Metabolomics mechanism of traditional soy sauce associated with fermentation time

Given that fermentation time has significant impact on quality and flavor of soy sauce,a global understanding of the metabolic mechanism as fermentation time prolonged is essential for producing satisfactory and consistent quality of traditional soy sauce.Herein,the metabolic compounds changes of soy sauce associated with fermentation time up to 10 years were comprehensively investigated by using Chinese traditional fermented soy sauce(CTFSS)as a demonstration.Results showed that formaldehyde nitrogen,total soluble nitrogen(TSN),non-salt soluble solids,amino acids,free 5’-nucleotides and volatile compounds in CTFSS changed obviously during fermentation.Specifically,glutamic acid and aspartic acid were prominent in CTFSS.Continuous decrease in content of hypoxanthine(Hx)was found from 1 M(1-month soy sauce)to7 M(7-months soy sauce).Furthermore,a significant opposite tendency for changes between some volatile compounds and amino acids was indicated that there was a transformation between these two components.Therefore,a better understanding to the influence of fermentation time on soy sauce had been proposed.As the formation and conversion of amino acids and sugars might be mainly responsible for flavor formation in CTFSS,the ratio of these two reactions rate led the metabolism to be divided into three steps,degradation,conversion and balance.

Determination of Quality Properties of Soy Sauce by Support Vector Regression Coupled with SW-NIR Spectroscopy

The modern near-infrared(NIR) spectroscopy analysis is a simple, efficient and nondestructive technique, which has been used in chemical analysis in diverse fields. Shortwave NIR spectroscopy is also a rapid, flexible, and cost-effective method to control product quality in food industry. The method of support vector regression coupled with shortwave NIR spectroscopy was explored for the nondestructive quantitative analysis of the important quality parameters of soy sauce, including amino nitrogen content, total acid content, salt content and color ratio. In this study, the support vector regression(SVR) models based on subtractive spectra and positive spectra were found and compared, the results show that the subtractive spectrum was more excellent than the positive spectrum. Meanwhile, R and RSE were determined, respectively, by means of original spectra and pretreated spectra[standard normal variate (SNV), first-derivative and second-derivative], and the corresponding models were successfully established. The best prediction was achieved by a support vector regression model of the first derivative transformed dataset. In addition, the result obtained by the proposed method was compared with that of Partial Least Squares(PLS), which showed that the generalization performance of the classifier based on SVR was much better than that of PLS. The results demonstrate that shortwave NIR spectroscopy combined with SVR is promising for the quality control of soy sauce.

<i>In Vitro</i>Antioxidative Activity and Antihypertensive Activity of Soy Sauce Cake Derived from the Manufacturing of Japanese Style Fermented Soy Sauce

As the manufacture of soy sauce produces a large quantity of soy sauce cake as one of food processing waste, it is necessary to search for possible ways for their utilization. Chemical composition of soy sauce cake was analyzed to use as a material of high-value functional ingredients. The results showed that soy sauce cake could be potentially used as functional ingredients rich in proteins, with high antioxidative activitiy, free radical scavenging activity, and antihypertensive activity. Based on their IC50 values, the hydrolysates from soy sauce cake were more significantly effective against superoxide anion radicals and ACE, compared with hydroxyl radicals and DPPH radicals. The present study indicates that a large amount of soy sauce cake can be used as source of proteins with good antioxidative activity, free radical scavenging activity, and antihypertensive activity. The utilization of soy sauce cake may be also to contribute to reduce food processing wastes and to resolve an environmental problem.

The development of soy sauce from organic soy bean

Soy sauce by a high salt liquid-state fermentation process was prepared using the organic soy beans as raw material. Beidahuang organic soy bean was selected among different raw materials. Here, the best technique was determined. Firstly, the organic soy beans were soaked for 7 hours under 121℃, steamed for 15 min and mixed with the fried wheat (5:5, w/w). After inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae 3.042 (0.3%, w/w) and cultured for 36 hours, the koji was obtained. When the brine (2:1, w/w) was added, fermentation started. At the end of the fermentation, isoflavone content of organic soy sauce was 0.22 mg· g-1 higher than those in the non- organic soy beans. In addition, compared to the control there were a higher unsaturated fatty acids content, the linoleic acid content in crude fat of 51.61% and γ-linolenic acid content in crude fat of 0.55%.

Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic Discriminant Analysis Applied to Identification of Soy Sauce Adulteration

The identification of soy sauce adulteration can avoid fraud, and protect the rights and interests of producers and consumers. Based on two measurement models (1 mm, 10 mm), the visible and near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy combined with standard normal variate-partial least squares-discriminant analysis (SNV-PLS-DA) was used to establish the discriminant analysis models for adulterated and brewed soy sauces. Chubang soy sauce was selected as an identification brand (negative, 70). The adulteration samples (positive, 72) were prepared by mixing Chubang soy sauce and blended soy sauce with different adulteration rates. Among them, the “blended soy sauce” sample was concocted of salt water (NaCl), monosodium glutamate (C5H10NNaO5) and caramel color (C6H8O3). The rigorous calibration-prediction-validation sample design was adopted. For the case of 1 mm, five waveband models (visible, short-NIR, long-NIR, whole NIR and whole scanning regions) were established respectively;in the case of 10 mm, three waveband models (visible, short-NIR and visible-short-NIR regions) for unsaturated absorption were also established respectively. In independent validation, the models of all wavebands in the cases of 1 mm and 10 mm have achieved good discrimination effects. For the case of 1 mm, the visible model achieved the optimal validation effect, the validation recognition-accuracy rate (RARV) was 99.6%;while in the case of 10 mm, both the visible and visible-short-NIR models achieved the optimal validation effect (RARV = 100%). The detection method does not require reagents and is fast and simple, which is easy to promote the application. The results can provide valuable reference for designing small dedicated spectrometers with different measurement modals and different spectral regions.

The Role of Nutrition Education in the Promotion of Iron-Fortified Soy Sauce in China

Iron deficiency anemia （IDA） is one of the most important nutrition issues in China. Data from the 2002 National Nutrition and Health Survey showed that the average anemia prevalence in China was 20.1% and the prevalence in women of child-bearing age and of children in some poor regions reached more than 50%; it has been estimated that more than 200 million Chinese people are suffering from anemia. Anemia significantly affects physical and mental development in children, decreases productivity in adults, and reduces immune function among the population at large, which leads to a lower health status and limits social development.

DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS IN SOY SAUCE BY HPLC

Organic acids in 3 kinds of soy sauces were analyzed by HRLC.Column:C18 ()Bondapak(10μm,3.9mm i.d.* 30cm;mobile phase:0.5%(NH_4)_2HPO_4(pH=2.9);flow rate:1.0 ml/m.PT-C18 cartridge was used for the sample preparation.Recoveries of organic acids are between 96-111%.

基于宏基因组测序和纯培养技术解析胀袋生抽酱油的微生物类群

该研究采用宏基因组测序技术对胀袋生抽酱油微生物类群进行了解析,对其微生物菌株进行了分离鉴定,并对分离株是否可导致酱油胀气进行了验证。宏基因组结果表明,胀袋生抽酱油样品中平均相对含量大于1.0%的微生物主要由嗜盐四联球菌(Tetragenococcus halophilus)、酸鱼联合乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus acidipiscis)、植物乳植物杆菌(Lactiplantibacillus plantarum)、耐酸乳杆菌(Lactobacillus acetotolerans)、棒状腐败乳杆菌(Loigolactobacillus coryniformis)、短促生乳杆菌(Levilactobacillus brevis)和屎肠球菌(Enterococcus faecium)构成,平均相对含量分别为28.01%、25.50%、9.45%、2.49%、1.83%、1.53%和1.33%;采用纯培养技术,分离出的49株细菌被鉴定为6个属下的11个种,其中枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)、破布子联合乳杆菌(Ligilactobacillus pobuzihii)、蛋白原酶腐败乳杆菌(Loigolactobacillus rennini)和L.acidipiscis分离株占总分离株数的39.22%、19.61%、11.76%和9.80%,分离出的2株酵母菌均被鉴定为扣囊复膜酵母(Saccharomycopsis fibuligera);产气验证实验发现,所有分离株均不能单独引起生抽酱油的胀袋现象。由此可见,胀袋生抽酱油具有较高的微生物多样性,在后续研究引入培养组学策略以获得更多的分离株,亦或考虑多菌株的协同作用,对酱油涨袋这一产业问题的解决可能具有积极的意义。

酱油发酵基料酱油酮的提取及分析检测方法研究

选用二氯甲烷、无水乙醇、无水乙醚为提取的有机溶剂,从5种酱油发酵基料中提取酱油酮后,用高效液相色谱法检测不同原料中酱油酮的含量。实验结果表明,高效液相色谱仪检测酱油酮的最佳液相条件为:甲醇∶水=30∶70;流速1 mL/min。从酱油发酵基料中提取酱油酮的最佳有机溶剂为二氯甲烷,其次是无水乙醇和乙醚。以萃取效果最佳的二氯甲烷为例,经过低温连续相变之后的基料,油中酱油酮的浓度对比原渣由11.190增加到91.653 mg/kg,说明原渣经过低温连续相变萃取后,酱油酮得到富集。而脱脂渣经过乙醇浓缩后,浓缩醇提物的酱油酮浓度对比醇提渣由5.134增加到27.959 mg/kg,说明经过乙醇浓缩后酱油酮进行了富集。

市售酱油产品生物胺含量的检测与食用安全性分析

为了揭示酱油中生物胺存在种类和水平,该研究采用丹磺酰氯柱前衍生结合高效液相色谱法对我国市售的9个品牌57种(生抽41种和老抽16种)酱油中的生物胺含量进行了分析。结果表明,酱油中苯乙胺、腐胺、组胺、酪胺是我国市售酱油中的主要生物胺成分。生抽酱油中的总胺大部分在127.86~1273.40 mg/L,其中组胺和酪胺的含量范围分别在10.82~368.91 mg/L和0~582.77 mg/L之间。老抽酱油中总生物胺的含量分布范围为200.54~904.61 mg/L,组胺与酪胺的含量范围分别为35.07~302.35 mg/L和38.75~479.61 mg/L。风险评估分析结果表明,生抽和老抽酱油中组胺和酪胺的急性风险指数H分别为7.69%、1.99%和2.10%、0.55%,均远低于100%,且两者的慢性风险指数E值较小,范围在0.15%~1.65%之间。另外,生抽和老抽的食品安全指数(IFS)在0.001~0.016之间,远低于1。该研究表明由食用酱油中引入的组胺和酪胺对人体健康无明显的负面危害,我国市售酱油食用安全性相对较高。

传统酿造酱及酱油中微生物酶系研究进展

酿造调味品是我国传统食品中重要的一类,其发酵过程主要依赖于微生物的生命运动,微生物及代谢酶的相互作用赋予了发酵食品独特的风味和风格。文章从传统豆酱及酱油的酿造工艺、酿造主要微生物、微生物酶系的功能特性、国内外发展趋势等方面进行论述。同时,分析并展望了微生物酶在食品工业中的应用前景,旨为生产营养、健康、美味的传统发酵食品提供理论依据。

酱油酿造中糖类的研究进展

传统酿造酱油是亚洲菜系中用来提高鲜味的调味品。以大豆、麸皮等含淀粉的原料经微生物发酵制得的酱油中含有氨基酸、糖类、有机酸等多种成分,其中以葡萄糖为主的许多单糖、寡糖、多糖等对酿造酱油的风味和品质起到重要作用。文章从酱油酿造中糖类的种类与含量、形成机制、影响因素、功能作用等方面进行了综述。

玉米发酵酱粉风味化合物分析及增鲜应用研究

玉米发酵酱粉是以玉米和食用盐为主要原料,经专用菌种发酵等工艺制成的一种具有增鲜、增香作用的发酵产品,其在食品中可提供鲜味和咸味。多种挥发性及非挥发性化合物共同决定了其风味特性,因此该文采用固相微萃取(solid phase micro-extraction,SPME)与GC-MS联用以及HPLC技术对市场上的一种玉米发酵酱粉中挥发性化合物和非挥发性化合物(游离氨基酸和5′-核苷酸)进行定量分析,并对玉米发酵酱粉在酱油中的增鲜应用特性进行研究。结果表明玉米发酵酱粉具有丰富的风味特性。共检测到34种挥发性化合物,其中12种挥发性化合物的气味活性值(odor activity value,OAV)≥1。非挥发性化合物中部分氨基酸和5′-核苷酸对酱粉中的鲜味具有贡献,例如丙氨酸(Ala)等氨基酸可为酱粉提供甜味,精氨酸(Arg)等氨基酸提供苦味。结合正交试验和感官评价发现,添加白砂糖(12%)、玉米发酵酱粉(5%)及酵母抽提物(1%)后调配得到酱油的感官评价最佳,可为增加酱油原油鲜味和甜味,同时抑制其苦涩味。该研究可为玉米发酵酱粉的风味研究及在其他调味品的深层次应用提供理论支撑。

粤式豉油鸡传统烹煮过程中的质地及风味变化

研究了典型粤式豉油鸡烹煮过程中鸡肉蒸煮损失、离心损失、氯化钠含量、pH值、质构、嫩度、微观结构和风味物质的变化,结果表明:煮制初期(5 min),鸡肉蒸煮损失和食盐渗入量迅速增加,分别为4.47%和0.22%,离心损失也达到最大值(32%);鸡皮、鸡肉色泽品质在热浸10 min后逐渐形成且稳定提升;烹制过程中,鸡肉硬度、弹性和咀嚼性在煮制10 min后明显增加(P<0.05),至热浸25 min后达到最高,分别为生鸡肉的1.65倍、1.54倍和4.35倍;鸡肉中肌纤维随加热进行不断收缩紧实,纤维结构变化明显;烹煮过程中鸡肉鲜味、甜味及苦味游离氨基酸总量、鸡肉特征香气物质含量逐渐上升,热浸25 min后上述风味物质含量显著增加(P<0.05);鸡肉的各项感官评分均逐渐上升,总体可接受度不断提高。至热浸25 min后鸡肉中总游离氨基酸含量为328.81 mg/100 g,鸡肉具有一定硬度及韧性,咀嚼感好,风味品质高,满足粤式豉油鸡的口感要求。

产愈创木酚菌株筛选及其在酱油酿造中的应用

从日式高盐稀态发酵酱油酱醪中分离获得一株能转化阿魏酸(ferulic acid,FA)生成4-乙烯基愈创木酚(4-vinylguaiacol,4-VG)和4-乙基愈创木酚(4-ethylguaiacol,4-EG)的酵母菌株JLY60-1,通过ITS rDNA测序和同源序列检索分析鉴定为Wickerhamiella versatilis,其最适生长温度为30℃,在20%盐浓度下培养15 d,发酵液中的4-EG浓度最高,达13.6 mg/L。在传统酱油酿造过程中强化菌株JLY60-1,采用高效液相色谱法和离子迁移色谱法测定不同发酵酱醪中酚酸及挥发性风味组分的含量,结果表明,菌株JLY60-1可以高效转化酱醪中的FA生成4-VG和4-EG,发酵30 d的酱油中4-VG和4-EG含量分别达到16.5,30.5 mg/L,对照组含量分别为1.83,3.03 mg/L。同时,强化菌株JLY60-1还提高了酱油中醛类、酮类芳香化合物的含量,丰富了酱油香气,对改善和提升酱油品质具有重要实用价值。

谷氨酰胺酶在10 t规模酱油发酵中应用研究

鲜味是反映酿造酱油品质的一项重要指标。谷氨酰胺酶可以催化谷氨酰胺生成谷氨酸和γ-谷氨酰肽,从而提高酱油的鲜味。文章研究了在10 t规模酱油发酵过程中添加谷氨酰胺酶对酱油中谷氨酸、谷氨酰胺、γ-谷氨酰肽、氨基酸态氮和全氮等指标的影响,并对添加谷氨酰胺酶的酱油进行了HS-SPME-GC-MS分析和感官评定。结果表明,添加谷氨酰胺酶可明显提高酱油原油的谷氨酸含量、氨基酸态氮含量、全氮含量并调节γ-谷氨酰肽的种类及含量。添加谷氨酰胺酶对酱油原油的pH值和总酸含量有小幅度影响。HS-SPME-GC-MS分析表明,添加谷氨酰胺酶的酱油的挥发性风味物质发生了一定变化,醇类、醛类、酮类化合物的种类和含量都有所增加,使酱油的滋味和气味更加丰富。感官评价显示添加谷氨酰胺酶可较大幅度提升酱油的鲜味强度,小幅度减弱酱油的苦味和增加酱油的酸味,对咸味、甜味的影响较小。该研究结果为谷氨酰胺酶在酱油酿造中的应用提供了理论支持。

领域术语与生活语言的竞争、互动和规范——以酱油分类与命名为例

各行各业既有共同的语言使用基础,也带有一定的行业语言特色,形成“领域术语”并进入中观语言生活层级。酱油作为民众最基本的生活必需品之一,在餐饮行业扮演着领域术语和典型生活语言的双重角色。市场调查发现,酱油市场存在产品分类、品种命名、术语规范等问题,根源在于领域术语未能很好吸收生活语言中的优势要素,实现良性互动。有鉴以此,在现行酱油国标条件下,应刚性执行标签通则,使用强制性国标并标注发布年号,市场品种名应作为次要要素在标签上加括注印制。远期目标是吸收生活语言中的强势分类称名“生抽”“老抽”,适时推动酿造酱油国家标准的新修订,统一酿造技术标准,并提升酱油酿造工艺水平,催生新品种。领域术语与生活语言的良性竞争与深度互动具有可迁移价值,是一个关涉语言竞争、和谐语言生活、新时期语言文字规划、食品安全监督、语言服务、语言产业、社会语言学、新闻传播学等多领域跨学科的新议题,值得进一步探索。

酱油挥发性风味物质与鲜味和咸味跨模态感知交互作用

该实验通过液液萃取、溶剂辅助风味物质提取并结合气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)和气相色谱/嗅闻-与滋味相关(GC/O-AT)技术,从3种酱油中共鉴定出17种与鲜味和咸味相关的挥发性风味物质。其中,2,6-二甲基吡嗪、二甲基三硫、3-甲硫基丙醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、3-甲硫基丙醇、2-乙酰基呋喃、麦芽酚、4-乙基愈创木酚、糠醛可以诱导增强0.3%谷氨酸钠(MSG)溶液的鲜味强度。通过分子对接对气味与鲜味跨模态感知交互作用机制研究发现,气味分子可以结合在鲜味受体蛋白捕蝇草结构区(VFD),使鲜味受体蛋白构象发生变化,从而产生味觉信号。明析了酱油中挥发性风味物质诱导鲜味增强分子基础和作用机制,为利用跨模态感知交互作用实现食品减咸增鲜提供了理论依据。