Surface-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals(CNC)and synergisms with surfactant for enhanced oil recovery in low-permeability reservoirs

Nanocellulose,a natural polymeric nanomaterial,has attracted significant attention in enhanced oil recovery(EOR)applications due to its abundance,nanoscale,high oil-water interfacial adsorption ef-ficiency.In this study,surface-functionalized cellulose nanocrystals(SF-CNCs)were prepared via hy-drochloric acid hydrolysis and chemical modification,with adaptable nanosize and considerable dispersion stability in low-permeability reservoirs.The SF-CNCs were structurally characterized by FT-IR,Cryo-TEM,which have a diameter of 5-10 nm and a length of 100-200 nm.The SF-CNC dispersions possessed higher stability and stronger salt-tolerance than those of corresponding CNC dispersions,due to the strong hydrophilicity of the sulfonic acid group.It was synergistically used with a non-ionic surfactant(APG1214)to formulate a combined flooding system(0.1 wt%SF-CNC+0.2 wt%APG1214).The combined flooding system exhibits strong emulsification stability,low oil-water interfacial tension of o.03 mN/m,and the ability to alter the wettability for oil-wetting rocks.Furthermore,the combined system was_able to provide an optimum EOR efficiency of 20.2%in low-permeability cores with 30.13×10^(-3)μm^(2).Notably.it can enlarge the sweep volume and increase the displacement efficiency simultaneously.Overall,the newly formulated nanocellulose/surfactant combined system exhibits a remarkable EoR performance in low-permeability reservoirs.

Effects of pore structure on surfactant/polymer floodingbased enhanced oil recovery in conglomerate reservoirs

To understand the displacement characteristics and remaining oil displacement process by the surfactant/polymer(SP) flooding in cores with different pore structures, the effects of pore structure on the enhanced oil recovery of SP flooding was investigated at the pore, core and field scales through conducting experiments on natural core samples with three typical types of pore structures. First, the in-situ nuclear magnetic resonance core flooding test was carried out to capture the remaining oil variation features in the water flooding and SP flooding through these three types of cores. Subsequently, at the core scale, displacement characteristics and performances of water flooding and SP flooding in these three types of cores were evaluated based on the full-size core flooding tests. Finally, at the field scale, production characteristics of SP flooding in the bimodal sandstone reservoir and multimodal conglomerate reservoir were compared using the actual field production data. The results show: as the pore structure gets more and more complex, the water flooding performance gets poorer, but the incremental recovery factor by SP flooding gets higher;the SP flooding can enhance the producing degree of oil in 1-3 μm pores in the unimodal and bimodal core samples, while it produces largely oil in medium and large pores more than 3 μm in pore radius in the multimodal core sample. The core flooding test using full-size core sample demonstrates that the injection of SP solution can significantly raise up the displacement pressure of the multimodal core sample, and greatly enhance recovery factor by emulsifying the remaining oil and enlarging swept volume. Compared with the sandstone reservoir, the multimodal conglomerate reservoir is more prone to channeling. With proper profile control treatments to efficiently enlarge the microscopic and macroscopic swept volumes, SP flooding in the conglomerate reservoir can contribute to lower water cuts and longer effective durations.

Factors influencing oil recovery by surfactant-polymer flooding in conglomerate reservoirs and its quantitative calculation method

This study aims to clarify the factors influencing oil recovery of surfactant-polymer(SP)flooding and to establish a quantitative calculation model of oil recovery during different displacement stages from water flooding to SP flooding.The conglomerate reservoir of the Badaowan Formation in the seventh block of the Karamay Oilfield is selected as the research object to reveal the start-up mechanism of residual oil and determine the controlling factors of oil recovery through SP flooding experiments of natural cores and microetching models.The experimental results are used to identify four types of residual oil after water flooding in this conglomerate reservoir with a complex pore structure:oil droplets retained in pore throats by capillary forces,oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and throats,oil film on the rock surface,isolated oil in dead-ends of flow channel.For the four types of residual oil identified,the SP solution can enhance oil recovery by enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency.First,the viscosity-increasing effect of the polymer can effectively reduce the permeability of the displacement liquid phase,change the oil-water mobility ratio,and increase the water absorption.Furthermore,the stronger the shear drag force of the SP solution,the more the crude oil in a porous medium is displaced.Second,the surfactant can change the rock wettability and reduce the absorption capacity of residual oil by lowering interfacial tension.At the same time,the emulsification further increases the viscosity of the SP solution,and the residual oil is recovered effectively under the combined effect of the above two factors.For the four start-up mechanisms of residual oil identified after water flooding,enlarging the sweep volume and improving the oil displacement efficiency are interdependent,but their contribution to enhanced oil recovery are different.The SP flooding system primarily enlarges the sweep volume by increasing viscosity of solution to start two kinds of residual oil such as oil droplet retained in pore throats and isolated oil in dead-ends of flow channel,and primarily improves the oil displacement efficiency by lowing interfacial tension of oil phase to start two kinds of residual oil such as oil cluster trapped at the junction of pores and oil film on the rock surface.On this basis,the experimental results of the oil displacement from seven natural cores show that the pore structure of the reservoir is the main factor influencing water flooding recovery,while the physical properties and original oil saturation have relatively little influence.The main factor influencing SP flooding recovery is the physical and chemical properties of the solution itself,which primarily control the interfacial tension and solution viscosity in the reservoir.The residual oil saturation after water flooding is the material basis of SP flooding,and it is the second-most dominant factor controlling oil recovery.Combined with the analysis results of the influencing factors and reservoir parameters,the water flooding recovery index and SP flooding recovery index are defined to further establish quantitative calculation models of oil recovery under different displacement modes.The average relative errors of the two models are 4.4%and 2.5%,respectively;thus,they can accurately predict the oil recovery of different displacement stages and the ultimate reservoir oil recovery.

Similarity-based laboratory study of CO_(2) huff-n-puff in tight conglomerate cores

Tight conglomerate reservoirs are featured with extremely low permeability,strong heterogeneity and poor water injectivity.CO_(2) huff-n-puff has been considered a promising candidate to enhance oil recovery in tight reservoirs,owing to its advantages in reducing oil viscosity,improving mobility ratio,quickly replenishing formation pressure,and potentially achieving a miscible state.However,reliable inhouse laboratory evaluation of CO_(2) huff-n-puff in natural conglomerate cores is challenging due to the inherent high formation pressure.In this study,we put forward an equivalent method based on the similarity of the miscibility index and Grashof number to acquire a lab-controllable pressure that features the flow characteristics of CO_(2) injection in a tight conglomerate reservoir.The impacts of depletion degree,pore volume injection of CO_(2) and soaking time on ultimate oil recovery in tight cores from the Mahu conglomerate reservoir were successfully tested at an equivalent pressure.Our results showed that oil recovery decreased with increased depletion degree while exhibiting a non-monotonic tendency(first increased and then decreased)with increased CO_(2) injection volume and soaking time.The lower oil recoveries under excess CO_(2) injection and soaking time were attributed to limited CO_(2) dissolution and asphaltene precipitation.This work guides secure and reliable laboratory design of CO_(2) huff-n-puff in tight reservoirs with high formation pressure.

Characteristics and mechanisms of supercritical CO_(2) flooding under different factors in low-permeability reservoirs

In recent years,supercritical CO_(2)flooding has become an effective method for developing lowpermeability reservoirs.In supercritical CO_(2)flooding different factors influence the mechanism of its displacement process for oil recovery.Asynchronous injection-production modes can use supercritical CO_(2)to enhance oil recovery but may also worsen the injection capacity.Cores with high permeability have higher oil recovery rates and better injection capacity,however,gas channeling occurs.Supercritical CO_(2)flooding has a higher oil recovery at high pressure levels,which delays the occurrence of gas channeling.Conversely,gas injection has lower displacement efficiency but better injection capacity at the high water cut stage.This study analyzes the displacement characteristics of supercritical CO_(2)flooding with a series of experiments under different injection and production parameters.Experimental results show that the gas breakthrough stage has the fastest oil production and the supercritical CO_(2)injection capacity variation tendency is closely related to the gas-oil ratio.Further experiments show that higher injection rates represent significant ultimate oil recovery and injection index,providing a good reference for developing low-permeability reservoirs.

Pore Structure Characterization of Clay Minerals in the Lower Karamay Formation Conglomerate Reservoir in the Junggar Basin and its Impact on Hydrocarbon Storage and Seepage

The micro-nano pore structure of conglomerate in the Lower Karamay Formation of the Xinjiang Oilfield,Junggar Basin,northern China is characterized to predict its impact on fluid reserves and seepage.Authigenic clay minerals are mainly kaolinite(67%),followed by an illite/smectite mixed layer(18%),illite(10%),and chlorite(5%).For kaolinite,pore throats between 0–200 nm are dominant,accounting for 90%of the total pore throats.For illite/smectite mixed layer,pore throats also between 0–200 nm account for nearly 80%,while pore throats between 200-500 nm only account for 15%.For illite,pore throats below 100 nm account for about 80%,while pore throats in the range of 100–500 nm only account for 20%.For chlorite,most throats are below 200 nm.The pore roundness of illite is the highest,while the pore roundness of chlorite is relatively lower.The lower limits of the dynamic and static pore throat radii are 42.128 nm and 72.42 nm,respectively.The theoretical contribution rates of the illite/smectite mixed layer,kaolinite,illite and chlorite to storage/seepage are 60%/45.86%,52.72%/38.18%,37.07%/28.78%and 32.97%/26.3%,respectively.Therefore,the contribution rates of clay minerals in the study area are as follows:illite/smectite mixed layer,kaolinite,illite and chlorite.

Study on Optimal Water ControlMethods for Horizontal Wells in Bottom Water Clastic Rock Reservoirs

The segmented water control technology for bottom water reservoirs can effectively delay the entry of bottom water and adjust the production profile.To clarify the impact of different methods on horizontal well production with different reservoir conditions and to provide theoretical support for the scientific selection of methods for bottom water reservoirs,a numerical simulation method is presented in this study,which is able to deal with wellbore reservoir coupling under screen tube,perforation,and ICD(Inflow Control Device)completion.Assuming the geological characteristics of the bottom-water conglomerate reservoir in the Triassic Formation of the Tahe Block 9 as a test case,the three aforementioned completion methods are tested to predict the transient production characteristics.The impact of completion parameters,reservoir permeability,bottom-water energy,and individual well control on the time to encounter water in horizontal wells(during a water-free production period)is discussed.A boundary chart for the selection of completion methods is introduced accordingly.The results show that the optimized ICD completion development effect for heterogeneous reservoirs is the best,followed by optimized perforation completion.Permeability is the main factor affecting the performances of completion methods,while bottom water energy and single well controlled reserves have a scarce impact.The average permeability of the reservoir is less than 500 mD,and ICD has the best water control effect.If the permeability is greater than 500 mD,the water control effect of perforation completion becomes a better option.

砾岩油藏二元复合驱注入体系优化研究

新疆克拉玛依砾岩油藏经过几十年的水驱开发,面临剩余油高度分散、采油速度低等问题,选取聚合物部分水解聚丙烯酰胺(HPAM)和低张力表面活性剂PS-30及强乳化表面活性剂OP-10组合形成不同的二元复合体系,利用长砂管模型研究不同渗透率、不同驱替方式及不同注入量下复合驱体系在砾岩油藏的应用界限及提高采收率极限。实验结果表明:二元复合驱能够有效驱替残余油、扩大波及体积,显著提高砾岩油藏采收率。聚合物浓度为1000 mg/L,相对分子质量为7×10^(6)的聚合物在渗透率3×10^(-2)μm^(2)时复合驱采收率为66.31%,较水驱提高21.85个百分点。强乳化复合体系提高采收率效果好于低张力复合体系。复合体系注入量越高,提高采收率越大,但提高采收率幅度并非线性变化,复合体系注入量达到3.5 PV以后,复合体系提高采收率值逐渐趋于稳定,在注入10 PV后,复合驱体系最高提高采收率幅度达到40.38个百分点。

玛湖砾岩油藏体积压裂开发后烃气混相驱提高采收率实验

在新疆玛湖致密砾岩油藏采用烃气驱大幅提高采收率技术,面临水平井体积压裂规模开发后,小井距下水力压裂缝网易形成气窜通道,影响气驱波及体积的问题。为研究压裂后水平井井网对烃气驱开发效果的影响,提出了玛湖致密砾岩油藏人工裂缝+基质注烃气驱油模式,基于该模式设计实验模型,利用拼接比例的不同造缝与未造缝全直径岩心模型进行气驱实验,明确压裂缝与基质关系。结果表明:通过烃气驱岩心采收率可达38.26%;全直径岩心造缝比例越高,采收率越低;小规模的压裂可以使采油速度更加平稳,同时可以获得更高的采收率;烃气驱结束后通过吞吐的方式可进一步提高采出程度7.1%。该项实验可以为烃气驱现场试验水平井压裂规模、合理井距及注气速度提供了具有现实指导意义的研究基础。

低渗油藏烃气驱防气窜二次交联凝胶的制备与性能评价

新疆油田玛湖致密砾岩油藏采用体积压裂衰竭式开发产量递减快,常规注水开发不适合。通过注烃类气转换开发方式,但由于压裂裂缝的存在易导致气窜。基于玛湖井区油藏条件和气体窜流规律,制备了一种二次交联凝胶体系,具体组成为1.0%聚合物+0.01%一次交联剂+1.0%二次交联剂,对其性能进行了室内评价。结果表明:二次交联凝胶体系成胶强度达到H级,具有良好的抗剪切性和长期稳定性。封堵率均达到95%以上,最大突破压力梯度超过30 MPa/m,并且对基质伤害率较低,封堵后气驱提高采收率8%以上。

不同驱替阶段砾岩油藏内油采出规律

聚合物/表表面活性剂二元复合驱是在水驱后提高不同模态砾岩油藏采收率的重要技术,但应用二元复合驱时,对不同砾岩油藏却产生了不同的驱油效果,而对于该方面的研究当前还比较少。基于室内岩心驱油实验结合核磁共振在线监测和CT扫描,对单、双和复模态砾岩油藏在不同开采阶段的剩余油分布和不同孔隙内油的采出规律进行研究。结果表明,水驱阶段,复模态岩心的采收率最高,其次是单模态岩心,双模态岩心的采收率最低,3种模态岩心采收率分别为31.4%、25.8%、33.4%。而二元复合驱阶段岩心提高采收率幅度为:双模态>复模态>单模态,分别提高了27.9、26.4、19百分点,且3种模态岩心在二元复合驱时的孔隙动用下限均降低,且复模态岩心的降低幅度高于双模态岩心和单模态岩心。单、双、复模态岩心的非均质性逐渐增强,单模态岩心水驱阶段均匀驱替,采收率高;复模态岩心中的油主要集中在孔径为32.7~52.5μm的优势大孔中,在水驱阶段油也被大量采出,导致剩余油量低;双模态岩心中大孔内油量较复模态低,水驱采收率低,剩余油量高。在二元复合驱阶段,由于调驱作用和水驱后剩余油量影响,双模态岩心提高采收率效果最好,其次是复模态岩心。

玛湖凹陷致密砾岩油藏不同开发方式下原油微观可动性

为评价玛湖凹陷三叠系百口泉组致密砂砾岩油藏原油可动性,通过渗吸、离心以及吞吐试验,对比了Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类储集层的典型岩心样品可动油分布特征。玛湖凹陷低渗透砾岩储集层渗吸出油量与孔隙结构有关,小孔隙体积占比越高,渗吸效果越好,经过144 h渗吸驱油,采收率可达30.9%,但是驱油进程缓慢,对大孔隙原油动用程度不高。在地层温度和40 MPa压力下,在3轮次CO_(2)吞吐过程中,每轮次的采出程度均增加,第1轮次采出程度增幅相对较高,换油率达27%,随着吞吐轮次的增加,采出程度增幅逐渐降低,而N_(2)吞吐开发第1轮次换油率为15%,因此,CO_(2)吞吐开发效果较好。

低渗透率储层核磁共振测井环境分析与T_(2)谱油层识别方法

准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷发育低渗透率砾岩储层,不同地层的核磁共振T_(2)谱对这些储层流体的识别结果存在较大差异。基于地质、钻井、测井、试油等资料,开展了此类地层测井环境、核磁共振实验和测井响应特征机理的研究。结果表明:研究区钻井改善了近井筒储层孔隙结构,从近井筒到原状地层依次发育破碎带、微细裂缝带、原状地层;在负压钻井环境下发生油气侵出,油气侵出特性径向上可分为油气富集带(油环)、油气侵出带、原状地层,厘清了核磁共振测井响应特征机理;利用模块式地层动态测试仪(Modular Formation Dynamics Tester,MDT)验证了井壁油环的存在。基于岩心饱水、饱油及饱水离心的核磁共振T_(2)谱体积弛豫谱与地层原油的核磁共振T_(2)谱长弛豫时间峰一致,确定了核磁共振T_(2)谱100 ms识别油层和水层的标准。该方法在储层流体识别方面取得了显著效果,研究结果为利用核磁共振T_(2)谱识别复杂储层流体提供了借鉴。

基于岩石力学性质的砾岩油藏油层分类研究

玛湖地区致密砾岩油藏是准噶尔盆地规模上产的主力区,但不同层系储层特征存在差异,岩性复杂,物性及力学性质差异大,同时,地质特征与生产动态表现出一定的矛盾,物性条件好的区域产量并不一定高,传统意义上基于各项地质参数的油层分类模型不能较好地解释产量差异的原因,严重制约后续井进一步提产的潜力评价。利用地质工程一体化思路,制定了低脆性岩屑砾岩划分标准,通过横波、动静态杨氏模量等关键力学参数计算,综合建立了砾岩油藏岩石力学模型,基于岩石力学模型并结合实际生产指标,形成了以资源性(孔隙度、饱和度)为主、改造性(脆性)为辅的“四象限”砾岩油藏油层分类新标准。力学模型预测精度大于90%,模型解释结果与岩心实验数据及产液剖面等测试资料吻合良好;砾岩油藏油层分类为水平井产能精细评价提供了有利依据,精准指导了不同品质储层的水平井压裂设计优化及生产调控,实现了单井产量和经济效益同步提升。

Types, distribution and play targets of Lower Cretaceous tight oil in Jiuquan Basin, NW China

Based on drilling and laboratory data, the formation conditions of tight oil reservoirs in the Jiuquan basin were comprehensively analyzed and the exploration domains were sorted out. The Jiuquan basin underwent three cycles of lake level fluctuation in early Cretaceous, leaving three sets of high-quality source rocks, the Zhonggou, Xiagou and Chijinbao Formations in the Lower Cretaceous. There are two types of reservoir assemblages, source-reservoir in one type and source below reservoir type, and two types of tight reservoirs, argillaceous dolomite and conglomerate. The "sweet spots" control the enrichment of oil and gas. Argillaceous dolomite tight oil reservoirs have the characteristic of "integrated source-reservoir", with fractures connecting the matrix micro-pores, pore-fracture type and fracture-pore type "sweet spots" distributed in large scale. The sandy conglomerate tight oil reservoirs were formed by source-reservoir lateral connection, and can be divided into source below reservoir type, source-reservoir side by side type and "sandwich" type. The overlapping areas of the favorable facies belts of fan-delta front and the secondary pore developing belts are the "sweet spot" sites. The favorable areas for seeking conglomerate tight oil are fan-delta front deposits around the Qingxi, Ying'er and Huahai sags, with an exploration area of 550 km^2; while the area to seek argillaceous dolomite tight oil is the NW fracture developed belt in Qingxi sag, with an exploration area of 100 km^2.

低含油饱和度油藏储层特征及其成藏控制——以准噶尔盆地玛西斜坡中浅层八道湾组为例

通过岩心观察和铸体薄片、扫描电镜等分析测试手段,开展了准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷西斜坡中浅层低含油饱和度油藏的储层特征研究,探讨了强非均质储层对低含油饱和度油藏成藏的影响。研究认为:1)玛西斜坡中浅层侏罗系八道湾组为低含油饱和度油藏,产出品质较好的轻质油,油藏具有低含油、高含水特征;2)储层普遍含砾,以砾岩、砂砾岩等粗岩性为主,储集空间主要为次生粒内溶孔,储层孔隙发育差,连通性差,属于低孔低渗储层,储层非均质强,低含油饱和度油藏主要聚集在较强非均质储层中;3)八道湾组储层主要经历了早期充注与晚期调整的油气成藏过程,油气早期运移形成了百口泉组、八道湾组古油藏,晚期发生构造掀斜,八道湾组古油藏遭受破坏,百口泉组古油藏沿次级断裂调整至八道湾组,强非均质储层对低含油饱和度油藏成藏起到控制作用,强非均质性厚层砂砾岩储层与次级断裂匹配形成低含油饱和度油藏。玛西斜坡中浅层八道湾组低含油饱和度油藏的发现拓展了玛湖凹陷的油气勘探空间,同时增加了在厚层砂砾岩低渗储层中寻找低含油饱和度油藏的勘探实例。

蒙古林砾岩稠油油藏火驱配套举升工艺

为了解决蒙古林砾岩火驱油藏采油井出现的气锁、砂卡、管柱腐蚀等问题,进一步提高采油井的生产时率,提升火驱开发的生产效果,通过调研国内实施火驱油田的技术现状,进行了火驱举升工艺影响因素的分析,认为有杆泵采油依然是最合适的举升工艺。优化设计了专用防砂泵的结构,柱塞和泵筒的配合间隙为0.1 mm,并设计了独立的过砂沉砂通道,沉砂腔环空为8 mm,满足防砂需求;通过理论分析与实验相结合,确定了井下气液分离器的最优结构组合,采用螺距4 cm、二次沉降段20 cm,分离效率可达85%以上;进行了防腐蚀材料的优选,认为BG90-3Cr可实现抗腐蚀能力与经济性的兼顾。现场应用结果表明,优化后的举升工艺管柱兼具防砂、防气、防腐蚀的特点。截至2023年3月30日,M10-215井在高气液比情况下已连续稳定生产125 d,与同区块新钻采油井相比,生产时间延长了86 d以上,累计增油265 t,为后续火驱油藏的深度开发提供技术支持和指导。

砾岩油藏水驱剩余油分布特征及技术对策

针对准噶尔盆地百口泉油田百21井区砾岩油藏水驱控制程度低、井网极不完善的问题,以油藏工程方法与储层地质学为指导,应用动、静态资料开展储层构型精细研究,分析油藏构造、沉积、储层非均质特征以及油水分布规律,完善注采井网。研究结果表明:文中提出的“层系异策、分区调控、单井分类、方式优化”的注水优化调整思路对百口泉油田十分有效。通过开展百21井区三叠系剩余油分布特征以及油藏注采井网研究,应用流线模拟技术综合分析识别出56个优势渗流通道,提交动用石油地质储量975.00×10^(4)t,累计增油16.60×10^(4)t。该研究对同类油藏的注采井网完善及高效挖潜具有借鉴作用。

低孔低渗稠油油藏注水增能效果影响因素

吐哈盆地鲁克沁油田二叠系发育低孔低渗砂砾岩稠油油藏,由于储集层物性差,非均质性强,自然产能低,压裂投产后,注水开发效果较差。为了解决平面矛盾突出、见效率低、欠注区域不见效的开发矛盾,实施注水增能提高单井产量,但单井增产效果差异较大。为此,通过室内物理模拟实验,对储集层润湿性和注水增能过程进行了研究。结果表明,吐哈盆地鲁克沁油田二叠系储集层具亲水性,压裂有利于裂缝与储集层基质发生渗吸作用,可有效补充地层能量,从而提高单井产量;注入速度越快,地层能量恢复越快;焖井压力越高,增油量越高。通过数值模拟,并结合现场情况,优化注入参数,注水增能效果较好,措施有效率达88%。

Characteristics and mechanism of smart fluid for sweep-controlling during CO_(2) flooding

A smart response fluid was designed and developed to overcome the challenges of gas channeling during CO_(2)flooding in low-permeability,tight oil reservoirs.The fluid is based on Gemini surfactant with self-assembly capabilities,and the tertiary amine group serves as the response component.The responsive characteristics and corresponding mechanism of the smart fluid during the interaction with CO_(2)/oil were studied,followed by the shear characteristics of the thickened aggregates obtained by the smart fluid responding to CO_(2).The temperature and salt resistance of the smart fluid and the aggregates were evaluated,and their feasibility and effectiveness in sweep-controlling during the CO_(2)flooding were confirmed.This research reveals:(1)Thickened aggregates could be assembled since the smart fluid interacted with CO_(2).When the mass fraction of the smart fluid ranged from 0.05%to 2.50%,the thickening ratio changed from 9 to 246,with viscosity reaching 13 to 3100 mPas.As a result,the sweep efficiency in low-permeability core models could be increased in our experiments.(2)When the smart fluid(0.5%to 1.0%)was exposed to simulated oil,the oil/fluid interfacial tension decreased to the level of 1×10^(-2)mN/m.Furthermore,the vesicle-like micelles in the smart fluid completely transformed into spherical micelles when the fluid was exposed to simulated oil with the saturation greater than 10%.As a result,the smart fluid could maintain low oil/fluid interfacial tension,and would not be thickened after oil exposure.(3)When the smart fluid interacted with CO_(2),the aggregates showed self-healing properties in terms of shear-thinning,static-thickening,and structural integrity after several shear-static cycles.Therefore,this fluid is safe to be placed in deep reservoirs.(4)The long-term temperature and salt resistance of the smart fluid and thickened aggregates have been confirmed.