation-induced Oral Mucositis

Objective:To investigate the effect of Kangfuxin Solution(康复新液)combined with low-level laser therapy(LLLT)on cytokines and immune function in patients with radiation-induced oral mucositis.Methods:There were 84 nasopharyngeal carcinoma patients with oral mucositis after intensity-modulated radiation therapy(IMRT)were randomly divided into the control group(CG)and the observation group(OG),with 42 cases in each group.The CG was given LLLT,and the OG was treated with Kangfuxin Solution in addition to LLLT for 10 consecutive days.The healing time of oral mucosa,mucositis grading,oral pain scores,cytokines(interleukin-6,interleukin-1βand tumor necrosis factor-α)and T lymphocyte subsets were compared between the 2 groups before and after treatment.Results:The healing time of oral mucosa in the OG was(6.8±1.4)d,which was significantly shorter than(8.6±1.9)d in the CG(t=4.943,P<0.01).After treatment,the grading of oral mucositis in the OG was better than that in the CG,with a statistically significant difference(Z=2.942,P<0.05).The oral pain scores of the OG was lower than that in the CG at different time points after treatment,and the difference was statistically significant(t=8.207,11.017,P<0.01).After treatment,the levels of IL-6,IL-1βand TNF-αin peripheral blood of the OG were significantly lower than those in the CG(t=5.217,2.775,4.053,P<0.01).There were statistically significant differences in CD4+,CD8+and CD4+/CD8+between the OG and the CG after treatment(t=5.692,6.093,3.658,P<0.01).Conclusion:Kangfuxin Solution combined with LLLT can significantly shorten the healing time of oral mucosal,reduce the grading of oral mucositis,relieve oral pain,reduce inflammatory response and improve the immune function of patients.

非均衡治理理论视角下改革失败的实例与防范策略

改革失败有其深刻内涵、诸多特征及明显危害,其根本成因是:改革过程中未能切实借助非均衡手段打破“低水平锁定”状态。具体成因有:事物的形式与实质截然不同;受“治理惯性”影响的“旧人”实施改革举措;并未真正做到因需制宜。防范改革失败的根本策略是:促使多元治理主体在改革过程中基于“执政党/领导者—政府—市场—社会”金字塔型治理结构有效运用现代治理技术、因需制宜地实施变革,基于非均衡手段有效打破“低水平锁定”状态。微观策略是在改革过程中:实现事物的形式与实质相同;切实破旧立新,有效打破“低水平锁定”;实现因需制宜。

Assessment of Wet Season Precipitation in the Central United States by the Regional Climate Simulation of the WRFG Member in NARCCAP and Its Relationship with Large-Scale Circulation Biases

Assessment of past-climate simulations of regional climate models(RCMs)is important for understanding the reliability of RCMs when used to project future regional climate.Here,we assess the performance and discuss possible causes of biases in a WRF-based RCM with a grid spacing of 50 km,named WRFG,from the North American Regional Climate Change Assessment Program(NARCCAP)in simulating wet season precipitation over the Central United States for a period when observational data are available.The RCM reproduces key features of the precipitation distribution characteristics during late spring to early summer,although it tends to underestimate the magnitude of precipitation.This dry bias is partially due to the model’s lack of skill in simulating nocturnal precipitation related to the lack of eastward propagating convective systems in the simulation.Inaccuracy in reproducing large-scale circulation and environmental conditions is another contributing factor.The too weak simulated pressure gradient between the Rocky Mountains and the Gulf of Mexico results in weaker southerly winds in between,leading to a reduction of warm moist air transport from the Gulf to the Central Great Plains.The simulated low-level horizontal convergence fields are less favorable for upward motion than in the NARR and hence,for the development of moist convection as well.Therefore,a careful examination of an RCM’s deficiencies and the identification of the source of errors are important when using the RCM to project precipitation changes in future climate scenarios.

浅析配电主站+电压时间型自愈模式后备策略方法

配电自动化在10 kV线路故障隔离、转供电应用逐渐加强,配电主站将主站与电压-时间协同型自愈策略广泛应用于10 kV线路故障的定位、隔离,实现自愈转供电,提高了供电可靠性;当配电主站采集配电自动化开关闭锁信号缺失、故障边界不确定时,自愈策略自动终止,则造成变电站出线开关和配电线路上的自动化开关重复动作或故障区段进一步扩大。后备策略利用现有的调度自动化、配网自动化等系统数据信息,在主站自愈策略实施终止后启用后备策略进行综合分析快速缩小配电线路故障范围、隔离故障区段。

一起励磁涌流闭锁导致的配电自动化开关异常动作案例分析

立足于当前云南电网配电自动化实用化背景,结合系统内一起配电自动化开关异常动作案例,针对配电自动化开关励磁涌流闭锁功能错误触发开展分析并给出优化建议。首先,介绍了线路参数及保护配置情况,奠定后续分析基础。之后,基于SOE信息复现开关动作过程,明确开关异常动作情况。最后,结合故障录波信息阐述配电自动化开关异动原因,并给出优化建议。

New therapeutic options for persistent low-level viremia in patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection:Increase of entecavir dosage

Chronic hepatitis B virus(HBV)infection(CHB)is a public health concern worldwide.Current therapies utilizing nucleos(t)ide analogs(NA)have not resulted in a complete cure for CHB.Furthermore,patients on long-term NA treatment often develop low-level viremia(LLV).Persistent LLV,in addition to causing the progression of liver disease or hepatocellular carcinoma,may shed light on the current plight of NA therapy.Here,we review the literature on LLV,NA treatment,and various doses of entecavir to find a strategy for improving the efficacy of this antiviral agent.For LLV patients,three therapeutic options are available,switching to another antiviral monotherapy,interferon-αswitching therapy,and continuing monotherapy.In real-world clinical practice,entecavir overdose has been used in antiviral therapy for CHB patients with NA refractory and persistent LLV,which encouraged us to conduct further in-depth literature survey on dosage and duration related entecavir studies.The studies of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics show that entecavir has the maximal selected index for safety,and has great potential in inhibiting HBV replication,in all of the NAs.In the particular section of the drug approval package published by the United States Food and Drug Administration,entecavir doses 2.5-20 mg/d do not increase adverse events,and entecavir doses higher than 1.0 mg/d might improve the antiviral efficacy.The literature survey led us to two suggestions:(1)Increasing entecavir dose to 1.0 mg/d for the treatment of NA naïve patients with HBV DNA>2×106 IU/mL is feasible and would provide better prognosis;and(2)Further research is needed to assess the long-term toxic effects of higher entecavir doses(2.5 and 5.0 mg/d),which may prove beneficial in treating patients with prior NA treatment,partial virological response,or LLV state.

Nocturnal Low-levelWinds and Their Impacts on Particulate Matter over the Beijing Area

Three-month wind profiles, 260 m PM_1 concentrations [i.e., particulate matter(PM) with an aerodynamic diameter ≤1μm], and carrier-to-noise ratio data at two Beijing sites 55 km apart(urban and suburban) were collected to analyze the characteristics of low-level nocturnal wind and PM in autumn and winter. Three mountain-plain wind events with wind shear were selected for analysis. The measurements indicated that the maximum wind speeds of the northerly weak low-level jet(LLJ) below 320 m at the suburban site were weaker than those at the urban site, and the LLJ heights and depths at the suburban site were lower than those at the urban site. The nocturnal 140 m mean vertical velocities and the variations in vertical velocity at the urban site were larger than those at the suburban site. A nocturnal breeze with a weak LLJ of ～3 m s^(-1) noticeably offset nocturnal PM transport due to southerly flow and convergence within the northern urban area of Beijing. Characteristics of the nocturnal LLJ, such as start-up time, structure, intensity, and duration, were important factors in determining the decrease in the nocturnal horizontal range and site-based low-level variations in PM.

Impacts of an Improved Low-Level Cloud Scheme on the Eastern Pacific ITCZ-Cold Tongue Complex

A statistically-based low-level cloud parameterization scheme is introduced, modified, and applied in the Flexible coupled General Circulation Model (FGCM-O). It is found that the low-level cloud scheme makes improved simulations of low-level cloud fractions and net surface shortwave radiation fluxes in the subtropical eastern oceans off western coasts in the model. Accompanying the improvement in the net surface shortwave radiation fluxes, the simulated distribution of SSTs is more reasonably asymmetrical about the equator in the tropical eastern Pacific, which suppresses, to some extent, the development of the double ITCZ in the model. Warm SST biases in the ITCZ north of the equator are more realistically reduced, too. But the equatorial cold tongue is strengthened and extends further westward, which reduces the precipitation rate in the western equatorial Pacific but increases it in the ITCZ north of the equator in the far eastern Pacific. It is demonstrated that the low-level cloud-radiation feedback would enhance the cooperative feedback between the equatorial cold tongue and the ITCZ. Based on surface layer heat budget analyses, it is demonstrated that the reduction of SSTs is attributed to both the thermodynamic cooling process modified by the increase of cloud fractions and the oceanic dynamical cooling processes associated with the strengthened surface wind in the eastern equatorial Pacific, but it is mainly attributed to oceanic dynamical cooling processes associated with the strengthening of surface wind in the central and western equatorial Pacific.

Advanced topics on RF amplitude and phase detection for low-level RF systems

Low-level radio frequency(LLRF)systems stabilize the electromagnetic field in the RF cavities used for beam acceleration in particle accelerators.Reliable,accurate,and precise detection of RF amplitude and phase is particularly important to achieve high field stability for pulsed accelerators of free-electron lasers(FEL).The digital LLRF systems employ analog-to-digital converters to sample the frequency down-converted RF signal and use digital demodulation algorithms to calculate the RF amplitude and phase.Different sampling strategies and demodulation algorithms have been developed for these purposes and are introduced in this paper.This article focuses on advanced topics concerning RF detection,including accurate RF transient measurement,wideband RF detection,and RF detection with an asynchronous trigger,local oscillator,or clock.The analysis is based on the SwissFEL measurements,but the algorithms introduced are general for RF signal detection in particle accelerators.

The Screening of Genes Sensitive to Long-Term, Low-Level Microwave Exposure and Bioinformatic Analysis of Potential Correlations to Learning and Memory

Objective To gain a better understanding of gene expression changes in the brain following microwave exposure in mice. This study hopes to reveal mechanisms contributing to microwave-induced learning and memory dysfunction. Methods Mice were exposed to whole body 2100 MHz microwaves with specific absorption rates (SARs) of 0.45 W/kg, 1.8 W/kg, and 3.6 W/kg for 1 hour daily for 8 weeks. Differentially expressing genes in the brains were screened using high-density oligonucleotide arrays, with genes showing more significant differences further confirmed by RT-PCR. Results The gene chip results demonstrated that 41 genes (0.45 W/kg group), 29 genes (1.8 W/kg group), and 219 genes (3.6 W/kg group) were differentially expressed. GO analysis revealed that these differentially expressed genes were primarily involved in metabolic processes, cellular metabolic processes, regulation of biological processes, macromolecular metabolic processes, biosynthetic processes, cellular protein metabolic processes, transport, developmental processes, cellular component organization, etc. KEGG pathway analysis showed that these genes are mainly involved in pathways related to ribosome, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, long-term potentiation, Huntington's disease, and Neurotrophin signaling. Construction of a protein interaction network identified several important regulatory genes including synbindin (sbdn), Crystallin (CryaB), PPP1CA, Ywhaq, Psap, Psmb1, Pcbp2, etc., which play important roles in the processes of learning and memory. Conclusion Long-term, low-level microwave exposure may inhibit learning and memory by affecting protein and energy metabolic processes and signaling pathways relating to neurological functions or diseases.

Effect of low-level laser therapy on tooth-related pain and somatosensory function evoked by orthodontic treatment

Low-level laser therapy(LLLT) may have an effect on the pain associated with orthodontic treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LLLT on pain and somatosensory sensitization induced by orthodontic treatment. Forty individuals(12–33 years old; mean ± standard deviations: 20.8 ± 5.9 years) scheduled to receive orthodontic treatment were randomly divided into a laser group(LG) or a placebo group(PG)(1:1). The LG received LLLT(810-nm gallium-aluminium-arsenic diode laser in continuous mode with the power set at 400 mW, 2 J·cm–2) at 0 h, 2 h, 24 h, 4 d, and 7 d after treatment, and the PG received inactive treatment at the same time points. In both groups, the non-treated side served as a control. A numerical rating scale(NRS) of pain, pressure pain thresholds(PPTs), cold detection thresholds(CDTs), warmth detection thresholds(WDTs), cold pain thresholds(CPTs), and heat pain thresholds(HPTs) were tested on both sides at the gingiva and canine tooth and on the hand. The data were analysed by a repeated measures analysis of variance(ANOVA). The NRS pain scores were significantly lower in the LG group(P = 0.01). The CDTs,CPTs, WDTs, HPTs, and PPTs at the gingiva and the PPTs at the canine tooth were significantly less sensitive on the treatment side of the LG compared with that of the PG(P < 0.033). The parameters tested also showed significantly less sensitivity on the nontreatment side of the LG compared to that of the PG(P < 0.043). There were no differences between the groups for any quantitative sensory testing(QST) measures of the hand. The application of LLLT appears to reduce the pain and sensitivity of the tooth and gingiva associated with orthodontic treatment and may have contralateral effects within the trigeminal system but no generalized QST effects. Thus, the present study indicated a significant analgesia effect of LLLT application during orthodontic treatment.Further clinical applications are suggested.

Change of Low-level Jet in a Heavy Rainstorm Process of Xiangtan in July 2016

Based on the previous research on the model of rainstorm weather with low-level jet in Xiangtan,using the classification result of radar echo characteristics,the wind profile data provided by new generation of weather radar in Changsha and hourly rainfall data,a thorough study of the heavy rainfall from 2 to 5 July 2016 in Xiangtan was conducted. It was concluded that heavy precipitation had the characteristics of the WPSH pattern of rainstorm with low-level jet at early stage,and then it converted to cold shear jet pattern in latter stage. When low-level southwest jet began to have momentum download,that is to say,there was more than 12 m/s of southwest jet below 1 km,and it rapidly strengthened and expanded downward,it was conducive to the occurrence of short-term rainstorm. The low-level jet would not immediately cause a strong precipitation when it reached the station,with a certain lag. A positive correlation existed between the increase of low-level jet index and precipitation intensity,and low-level jet index could predict the occurrence of heavy rainfall and rain intensity.

Low-level laser therapy enhances the number of osteocytes in calvaria bone defects of ovariectomized rats

Background : Osteoporosis can make bone repair difficult. Low-level laser therapy( LLLT) has been shown to be a promising tool for bone neoformation. This study aimed to analyze the effect of LLLT on calvaria bone defects of ovariectomized rats using stereology. Methods : Fifty-four Wistar rats were subjected to bilateral ovariectomy, and bone defects were created in calvaria after 150 days. The animals were divided into nine groups(n = ?6 per group), and 24 hours after the bone defects were created they received three, six or 12 sessions of LLLT at 0, 20 or 30 J/cm 2, using a 780-nm low-intensity GaAlAs laser. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey ' s post hoc test was used for data processing. A difference of P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The parameters evaluated were osteocyte density( Nv_(ost)), total osteocyte number( Nto ost), trabecular surface density( Sv_t), and trabecular surface area( Sa_t). Results : Data obtained showed that Nto ost, Sv t, and Sa t in group G2 rats were significantly different from G1(0 J/cm^2)( P < 0.05). Compared to group G4, G5 presented higher values for the parameters Sv t and Sa t, and G6 presented significantly higher values for almost all the analyzed parameters( Nv _(ost), Nto_(ost), Sv_t, and Sa t)( P < 0.05). Compared to group G7, G8 showed a higher value only for the parameter Sa t, and G9 showed significantly higher values for parameters Nv ost, Nto ost, Sv_t, and Sa_t. Conclusion : We conclude that LLLT stimulated bone neoformation and contributed to an increase in the total number of osteocytes, especially with a laser energy density of 30 J/cm^2 given for six and 12 sessions.

Analysis of Indian Monsoon and Associated Low-Level Circulation in 1980 and 1981

In this paper, Indian monsoon of 1980 and 1981 is analysed based on the seasonal and half-month averaged data of 850 hPa of ECMWF analysis. The results show that Indian monsoon is related to Somali jet, the low-latitude easterlies and the mid-latitude westerlies over southern Indian Ocean, which are associated with the stationary wave of Southern Hemisphere. The forces affecting on the low-level flow are diagnosed, which display the relationship between Indian monsoon and the associated low-level flow.