Effect of low-temperature tempering on the mechanical properties of cold-rolled martensitic steel

Cold-rolled martensitic steel is an important type of advanced high-strength steel for automobile production.With martensite as its primary microstructure constituent, martensitic steel possesses exceptional high strength despite its low alloy content.As the strength of cold-rolled martensitic steel increases, the martensite and carbon content also increases, leading to a decrease in bending properties and toughness.In this paper, the effect of various tempering parameters on the bending property and impact toughness of a quenched cold-rolled martensitic steel sheet was studied.It is found that after quenching, the ductility and impact toughness of the experimental steel are improved using low-temperature heat treatment.The optimal tempering conditions for ductility and toughness are analyzed.

Effect of Rare Earths on Tempered Martensite Embrittlement of Steel

The mechanical properties of SiMnCr and SiMnMo steels tempered in lowtemperature range were studied. The results show that there is no notable effect of RE on material strength during lowtemperature tempering. There are toughness troughs of tempered martensite embrittlement(TME) at 350 ℃ and 400 ℃ for steel SiMnCr and SiMnMo respectively. RE raises the toughness of TME troughs to some extent by refining grains and restraining embrittlment of austenite grain boundary, although it does not change TME temperature.

Precipitation behavior and martensite lath coarsening during tempering of T/P92 ferritic heat-resistant steel

Tempering is an important process for T/P92 ferritic heat-resistant steel from the viewpoint of microstructure control, as it facili- tates the formation of final tempered martensite under serving conditions. In this study, we have gained deeper insights on the mechanism underlying the microstructural evolution during tempering treatment, including the precipitation of carbides and the coarsening of martensite laths, as systematically analyzed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and high-resolution transmission electron mi- croscopy. The chemical composition of the precipitates was analyzed using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Results indicate the for- mation of M3C （cementite） precipitates under normalized conditions. However, they tend to dissolve within a short time of tempering, owing to their low thermal stability. This phenomenon was substantiated by X-ray diffraction analysis. Besides, we could observe the precipitation of fine carbonitrides （MX） along the dislocations. The mechanism of carbon diffusion controlled growth of M23C6 can be expressed by the Zener＇s equation. The movement of Y-junctions was determined to be the fundamental mechanism underlying the martensite lath coarsening process. Vickers hardness was estimated to determine their mechanical properties. Based on the comprehensive analysis of both the micro- structural evolution and hardness variation, the process of tempering can be separated into three steps.

Effect of cooling rate on microstructure and mechanical properties of CB2 tempered martensitic steel

The cooling rate of casting has a significant effect on microstructure and mechanical properties of castings.The 9Cr-1.5Mo-1Co cast steel,referred to as CB2,is one of the most promising alloys for various cast components to be used under ultrasupercritical conditions.In this study,HRTEM,SEM,and XRD methods were used for qualitative and quantitative analyses of contents,phases,and sizes of the inclusions and precipitates,as well as microstructure observation of the tempered martensitic steel at different cooling rates.Traditional tensile tests were conducted to characterize the material mechanical properties.Results show that the size of the boron nitride and precipitate,the width of the martensite lath and the content of theδ-ferrite are reduced as the cooling rate increases from 5-8℃·min^-1(CB2-S steel)to 50-60℃·min^-1(CB2-F steel).The precipitates are mainly composed of M23C6 and a small amount of M3C.The average diameters of the M23C6 precipitates in CB2-F and CB2-S are 202 nm and 209 nm,respectively.The inclusions are mainly composed of BN,Al2O3 and MnO2,and the inclusion ratios are 0.1969%for the CB2-F and 0.06556%for CB2-S steel.The average martensite lath widths of CB2-F and CB2-S steels are 289 nm and 301 nm,respectively.Furthermore,the M3C having a diameter of about 150 nm and a thickness of 20 nm is observed in theδ-ferrite of the tempered CB2-S steel.The presence of theδ-ferrite reduces the precipitation strengthening and dislocation density in CB2-S steel.In addition,the lower cooling rate stabilizes theδ-ferrite structure at room temperature.

Corrosion behavior of tempered dual-phase steel embedded in concrete

Dual-phase （DP） steels with different martensite contents were obtained by appropriate heat treatment of an SAE1010 structural carbon steel, which was cheap and widely used in the construction industry. The corrosion behavior of DP steels in concrete was investigated under various tempering conditions. Intercritical annealing heat treatment was applied to the reinforcing steel to obtain DP steels with different contents of martensite. These DP steels were tempered at 200, 300, and 400℃ for 45 min and then cooled to room temperature. Corrosion experiments were conducted in two stages. In the first stage, the corrosion potential of DP steels embedded in concrete was measured every day for a period of 30 d based on the ASTM C 876 standard. In the second stage, the anodic and cathodic polarization values of these steels were obtained and subsequently the corrosion currents were determined with the aid of cathodic polarization curves. It was observed that the amount of second phase had a definite effect on the corrosion behavior of the DP steel embedded in concrete. As a result of this study, it is found that the corrosion rate of the DP steel increases with an increase in the amount of martensite.

Influence of nitrogen-alloying on the tempering properties of the martensitic stainless steel 00Cr13Ni4Mo

The mechanical and corrosive properties of 00Cr13Ni4Mo （S13 -4N） were tested and compared with those of 00Cr13Ni6Mo （S13 -6）. The effects of nitrogen on the properties of the steels were analyzed. The results of the tensile and corrosion tests show the strength,the ductility,and the pitting corrosion resistance of S13 -4N are higher, lower and poorer than those of S13 -6 respectively, when tempered at a temperature below 550 ℃and vice versa when the tempering temperature is higher than 550℃. The results of the X-ray diffraction （XRD） and the electron backscattered diffraction （EBSD） analyses reveal that inversed austenite appears at 550℃ and the amount of it peaks at 600 ℃ with the best ductility. And the total amount of the inversed austenite in S13 -6 is more than that in S13 -4N in different forms. Nitrogen performs better in terms of stabilizing inversed austenite while nickel is more favorable for forming inversed austenite, the amount and stability of which affect the ductility remarkably. The reason for the embrittlement of S13 -4N at 450℃ can be the result of carbide and nitride precipitating at grain boundaries.

预回火工艺对H13钢组织和性能的影响

对淬火后H13钢进行620,640,660,680℃下保温10,20,40min的预回火与600℃保温120min回火处理,并以常规回火(二次600℃保温120min回火)为对照,研究了预回火工艺对H13钢组织和性能的影响。结果表明:随着预回火温度提高或保温时间延长,H13钢中马氏体分解程度增加,残余奥氏体数量减少,析出碳化物尺寸增大,位错密度降低,H13钢的硬度降低,冲击吸收功增大;与常规回火相比,620,640℃下预回火10~20min+600℃回火后H13钢的位错密度更高,660,680℃下预回火10~40min+600℃回火后H13钢的的位错密度更低,660℃下预回火10~40min+600℃回火处理可以同时提高硬度和冲击韧性,其原因是较低位错密度和较小尺寸回火析出相的共同作用。

A model for converting thermal analysis to volume fraction of high carbon bearing steels during low-temperature tempering

Quantitative prediction of phase content is of great importance to control and optimize the heat treat-ment process of steels.In this work,a model for predicting the phase content of tempered high carbon steels was proposed by taking a martensitic 100Cr6 bearing steel as a model case.The microstructural transformations during tempering were studied using thermal analysis,transmission electron microscopy(TEM),and X-ray diffraction(XRD).Kinetics analysis of thermal evolution by employing the isoconver-sional method,and assisted by TEM and XRD characterization,were performed to quantitatively estimate the volume fractions of different phases after tempering.A series of isothermal tempering experiments were designed to verify the model.The predicted results were in good agreement with the experimental results of XRD and electrolytic extraction measurements.

轧机机架辊轴承外圈断裂原因

某钢厂宽厚板车间机架辊轴承外圈发生断裂事故。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、力学性能测试、金相检验、扫描电镜分析等方法分析了轴承外圈断裂的原因。结果表明:轴承座发生变形,导致轴承发生偏载现象;轴承滚子受到异常轴向力,轴承外圈滚道边缘受到滚子的大载荷碾压,产生应力集中;轴承外圈材料脆性较大,使材料形成微裂纹,裂纹向滚道内部扩展,最终导致轴承外圈断裂。

某型电机轴开裂原因

某型电机在使用过程中振动异常,停机检查发现电机轴表面存在裂纹。采用宏观观察、化学成分分析、金相检验、力学性能测试、扫描电镜分析等方法研究了该电机轴开裂的原因。结果表明:电机轴断口呈多源疲劳快速扩展特征形貌;堆焊工艺不当,使堆焊层硬度较低,且形成了脆性较大的自回火马氏体;在运转过程中,电机轴主要承受扭转载荷,轴表面所受应力最大,因此优先在轴表面堆焊层形成微裂纹,裂纹在扩展过程中汇聚形成多源疲劳,并在扭矩作用下裂纹呈八字形扩展,最终导致电机轴发生开裂现象。

热处理工艺对高铬低活化铁素体-马氏体钢力学性能的影响

铁素体-马氏体钢抗辐照性能优越,是用于辐照剂量较高的新型核电反应堆型结构件的候选材料。苛刻的服役环境要求铁素体-马氏体钢具有良好的综合力学性能、合适的晶粒度以及较少的内部缺陷。研究了正火+回火的热处理工艺对新成分铁素体-马氏体钢力学性能和微观晶粒组织演化的影响。采用Thermo-Calc热力学软件计算了不同相态的体积比例并与试验结果进行对比,发现两相比例变化的计算结果与试验结果高度一致。正火处理后,材料的抗拉强度和屈服强度受两相比例的影响权重最大。结果表明,采用1 080℃正火+670℃回火热处理的高铬铁素体-马氏体钢的抗拉强度为903 MPa,屈服强度为732 MPa,材料的综合性能最佳。

35CrMo卡瓦连接器断裂原因分析

某气井连续油管卡瓦连接器在服役3a后发生了断裂失效。对该失效连接器材料的化学成分、金相组织和力学性能进行了试验,对其断口形貌进行了宏观和微观分析。结果表明,该失效连接器材料的化学成分和拉伸试验结果符合GB/T 3077—2015标准的要求,其材料的硬度和夏比冲击功试验结果不符合GB/T 3077—2015标准的要求。由于失效连接器材料中存在回火马氏体组织,使材料的冲击功试验值低于标准的要求,说明其材料韧性较差;另外,该气井增产时快速旋转流量控制阀门,从而使油管中的液体和气体流量快速增加,因而该连接器所承受的轴向载荷瞬时增大,于是该连接器在轴向冲击载荷作用下发生了脆性断裂。建议气井增产时缓慢旋转流量控制阀门,降低连续油管和连接器在气井增产时所承受的冲击载荷。

马氏体板条细化机制及其对马氏体钢力学性能的影响

以00Cr11Ni4Mo低碳马氏体不锈钢为研究对象,研究一次正火、循环正火、正火+回火处理对其组织和性能的影响,分析马氏体板条细化对低碳马氏体钢力学性能的影响,并阐明马氏体板条的细化机制。结果表明,采用一次正火温度为900℃的热处理工艺得到的屈服强度、极限抗拉强度、延伸率分别为961 MPa、1093 MPa、20.7%,综合力学性能最佳;随着正火温度的升高,马氏体板条粗化,其极限抗拉强度和屈服强度下降,塑性呈先上升后下降的趋势。循环正火热处理并没有达到提高材料强度的效果,对塑性的改善也有限。正火+回火热处理工艺细化了马氏体板条,但并未提高材料的强度。通过马氏体板条细化来提高材料强度具有一定的局限性,需要综合考虑更多影响材料强塑性的因素。

Tempering mechanism of lath martensite induced in IF steel under high pressure

In this paper,low-and high-strength lath martensite(350 and 640 HV)was fabricated in an IF steel via high pressure martensitic transformation.The microstructure and the softening during their tempering from 200°C to 800°C for 1 h were systematically investigated.A carbon-irrelevant tempering process was proposed,exhibiting a three-stage structural evolution pattern depending upon the tempering de-gree(1-(HV-HV FP)/(HV NP-HV FP),where the HV is the instant hardness,HV NP is the non-tempered hard-ness and HV FP is the fully tempered hardness):(1)low tempered(<10%),removing the loose dislocations and dislocation boundaries within martensitic variants;(2)medium tempered(10%-50%),eliminating the martensitic variant laths via the migration of their terminal tips;(3)highly tempered(>50%),clearing up the remained variant laths via the migration of the triple junctions.Martensite-type microstructure is tailored by low-index lamellar variant boundaries and is thus intrinsically thermally stable,whereas the mobile terminal tips decrease the tempering resistance.The underlying mechanism for such carbon-irrelevant process was discussed and the potential effect on the tempering behavior of carbon-contained martensite was highlighted.

Effect of tempering on the properties and microstructure of 00Cr13Ni5Mo

In this study,normalized 00 Cr13 Ni5 Mo low-carbon martensitic stainless steel was tempered at temperatures ranging between 500-700 ℃ for 8 h and its mechanical properties were determined. The results show that the mechanical properties vary with a variation in the tempering temperature. Samples tempered at 650 ℃exhibited a good combination of properties and a low yield ratio. Scanning electron microscopy observations and Xray diffraction analysis revealed that the tempering process involved carbide precipitation,austenitic inversion,and quenching,and the properties of materials changed with a change in the tempering temperature.

热处理对14Cr14Co12Mo5低碳马氏体轴承钢组织性能的影响

通过光学显微镜、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、透射电镜、洛氏硬度、冲击测试和拉伸试验等研究了淬火+冷处理和高温回火循环热处理工艺对14Cr14Co12Mo5低碳马氏体轴承钢组织性能的影响。结果表明:经淬火、两次冷处理及高温回火后,不仅可以细化试验钢中的马氏体板条,而且能有效促进残留奥氏体向马氏体转变,马氏体板条宽度从511.5 nm细化至116.0 nm,马氏体体积分数从78.4%增加至87.9%。此外,在高温回火过程中板条马氏体内的M_(23)C_(6)和M_(7)C_(3)细小碳化物不断析出,不仅可以提高试验钢的强度和硬度,而且细小弥散分布的碳化物也可以提高其韧性。经淬火+冷处理和高温回火工艺处理后,试验钢的抗拉强度为1624 MPa,硬度为49.5 HRC,冲击韧性为136 J/mm^(2),实现了强韧性的良好匹配。

热处理对低碳马氏体不锈钢耐蚀性的影响

低碳马氏体不锈钢凭借优良的力学性能和耐蚀性能,已在航天航空领域和海上平台建设中有一定的应用。不同的不锈钢最佳耐腐蚀性能的热处理参数不同。本文采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、双环电化学动电位再活化法和电化学阻抗谱研究了回火温度和回火时间对低碳马氏体不锈钢的组织和耐晶间腐蚀性能的影响,根据实验现象探究了低碳马氏体不锈钢晶间腐蚀的机理。随着回火时间的延长,碳化物析出越多,耐蚀性越差。随着回火温度的升高,不锈钢的耐蚀性先下降后上升。当回火温度为550℃时,样品的耐蚀性最差。通过这项工作为热处理手段优化低碳马氏体不锈钢的耐腐蚀性提供了一条新的途径。

回火温度对Q420qENH钢板组织和力学性能的影响

通过显微组织观察、电子背散射衍射技术、拉伸试验、冲击试验等方法,研究了回火温度对Q420qENH钢板组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:420~620℃回火的钢板组织为粒状贝氏体和铁素体,基体组织略微粗化,大尺寸M-A组元分解,但仍有部分细小较稳定的M-A组元得以保留,且呈弥散分布。与轧态钢板相比,620℃回火的钢板屈服强度从467 MPa升高至505 MPa,抗拉强度从655 MPa降低至589 MPa,屈强比从0.71升高至0.86,-40℃冲击吸收能量从175 J升高至278 J;脆硬相M-A组元含量降低不仅导致钢板屈强比升高,还降低了裂纹萌生倾向,且大角度晶界比例增加,阻碍裂纹扩展的能力增强,两者共同作用使得钢板的低温冲击韧性明显改善。在520~620℃回火的试验钢板具有高强韧性和较低屈强比的优异力学性能。

调质态Q1100高强钢的微观组织研究

采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜和透射电镜对1100 MPa级调质态高强钢(Q1100)的微观组织进行了研究,探讨了微观组织对高强钢强度的影响。结果表明,Q1100高强钢经过淬火和低温回火处理后,组织为回火马氏体,低温回火保留了马氏体板条组织。调质态高强钢组织中原奥氏体晶粒平均尺寸为13.6μm,马氏体束的平均宽度为1.57μm,马氏体板条的平均宽度为201 nm。低温回火后,析出相形态主要有短棒状和球状,尺寸分布在5~50 nm。调质态高强钢由于低温回火,避免了碳化物的长大。调质态Q1100高的强度主要源于钢中含有原奥氏体晶界、马氏体包、马氏体束和马氏体板条多层次结构,以及马氏体结构中高密度位错和纳米级的碳化物析出相。

回火温度对等离子熔覆420不锈钢涂层显微组织和力学性能的影响

表征了等离子熔覆420不锈钢涂层的显微组织和力学性能,研究了回火温度对涂层显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着回火温度的升高,涂层中板条马氏体逐渐分解,逆变奥氏体含量增加,碳化物的数量增加。当回火温度从450℃升高到500℃,由于弥散分布的M7C3碳化物的析出和第二相强化,涂层的硬度和抗拉强度小幅度提升;随着回火温度进一步升高至650℃,马氏体分解程度增加及逆变奥氏体含量增加,硬质的M7C3碳化物粗化并部分转变为软质的M23C6碳化物,涂层的硬度和抗拉强度显著降低。涂层断裂机制随着回火温度的升高从混合断裂转变为塑性断裂。420不锈钢涂层的最优回火温度为500℃。