Effects of microscopic pore structure heterogeneity on the distribution and morphology of remaining oil

Waterflooding experiments were performed using Micro-CT on four cores of different pore structures from Donghe sandstone reservoirs in the Tarim Basin. The water, oil and grains were accurately separated by the advanced image processing technology, the pore network model was established, and parameters such as the number of throats and the throat size distribution were calculated to characterize the microscopic heterogeneity of pore structure, the flow of oil phase during displacement, and the morphology and distribution of remaining oil after displacement. The cores with the same macroscopic porosity-permeability have great differences in microscopic heterogeneity of pore structure. Both macro porosity-permeability and micro heterogeneity of pore structure have an influence on the migration of oil phase and the morphology and distribution of remaining oil. When the heterogeneity is strong, the water phase will preferentially flow through the dominant paths and the remaining oil clusters will be formed in the small pores. The more the number of oil clusters(droplets) formed during displacement process, the smaller the average volume of cluster is, and the remaining oil is dominated by the cluster continuous phase with high saturation. The weaker the heterogeneity, the higher the pore sweep efficiency is, and the remaining oil clusters are mainly trapped in the form of non-continuous phase. The distribution and morphology of micro remaining oil are related to the absolute permeability, capillary number and micro-heterogeneity. So, the identification plate of microscopic residual oil continuity distribution established on this basis can describe the relationship between these three factors and distribution of remaining oil and identify the continuity of the remaining oil distribution accurately.

Pore structure effect on reservoir electrical properties and well logging evaluation

The reservoir pore structure controls the reservoir quality and resistivity response of hydrocarbon-bearing zones and thus, critically affects logging interpretation. We use petrophysical data in three types of reservoir with different pore structure characteristics to show that the complexity of pore structure had a significant effect on the effective porosity and permeability regardless of geological factors responsible for the formation of pore structure. Moreover,, the distribution and content of conductive fluids in the reservoir varies dramatically owing to pore structure differences, which also induces resistivity variations in reservoir rocks. Hence, the origin of low-resistivity hydrocarbon-bearing zones, except for those with conductive matrix and mud filtrate invasion, is attributed to the complexity of the pore structures. Consequently, reservoir-specific evaluation models, parameters, and criteria should be chosen for resistivity log interpretation to make a reliable evaluation of reservoir quality and fluids.

Stress sensitivity of carbonate gas reservoirs and its microscopic mechanism

In order to evaluate the stress sensitivity of carbonate reservoirs,a series of rock stress sensitivity tests were carried out under in-situ formation temperature and stress condition.Based on the calibration of capillary pressure curve,the variable fractal dimension was introduced to establish the conversion formula between relaxation time and pore size.By using the nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR)method,the pore volume loss caused by stress sensitivity within different scales of pore throat was quantitatively analyzed,and the microscopic mechanism of stress sensitivity of carbonate gas reservoirs was clarified.The results show that fractures can significantly affect the stress sensitivity of carbonate reservoirs.With the increase of initial permeability,the stress sensitivity coefficient decreases and then increases for porous reservoirs,but increases monotonously for fractured-porous reservoirs.The pore volume loss caused by stress sensitivity mainly occurs for mesopores(0.02–0.50μm),contributing more than 50%of the total volume loss.Single high-angle fracture contributes 9.6%of the stress sensitivity and 15.7%of the irreversible damage.The microscopic mechanism of the stress sensitivity of carbonate gas reservoirs can be concluded as fracture closure,elastic contraction of pores and plastic deformation of rock skeleton.

Pore and fracture characteristics of Cretaceous tight reservoir and its control effect on hydrocarbon accumulation in the Liuhe Basin

Tight oil and gas in the Cretaceous has been found in the Liuhe Basin,but the rules of tight reservoir and oil and gas accumulation are not clear.This paper discusses the developmental characteristics and evolution law of pores and fractures in the Cretaceous tight reservoir in the Liuhe Basin,and reveals its controlling effect on tight oil and gas accumulation.The results show that intercrystalline pores,intergranular pores and dissolution pores are scattered and only developed in shallow tight reservoirs,while microfractures are developed in both shallow and deep layers,which are the main type of reservoir space in the study area.The results of mercury intrusion porosimetry and nitrogen gas adsorption show that with the increase of depth,the proportion of macropores(microcracks)increases,while the proportion of micropores decreases.There are two stages of microfractures developed in the study area,corresponding to the initial fault depression stage from late Jurassic to early late Cretaceous and compressional uplift at the end of late Cretaceous.According to the principle of“inversion and back-stripping method”,combined with the data of optical microscopy and inclusions,the time of each key diagenesis and its contribution to porosity are revealed,and the porosity evolution history of reservoirs in different diagenetic stages is quantitatively restored.The porosity reduction rate of compaction can reach more than 80%,which is the main reason for reservoir densification.The relationship between pore evolution history and oil and gas accumulation history reveals that during the oil and gas filling period of the Xiahuapidianzi Formation(90-85 Ma),the reservoir porosity is only 1.15%,but the development of microfractures in the first stage of the reservoir is conducive to oil and gas accumulation.

柴达木盆地马海东地区古近系砂岩储层微观孔隙结构特征及微观致密区成因

柴达木盆地北缘马海东地区古近系的油气勘探已经取得发现,但储层微观孔隙结构特征认识不清是影响油气勘探与开发的主要因素之一。为揭示马海东地区古近系砂岩储层微观特征,综合运用岩石薄片显微镜观察、X射线衍射(XRD)分析和压汞测试等试验技术,开展了低渗透砂岩储层的岩石学特征、物性特征、微观孔隙结构及各储层非均质性对比研究,用变异系数定量表征了储层非均质强弱程度。研究结果表明:①古近系砂岩储层以长石岩屑砂岩为主,填隙物主要为方解石。②路乐河组Ⅰ砂组储层孔隙度较大,下干柴沟组Ⅱ砂组储层孔隙度中等,路乐河组Ⅱ砂组储层孔隙度最小。③储层岩石经历了压实、胶结和溶蚀成岩作用,路乐河组Ⅱ砂组储层非均质性最强,路乐河组Ⅰ砂组储层非均质性最弱,下干柴沟组Ⅱ砂组储层非均质性介于两者之间。④富塑性岩屑纹层或富杂基的低渗砂岩为致密储层,方解石胶结和塑性黏土质岩屑变形是致密储层形成的重要原因。

川中—川西须家河组三段致密砂岩储集层分类及成因

四川盆地中部和西部(川中—川西)上三叠统须家河组岩石组分复杂、孔喉结构非均质强,含气和产能平面变化快,亟需明确储集层分类标准、发育机制及分布规律。以须家河组三段致密砂岩为对象,通过薄片、物性、压汞和核磁共振等实验,分析微观孔隙结构,建立储集层分类评价标准,揭示岩石组分、成岩作用对储集层类型的控制。研究表明,须三段发育微裂缝、原生粒间孔、残留粒间孔、溶蚀孔和晶间孔5类储集空间,粒间孔喉发育程度是决定储集层品质的关键;基于分形特征,将孔喉系统划分为5个区间,结合中大孔喉占比、主流喉道等参数,实现4类致密储集层的精细划分;I类储集层具有“弱压实强溶蚀”特征,高石英颗粒、低泥岩和碳酸盐岩岩屑、适量火山岩岩屑是形成的关键,Ⅱ类储集层具有“强压实强溶蚀”特征,较多杂基、低泥岩岩屑、高长石颗粒是形成的物质基础,Ⅲ类和Ⅳ类储集层均具有强胶结特征,其中Ⅲ类储集层中钙质岩屑含量高,方解石胶结发育,Ⅳ类储集层杂基减孔明显。研究成果可指导该区致密储集层形成机制研究,也为致密储集层分类和成因关联分析提供一定借鉴。

东营凹陷古近系页岩组构及典型岩相储集特征

基于岩石薄片、扫描电镜、显微荧光和阴极发光等图像学分析方法,结合核磁共振、氮气吸附等测试技术,对东营凹陷古近系碳酸盐矿物类页岩相和混合类页岩相2种典型岩相进行研究。根据矿物组分和产状将页岩划分为碳酸盐纹层和泥质纹层2类结构单元,通过分析两者的矿物类型及相关孔隙发育特征,揭示了2种典型岩相储集特征,并根据埋藏过程中地质要素的相对变化,讨论了页岩层系储集空间发育条件。研究结果表明:东营凹陷古近系页岩矿物组分多样,以多组分碳酸盐矿物普遍发育、多来源长英质碎屑颗粒局部集中以及黏土矿物和有机质等流变性组分塑性充填为特征。骨架颗粒限定了有机组分的分布边界,有机组分内部又包含部分自生矿物,孔隙充填物受原油沥青质和蜡质含量高、地表凝固点高等因素的影响,有机组分与无机矿物间显示出多重嵌合特征。页岩组构与复杂的演化过程共同决定了孔隙类型和发育机制的多样性,碳酸盐矿物类页岩相发育纳米级晶内孔隙和微米级晶间孔隙及溶蚀孔隙,以孔隙大且连通好为特征,孔隙度相对偏低;混合类页岩相发育纳米-微米级黏土矿物片间孔隙,孔隙小且连通差,孔隙度相对偏高。层间缝发育区具有良好的储集性,储集空间由富含基质孔隙的多尺度孔缝网络构成,在整体富有机质的背景下,古近系富碳酸盐页岩具有基质普遍含油和纹层界面富集的特征。

孔隙型碳酸盐岩油藏储层微观孔隙结构定量表征及驱油效果评价

孔隙型碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强且孔隙类型多样,水驱采出程度差异较大,其主控因素尚不明确。基于孔喉频度分布曲线定性分类了储层微观孔隙结构,通过数字岩心技术建立了微观孔隙结构定量表征的方法,明确了中东某地区孔隙型碳酸盐岩孔喉特征,并开展水驱油室内物理实验,阐明了不同类型岩心采出程度差异及其主控因素。结果表明:①研究区储层微观孔隙结构可分为偏粗单峰型、偏细单峰型Ⅰ、偏细单峰型Ⅱ、偏粗双峰型及多峰型,储集性能与岩心均质性无显著关系,非单峰型的单相渗流能力优于单峰型,且单峰型随岩心均质性增强,单相渗流能力变差。②非单峰型的平均配位数和平均孔喉比均高于单峰型,且单峰型随着岩心均质性的增强,平均配位数和平均孔喉比降低。所有类型随喉道半径增加,孔喉比上限呈下降趋势;随孔隙半径增加,配位数上限呈指数型上升。③宏观上,岩心均质性为驱油效率主控因素;微观上,非单峰型在大孔喉处的高连通性以及小孔喉处的大孔喉比是导致其驱油效率显著低于单峰型的根本原因,且孔喉尺寸是单峰型驱油效率的重要影响因素。

水相渗吸对页岩储层的物化作用机理研究

页岩气藏储层发育微纳米孔喉和裂缝,黏土矿物含量高,岩石渗透率低且非均质性较强,通常需要经过大规模水力压裂才能被有效开采。水力压裂过程中水相的自发渗吸将对页岩气藏储层产生一系列物化作用,改变页岩气藏储层的孔隙结构及物化性质,从而影响页岩气的产出。为进一步明确水相渗吸对页岩气藏储层的影响机理,开展了页岩重复渗吸对照实验,并基于页岩渗吸前后矿物溶蚀导致的质量变化、扫描电镜可视化特征、核磁共振孔隙结构观测以及物性的变化,揭示渗吸对页岩微观孔隙结构及其物性的影响机理。研究结果表明:(1)水相渗吸作用使页岩产生微裂缝和裂缝,从而改变页岩孔隙结构;(2)孔隙度明显改善的页岩样品中,大孔所占比例上升,表明水相渗吸作用会使页岩孔隙空间增大;(3)渗吸能力与页岩的孔隙度、渗透率呈正相关,且页岩物性在渗吸后改善明显。此外,发现时间指数可定量表征渗吸对页岩孔喉连通性的影响。

Lmd油田二类油层孔隙结构与微观剩余油分布特征研究

随着开发的深入,Lmd油田二类油层经历了水驱开发,逐步进入到聚驱开发阶段,并成为今后稳产的重要支撑。由于前期对二类油层储层孔隙结构认识不足,没有达到预期的开发效果,为进一步提高开发效果,有必要厘清储层微观结构特征和微观剩余油分布特征。利用天然岩心,采用恒速压汞法和扫描电镜,研究了二类油层微观孔隙结构特征;利用岩心分析数据,回归了宏观孔渗参数与微观孔喉半径之间的关系;根据渗透率、孔喉尺寸等参数,将孔喉结构划分为五种类型。研究了现阶段ⅡA聚驱后、ⅡB油层和厚油层内部不同孔隙类型储层的微观剩余油分布特征。ⅡA油层聚驱后,簇状剩余油变化幅度最大,其次依次为角隅状、膜状、喉道状。ⅡB油层聚驱后,簇状剩余油变化幅度最大,其次是膜状、角隅状、喉道状。因此,ⅡB油层聚驱开发的重点是针对簇状和膜状剩余油开展进一步挖潜工作,开展驱油试验,明确了水聚驱前后微观剩余油变化特征。

碳酸盐岩气藏应力敏感特征及微观机理

在模拟原始地层温度、应力条件下开展储集层应力敏感测试,评价碳酸盐岩岩心的应力敏感特征;在毛管压力曲线标定下,引入变分形维数建立了弛豫时间与孔径的转换公式,基于核磁共振定量分析了不同尺度孔喉条件下因应力敏感造成的孔隙体积损失,厘清了碳酸盐岩气藏应力敏感的微观机理。研究发现,裂缝会显著改变碳酸盐岩储集层的应力敏感特征,随着初始渗透率的增加,孔隙型储集层的应力敏感系数先减小后增大,裂缝-孔隙型储集层则单调增大;应力敏感造成的孔隙体积损失主要来源于中孔尺度(0.02~0.50μm)孔隙,贡献率超过50%,单条高角度裂缝对应力敏感、不可逆伤害的贡献率分别为9.6%和15.7%;碳酸盐岩气藏应力敏感的微观机理主要为裂缝闭合、孔隙弹性收缩和骨架塑性变形。

松辽盆地南部大安地区青山口组一段页岩储层微观孔隙结构

储层的微观孔隙结构特征是评价页岩储层储集性能、资源丰度和“甜点”的重要因素。针对松辽盆地南部大安地区青一段页岩微观孔隙结构特征不明确的问题,利用氩离子剖光—扫描电镜、高压压汞、恒速压汞、CT扫描和核磁共振等测试方法,联合表征研究区青一段页岩储层储集空间类型、孔喉半径分布、连通性及流体可动性特征。研究结果表明:大安地区青一段页岩储层属于黏土质页岩相及混合质页岩相,平均孔隙度为5.95%,平均渗透率为0.0416 mD,属于特低孔超低渗、超低孔超低渗致密型及超致密型储集空间。划分出8种储集空间类型,微裂缝、喉道连通了储集空间,改善了储层物性,储层可动流体百分比为27%~47%。结合储层含油性特征,预测研究区I类有利储层面积约为300 km 2,Ⅱ类有利储层面积约为650 km 2,具有良好的勘探开发前景。研究成果可为研究区页岩储层微观孔隙结构评价提供技术支撑。

Fine description of unconventional clastic oil reservoirs

The latest researches reveal that studies on unconventional clastic oil reservoirs in China generally lag far behind those in other countries in respect of content and methodology.This study presents the definition and classification of unconventional oil reservoirs and analyzes the problems in the fine description of unconventional oil reservoirs.The key content of the fine description of unconventional oil reservoirs is summarized from four aspects:fine fracture characterization based on fine structure interpretation,reservoir architecture characterization based on sedimentary facies,characteristics of nanoscale microscopic pore structure of reservoir,and evaluation of source rock and“sweet spot zone”.Finally,this study suggests that development of fine description of unconventional clastic oil reservoirs in the future should focus on rock brittleness analysis and fracture modeling,geophysical characterization of unconventional clastic oil reservoirs,fluid description of tight reservoirs,and physical/numerical simulation experiments of unconventional oil reservoirs.

基于CT扫描技术的低渗油藏水敏效应后微观孔隙结构特征

为了研究水敏效应对低渗油藏微观孔隙结构特征的影响,将CT在线扫描技术和岩心驱替实验相结合,开展了低渗油藏不同渗透率岩心水敏性评价实验,对水敏过程中孔、喉半径分布特征、配位数、孔隙变化特征、物性参数变化及对储层渗流能力的影响进行了实验研究,并绘制了水敏前后极限注采井距对比图版。结果表明,随着渗透率降低,水敏效应对孔隙、喉道伤害程度越大、平均孔喉配位数减少越多。两者共同作用是造成储层启动压力梯度增加的主要原因;水敏效应对储层喉道伤害程度远大于对孔隙伤害程度;水敏效应造成黏土膨胀、颗粒运移几乎发生在所有孔隙中,但对岩心整体孔隙结构和分布特征影响不大。通过极限注采井距可知,水敏效应造成新沟嘴组低渗油藏极限注采井距减少了153 m,需要通过加密井来调整注采井距,改善注水波及范围。该研究结果对长期注水的水敏性低渗储层开发调整具有现场指导意义。

鄂西地区深层页岩气储层岩相孔隙结构特征差异及其控制因素--以YT1和YT3井五峰—龙马溪组页岩为例

岩相页岩孔隙结构是影响页岩气储集及运移能力的重要因素。以鄂西地区五峰—龙马溪组深层页岩为例,采用小角中子散射、高压压汞和场发射扫描电镜等实验方法,对比不同岩相页岩孔隙结构特征,明确不同岩相页岩孔隙结构特征差异及其控制因素。结果表明:鄂西地区五峰—龙马溪组页岩划分为高有机质硅质页岩岩相、中有机质硅质页岩岩相和低有机质黏土/混合质页岩岩相,不同岩相总孔隙度为1.76%~4.27%;高有机质硅质页岩和中有机质硅质页岩储集空间以有机孔为主,低有机质黏土/混合质页岩储集空间以无机孔为主,微裂缝发育程度为高有机质硅质页岩>中有机质硅质页岩>低有机质黏土/混合质页岩;有机质丰度和矿物组分是不同岩相页岩孔隙结构差异主控因素,随总有机碳质量分数和硅质矿物质量分数降低,有机孔密度和孔径显著下降,孔隙结构非均质性减弱,微裂缝发育程度逐渐降低。高有机质硅质页岩相具有较强生烃潜力,微裂缝发育程度较高,为研究区段最优页岩相。总有机碳质量分数和矿物组分是五峰—龙马溪组深层页岩气储层不同岩相孔隙结构特征差异关键因素,高有机质硅质页岩相为研究区段最优页岩相。该结果为鄂西地区下寒武统五峰—龙马溪组深层页岩气储层评价和有利区预测提供支持。

鄂尔多斯盆地陆向页岩气储层非均质性特征研究

鄂尔多斯盆地具有优质的页岩气资源,研究陆向页岩气储层的非均质性对页岩气、煤层气合探共采工作具有重要意义,因此提出鄂尔多斯盆地陆向页岩气储层非均质性特征研究方法。根据SY/T 5983—1994标准和SY/T 5163—1999标准,采用X射线衍射仪对鄂尔多斯盆地陆向页岩气储层展开X射线衍射分析,采集非均质性特征研究所需的样品。通过研究储层的内层岩性和微观孔隙结构,分析鄂尔多斯盆地陆向页岩气储层中的非均质性特征,为鄂尔多斯盆地陆向页岩气的开采提供了相关依据。

核磁共振岩心实验分析在低孔渗储层评价中的应用

根据核磁共振（ NMR）岩心实验分析的基本原理、方法和相关参数模型的研究进展，对鄂尔多斯盆地东部ZC油田3062井延长组长6油层组低孔渗砂岩样品进行了储层物性、孔隙结构和束缚水饱和度等参数的NMR岩心实验分析，并将其与常规岩心测试参数进行了分析与对比，探讨了低孔渗储层NMR岩心实验分析的精度及其应用效果。结果表明，3062井长6油层组砂岩属于典型的低孔渗储层，孔隙度在8．6％～13．0％，渗透率在（0．07～1．27）×10^-3μm2；低孔渗砂岩样品NMR岩心实验所分析的孔隙结构、孔隙度、束缚水饱和度数据与其常规岩心分析结果基本一致，且系统偏差较小，但基于NMR实验参数的储层渗透率预测模型尚存在较多的不确定性，核磁共振渗透率预测结果与常规岩心分析渗透率数据存在较大偏差。

松辽盆地北部深层砾岩储层特征

应用激光共聚焦显微镜等新技术对松辽盆地北部兴城地区砾岩储层微观特征的系统研究表明,砾岩发育砾内(压裂成因)裂缝和砾间裂缝。对砾岩微裂缝和不同类型孔隙数量的定量评价及孔隙成因分析表明,砾岩普遍发育微裂缝是其排驱压力和物性下限虽然低于砂岩但仍能成为有利储层的主要原因之一。砾岩含砂量、粒度、砾石成分、填隙物类型及含量、储层物性特征等分析表明,沉积相(含砂量)是储层物性的主要影响因素,并明确了沉积相-岩性特征-物性特征关系。应用砾岩单层物性与试气结果,确定了砾岩储层下限孔隙度为2.7%,下限渗透率为0.05×10-3μm2,并进一步研究了储层物性与产能的关系。

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组低渗透储层孔隙结构分类研究

运用铸体薄片、扫描电镜与常规压汞等资料,对陇东地区延长组低渗透储层孔隙结构分类标准进行了研究。不同孔隙结构特征参数与宏观物性参数的相关分析表明,最大连通喉道半径与渗透率的相关关系最好,为喉道分级的最优参数;运用数据构形的方法确定出了喉道分级界限,建立了储层孔隙、喉道分级标准。综合孔隙与喉道大小的组合及储层孔喉的其他特征,将延长组储层砂岩的孔隙结构划分为六种类型:大—中孔粗喉型、中—小孔中喉型、中—小孔细喉型、小孔微细喉型、细—微孔微细喉型和细—微孔微喉型。不同孔隙结构类型的储层具有不同的物性特征及不同的产液能力。

渤海湾盆地东营凹陷细粒沉积微相对页岩油储层微观结构的控制作用

以渤海湾盆地东营凹陷古近系沙河街组三段下亚段泥页岩为研究对象,通过厘米级岩心观察描述、岩石薄片鉴定、X-射线衍射分析等,分析泥页岩基本沉积特征,划分岩相及微相类型,分析半深湖-深湖沉积微相平面和垂向分布特征。综合扫描电镜观察、激光共聚焦显微镜观察以及低温氮气吸附实验等,对储层的孔隙和裂缝成因、类型、形貌、孔径及孔隙分布等特征进行综合表征。结果表明,东营凹陷泥页岩矿物类型多样,以往作为优质烃源岩的细粒沉积岩,其实大部分属于碳酸盐岩范畴;储层孔隙、裂缝类型多样,孔隙存在多尺度性、孔隙结构复杂。不同微相的泥页岩储层微观结构特征存在差异,沉积微相对储层微观结构的控制作用主要表现在对储层矿物组成和组构、有机质的沉积和保存条件的控制,进而影响了孔隙类型及孔隙结构。平阔半深湖微相发育的泥页岩储层有机质含量较高,脆性矿物以方解石为主,孔隙和裂缝类型多样,孔隙连通性中等且孔隙的开放性较好,可视为页岩油勘探开发有利相带区。