Aerodynamic Features of High-Speed Maglev Trains with Different Marshaling Lengths Running on a Viaduct under Crosswinds

The safety and stability of high-speed maglev trains traveling on viaducts in crosswinds critically depend on their aerodynamic characteristics.Therefore,this paper uses an improved delayed detached eddy simulation(IDDES)method to investigate the aerodynamic features of high-speed maglev trains with different marshaling lengths under crosswinds.The effects of marshaling lengths(varying from 3-car to 8-car groups)on the train’s aerodynamic performance,surface pressure,and the flow field surrounding the train were investigated using the three-dimensional unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes(N-S)equations.The results showed that the marshaling lengths had minimal influence on the aerodynamic performance of the head and middle cars.Conversely,the marshaling lengths are negatively correlated with the time-average side force coefficient(CS)and time-average lift force coefficient(Cl)of the tail car.Compared to the tail car of the 3-car groups,the CS and Cl fell by 27.77%and 18.29%,respectively,for the tail car of the 8-car groups.It is essential to pay more attention to the operational safety of the head car,as it exhibits the highest time average CS.Additionally,the mean pressure difference between the two sides of the tail car body increased with the marshaling lengths,and the side force direction on the tail car was opposite to that of the head and middle cars.Furthermore,the turbulent kinetic energy of the wake structure on the windward side quickly decreased as marshaling lengths increased.

Disturbance rejection tube model predictive levitation control of maglev trains

Magnetic levitation control technology plays a significant role in maglev trains.Designing a controller for the levitation system is challenging due to the strong nonlinearity,open-loop instability,and the need for fast response and security.In this paper,we propose a Disturbance-Observe-based Tube Model Predictive Levitation Control(DO-TMPLC)scheme combined with a feedback linearization strategy for the levitation system.The proposed strategy incorporates state constraints and control input constraints,i.e.,the air gap,the vertical velocity,and the current applied to the coil.A feedback linearization strategy is used to cancel the nonlinearity of the tracking error system.Then,a disturbance observer is implemented to actively compensate for disturbances while a TMPLC controller is employed to alleviate the remaining disturbances.Furthermore,we analyze the recursive feasibility and input-to-state stability of the closed-loop system.The simulation results indicate the efficacy of the proposed control strategy.

A study on aerodynamic noise characteristics of a high-speed maglev train with a speed of 600 km/h

Purpose–This study aims to explore the formation mechanism of aerodynamic noise of a high-speed maglev train and understand the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of the maglev train at different speed levels.Design/methodology/approach–Based on large eddy simulation(LES)method and Kirchhoff–Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings(K-FWH)equations,the characteristics of dipole and quadrupole sound sources of maglev trains at different speed levels were simulated and analyzed by constructing reasonable penetrable integral surface.Findings–The spatial disturbance resulting from the separation of the boundary layer in the streamlined area of the tail car is the source of aerodynamic sound of the maglev train.The dipole sources of the train are mainly distributed around the radio terminals of the head and tail cars of the maglev train,the bottom of the arms of the streamlined parts of the head and tail cars and the nose tip area of the streamlined part of the tail car,and the quadrupole sources are mainly distributed in the wake area.When the train runs at three speed levels of 400,500 and 600 km$h1,respectively,the radiated energy of quadrupole source is 62.4%,63.3%and 71.7%,respectively,which exceeds that of dipole sources.Originality/value–This study can help understand the aerodynamic noise characteristics generated by the high-speed maglev train and provide a reference for the optimization design of its aerodynamic shape.

Aerodynamic simulation of evacuated tube maglev trains with different streamlined designs

Based on the Navier-Stokes （N-S） equations of incompressible viscous fluids and the standard k-ε turbu- lence model with assumptions of steady state and two dimensional conditions, a simulation of the aerodynamic drag on a maglev train in an evacuated tube was made with ANSYS/FLOTRAN software under different vacuum pressures, blockage ratios, and shapes of train head and tail. The pressure flow fields of the evacuated tube maglev train under different vacuum pressures were analyzed, and then compared under the same blockage ratio condition. The results show that the environmental pressure of 1 000 Pa in the tube is the best to achieve the effect of aerodynamic drag reduction, and there are no obvious differences in the aerodynamic drag reduction among different streamline head shapes. Overall, the blunt-shape tail and the blockage ratio of 0.25 are more efficient for drag reduction of the train at the tube pressure of 1 000 Pa.

Communication simulation of on-board diagnosis network in high-speed Maglev trains

The on-board diagnosis network is the nervous system of high-speed Maglev trains, connecting all controller sensors, and corresponding devices to realize the information acquisition and control. In order to study the on-board diagnosis network＇s security and reliability, a simulation model for the on-board diagnosis network of high-speed Maglev trains with the optimal network engineering tool （OPNET） was built to analyze the network＇s performance, such as response error and bit error rate on the network load, throughput, and node-state response. The simulation model was verified with an actual on-board diagnosis network structure. The results show that the model results obtained are in good agreement with actual system performance and can be used to achieve actual communication network optimization and control algorithms.

The approach to calculate the aerodynamic drag of maglev train in the evacuated tube

In order to study the relationships between the aerodynamic drag of maglev and other factors in the evacuated tube, the formula of aerodynamic drag was deduced based on the basic equations of aerodynamics and then the calculated result was confirmed at a low speed on an experimental system developed by Superconductivity and New Energy R＆D Center of South Jiaotong University. With regard to this system a high temperature superconducting magnetic levitation vehicle was motivated by a linear induction motor （LIM） fixed on the permanent magnetic guideway. When the vehicle reached an expected speed, the LIM was stopped. Then the damped speed was recorded and used to calculate the experimental drag. The two results show the approximately same relationship between the aerodynamic drag on the maglev and the other factors such as the pressure in the tube, the velocity of the maglev and the blockage ratio. Thus, the pressure, the velocity, and the blockage ratio are viewed as the three important factors that contribute to the energy loss in the evacuated tube transportation.

Numerical Analysis of the Rotational Magnetic Springs for EDS Maglev Train

Different from the traditional railway trains,the combined levitation and guidance EDS maglev train is more likely to rotate after being disturbed.Therefore,the rotational electromagnetic stiffnesses are significant operating parameters for the train.In this paper,the different effects of each translational offset generated in the rotational motion on the corresponding rotational electromagnetic stiffnesses in the EDS maglev train are analyzed and calculated.Firstly,a three-dimensional model of the maglev train is established.Then,based on the space harmonic method and the equivalent circuit of the levitation and guidance circuits,the formulas of rolling,pitching and yawing stiffness are presented.Finally,by comparing with the three-dimensional finite element simulation results,the key translational displacements in the rotational motion which has a great impact on the stiffness are obtained.Hence,the three-dimensional analytical formula can be simplified and the computation can be reduced.In addition,the accuracy of the calculation results is verified by comparing with the experimental data of Yamanashi test line.

A nonlinear control method for the electromagnetic suspension system of the maglev train

To deal with the inherent nonlinearity and open-loop instability of the electromagnetic suspension（EMS） system,a new nonlinear control method is proposed.The simulation results show that,for a PID controller,the over-shoot of the system response to an airgap step disturbance is about 3 mm,and the transient time is 6 s;however,for the proposed nonlinear controller,there is no overshoot and transient time within 2 s.The proposed method has a faster response and stronger robustness.With a designed bi-DSP suspension controller,this nonlinear control method was implemented on the Shanghai Urban Maglev Test Line（SUMTL） to validate its effectiveness and feasibility.

Multi-objective aerodynamic optimization design of high-speed maglev train nose

Purpose–The nose length is the key design parameter affecting the aerodynamic performance of high-speed maglev train,and the horizontal profile has a significant impact on the aerodynamic lift of the leading and trailing cars Hence,the study analyzes aerodynamic parameters with multi-objective optimization design.Design/methodology/approach–The nose of normal temperature and normal conduction high-speed maglev train is divided into streamlined part and equipment cabin according to its geometric characteristics.Then the modified vehicle modeling function(VMF)parameterization method and surface discretization method are adopted for the parametric design of the nose.For the 12 key design parameters extracted,combined with computational fluid dynamics(CFD),support vector machine(SVR)model and multi-objective particle swarm optimization(MPSO)algorithm,the multi-objective aerodynamic optimization design of highspeed maglev train nose and the sensitivity analysis of design parameters are carried out with aerodynamic drag coefficient of the whole vehicle and the aerodynamic lift coefficient of the trailing car as the optimization objectives and the aerodynamic lift coefficient of the leading car as the constraint.The engineering improvement and wind tunnel test verification of the optimized shape are done.Findings–Results show that the parametric design method can use less design parameters to describe the nose shape of high-speed maglev train.The prediction accuracy of the SVR model with the reduced amount of calculation and improved optimization efficiency meets the design requirements.Originality/value–Compared with the original shape,the aerodynamic drag coefficient of the whole vehicle is reduced by 19.2%,and the aerodynamic lift coefficients of the leading and trailing cars are reduced by 24.8 and 51.3%,respectively,after adopting the optimized shape modified according to engineering design requirements.

高速磁浮列车搭接结构悬浮系统仿真分析

为模拟高速磁浮列车悬浮系统运动过程并分析不同条件下的系统响应,本文围绕悬浮系统建模、控制器设计和仿真分析展开研究.首先,介绍以搭接结构为基本单元的高速磁浮列车悬浮系统的基本结构与工作原理,通过机理分析方法构建理想情况下的悬浮系统数学模型;然后,对悬浮系统模型进行合理简化,并针对简化模型设计标称控制器;最后,仿真验证了标称控制器的控制效果,并对比分析仿真和实验条件下永磁电磁混合悬浮系统的起浮降落过程.研究结果表明:仿真得到的悬浮间隙、悬浮电流等物理量的变化情况与实际系统的变化趋势吻合,稳态时误差小于5%.

基于遗传算法的悬浮电磁铁磁热耦合参数优化

中低速磁浮列车依靠悬浮电磁铁产生电磁吸力,实现悬浮和导向,针对悬浮电磁铁结构参数设计问题,提出一种基于磁热耦合仿真的方法对悬浮电磁铁进行优化研究。通过对电磁铁结构分析,提出对悬浮电磁铁进行内扣和外扣两种方式,并分别建立三维有限元参数化计算模型,分析其主要发热源和热流量计算方法。在电磁铁温升不超过设定值的情况下,以提升悬浮电磁铁的浮重比为目标,采用遗传算法对结构参数进行寻优求解。仿真试验结果表明,在保证悬浮力达到要求的情况下,所提方法对电磁铁进行内扣操作后,其质量减少43%,进行外扣操作后,电磁铁质量减少58%,并且电磁铁的稳态温升没有超过设定值。所提出的设计方案更加符合实际,为后续设计提供一定的参考依据。

中低速磁浮列车双线隧道交会时的气动特性研究

为探明速度140 km/h的中低速磁浮列车在双线隧道内交会时隧道壁面和车体表面压力变化情况,文章采用数值计算方法研究了车/隧不同参数对隧道壁面和车体表面气动性能的影响,并对比了不同编组长度的列车和不同隧道净空面积对列车车内压力的影响。研究结果表明,4车编组的磁浮列车在双线隧道中部交会时,隧道壁面测点的压力变化峰峰值与隧道净空面积的1.379次方成反比,车体表面压力测点的变化峰峰值与隧道净空面积的1.231次方成反比。当隧道净空面积为66.2m^(2)时,在气密性指数为0.5s条件下,8车编组列车在隧道内交会引起车内测点的3s压力变化值相较于4车编组列车增加102.2%,而在气密性指数为8s条件下该比例降低至50.4%。文章的研究结果可为中低速磁浮隧道工程建设提供参考依据。

基于电磁铁复合线圈的磁浮车悬浮间隙检测方法

针对传统电涡流传感器体积大、无法直接测量真实电磁间隙等问题,提出了一种基于电磁铁复合线圈的磁浮车悬浮间隙检测方法。首先,分析了悬浮系统等效电磁间隙检测原理,针对电磁铁和F轨表面高频涡流对复合线圈磁场耦合作用建立了复合线圈等效阻抗模型。其次,通过有限元仿真优化了复合线圈激励频率和复合线圈间隙检测系统结构以提高检测灵敏度,设计了谐振检测电路和信号解调电路有效抑制了悬浮系统与间隙检测系统之间的串扰。最后,进行了静态性能测试和悬浮实验,校正后的线性度为0.4%,恒定间隙时静态输出最大波动峰峰值为89μm,悬浮系统能够在给定间隙、阶跃扰动和偏移扰动的不同工况下稳定悬浮。实验结果表明,间隙检测的响应速度和检测误差均满足系统要求。

高速磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统轨道不平顺敏感波长研究

轨道不平顺是诱发车-桥系统耦合振动的主要激励源之一,探明系统耦合振动不平顺敏感波长,对线路管理具有重要参考价值。首先,建立了高速磁浮列车-轨道梁耦合系统空间模型,其中磁浮列车被模拟为具有537个自由度的多体动力学模型,轨道梁被模拟为空间有限元模型,两者之间通过基于比例-微分(proportional-differentiation, PD)控制理论的磁轨关系耦合。其次,以上海高速磁浮为研究背景,选用5车编组列车驶过20跨简支梁桥为计算条件,通过与实测结果对比,验证了模型的正确性。最后,考虑轨道谐波不平顺激励,探讨了不同方向的轨道不平顺组合、不同轨道不平顺幅值和不同车速对列车和桥梁动力响应敏感波长及列车运行平稳性的影响。结果表明:磁浮列车-桥系统横向振动和竖向振动耦合性很弱;在设计车速430 km/h下,车体竖向、侧滚和点头加速度敏感波长分别为140~180 m、60~100 m和120~160 m,车体横向和摇头加速度敏感波长大于200 m;当波长为80、105、115、140和160 m时,会分别引发车体侧滚、摇头、横向、点头和竖向方向的共振;车体和主梁的响应幅值与轨道不平顺幅值基本呈线性关系;当轨道不平顺幅值为1 mm时,在计算车速200、250、300、350、390和430 km/h工况下,车体侧滚加速度峰值随车速变化不大,其他4个自由度方向的加速度峰值随着车速的增大而减小,主梁竖向加速度幅值随车速的增大呈线性增大;从车体的横向和竖向Sperling指标可以看出,车体的Sperling指标均小于2.5,磁浮列车的运行平稳性良好。

考虑四极子声源的高速磁浮列车气动噪声数值模拟方法

随着列车速度的提高,四极子声源对列车气动噪声的贡献增大,高速磁浮列车的运行速度达到600 km/h时,有必要考虑四极子声源对高速磁浮列车气动噪声的影响.为此,本文建立考虑四极子声源的高速磁浮列车气动噪声数值模拟方法,对高速磁浮列车流线型尾部、头部区域的积分面进行局部外推,探索流线型尾部、头部区域的四极子声源对高速磁浮列车气动噪声的影响.研究发现:高速磁浮列车的尾涡会穿过下游的积分面,流线型尾部区域不能采用全封闭积分面,否则会产生非常大的伪声;流线型尾部区域的积分面需要较多地向尾涡区延伸,并去除尾涡穿过的区域;高速磁浮列车流线型头部区域四极子声源的贡献很小,流线型头部区域的积分面可以取为流线型头型表面;在600 km/h下,高速磁浮列车四极子声源引起的气动噪声能量占比达到42%.

基于射频识别的高温超导磁浮列车定位方法

[目的]为解决目前传统列车定位技术不适用于高温超导磁浮列车,以及高温超导磁浮列车现有定位技术具有局限性的问题,提出一种基于RFID(射频识别)技术的列车定位监测方法。[方法]介绍了RFID定位技术,提出该定位技术在系统应用中的理论误差模型,设计并搭建完成定位软件及硬件系统。为提高系统的定位精度,分析了列车运行速度、读写器响应时间、读写器信标距离等参数对定位误差的影响。在此基础上,结合高温超导磁浮列车具体运行环境搭建试验平台,验证所提RFID定位方法的可行性。[结果及结论]所设计的基于RFID的高温超导磁浮列车定位方法,能够对环形试验线中运行的磁浮列车进行较高精度的定位,所提RFID系统具有可靠性高、成本低、易于维护等优点。

真空管道磁悬浮列车流固耦合特性研究

真空管道磁悬浮列车运动与管道内流场相互作用,导致列车流场环境具有高度的非稳定性,同时列车悬浮运行的特性将使列车与管道内流场间存在严重的流固耦合效应。针对这一问题,提出了真空管道磁悬浮列车流固耦合动力学理论,并建立了可以实现列车在线实时交互数据的流固耦合数值计算模型,分析真空管道磁悬浮列车的车辆流固耦合特性。研究发现,列车悬浮运行列车尾部流场较为复杂,存在多道斜激波和反射波,随着列车的运行相对较为稳定,而列车顶部和头部的波系相对更加简单,但会随着列车运行发生明显的变化。列车受到的气动载荷呈低频周期性变化,悬浮刚度的减小会导致列车受到的气动载荷幅值增加,频率下降。在30 kN悬浮刚度下,列车的位移和转动幅值可以达到270 mm和14 mrad,并且随着时间推移,列车受到的气动载荷呈现振荡幅值还有增大的态势,影响列车运行安全。上述研究可以为真空管道磁悬浮列车的研究提供理论指导和分析方法参考。

高速磁浮列车泡沫三明治板在冲击载荷下的吸能特性与参数优化

建立模拟高速磁浮列车泡沫三明治裙板冲击的有限元模型,基于搭建的钢球冲击试验装置验证模型的有效性,研究冲击速度、前后金属面板厚度和支撑间距对泡沫三明治板吸能量和冲击载荷的影响。采用响应面法建立泡沫三明治板内能和初始峰值载荷的代理模型,基于遗传算法提出冲击速度、前后面板厚度和支撑间距等参数的优化方法。研究结果表明:在低速(8 m/s)冲击下,泡沫三明治板具有更好的吸能效率,吸能效率能达到90%以上;随着冲击速度增加,吸能效率显著下降;增加冲击间距不仅能延长冲击作用时间,也能显著降低冲击载荷峰值力,降幅达到13.59%;针对高速磁浮列车泡沫三明治板的吸能设计要求,通过调整前、后金属面板的厚度可有效改善其吸能效果。内能和峰值力的预测值与其真实值之间的最大相对误差分别为4.14%和0.96%,满足高速磁浮列车泡沫三明治板吸能特性预测的精度要求。

中低速磁浮列车噪声研究与分析

[目的]在实际运行过程中,中低速磁浮列车产生的噪声是影响其列车服务质量的关键,因此有必要对中低速磁浮列车进行噪声分析。[方法]介绍了中低速磁浮列车噪声试验方案;以某中低速磁浮车辆为例,对列车典型运行工况下的列车磁浮噪声、悬浮架振动和直线电机电流进行分析,并提出相应的降噪措施。[结果及结论]9#电机测点处声压的噪声频率主要集中在低频段50 Hz以下,1000 Hz及其倍频处的噪声尤为明显。悬浮架垂向振动加速度主要集中于0~1.5 g(g为重力加速度),制动段垂向加速度明显高于加速段垂向加速度。悬浮架的垂向振动加速度高频振动成分主要集中在1000 Hz及其倍频处。1000 Hz的谐波电流会引起谐波电磁激振力,使车底机械结构发生电磁激振,进而引起磁浮列车车底的高频噪声。调整开关频率和加装滤波器等降噪措施能有效降低中低速磁浮列车的运行噪声。

新型中低速磁浮车辆动力学特性分析

针对一种速度160 km/h新型中低速磁浮悬浮架,文章运用SIMPACK多体动力学软件建立了车辆的动力学模型,分析了该悬浮架在直线以及曲线工况下的动力学特性。结果表明,直线运行工况下车辆速度可以达到160 km/h,悬浮间隙、车体振动加速度等指标均符合要求,但在120 km/h时车辆各项指标有所恶化,为减小车体共振影响,对车体振动加速度进行了频率分析并给出优化建议。在曲线工况下,车辆的导向力、空簧横向位移及滑台位移等指标均在正常范围。研究结果证明新型中低速磁浮车辆的动力学性能符合要求,相关动力学结果可为新型悬浮架后续研究及工程化提供数据支持。