Dynamic and electrical responses of a curved sandwich beam with glass reinforced laminate layers and a pliable core in the presence of a piezoelectric layer under low-velocity impact

The dynamic responses and generated voltage in a curved sandwich beam with glass reinforced laminate(GRL)layers and a pliable core in the presence of a piezoelectric layer under low-velocity impact(LVI)are investigated.The current study aims to carry out a dynamic analysis on the sandwich beam when the impactor hits the top face sheet with an initial velocity.For the layer analysis,the high-order shear deformation theory(HSDT)and Frostig's second model for the displacement fields of the core layer are used.The classical non-adhesive elastic contact theory and Hunter's principle are used to calculate the dynamic responses in terms of time.In order to validate the analytical method,the outcomes of the current investigation are compared with those gained by the experimental tests carried out by other researchers for a rectangular composite plate subject to the LVI.Finite element(FE)simulations are conducted by means of the ABAQUS software.The effects of the parameters such as foam modulus,layer material,fiber angle,impactor mass,and its velocity on the generated voltage are reviewed.

Characteristics of head wave in multi-layered half-space

In this article, we analyze the dynamic characteristics of head wave in multi-layered half-space media models with high-velocity layer or low-velocity layer, and the model with a continuous transition-zone between the crust and the mantle by using synthetic seismogram. It is concluded that the dynamic characteristics of head wave are sensitive to the thickness and velocity of the high-velocity layer. There is obvious diffraction phenomenon of seismic wave if the thickness of high-velocity layer is very small compared with the characteristic wavelength. In this case, the high-velocity layer cannot shield the head wave propagating along the upper interface of the media below it, and the amplitude of this head wave is proportional to the thickness or the velocity of the high-velocity layer. When the thickness of high-velocity layer is nearly identical to the characteristic wavelength of seismic wave, the wave phases reflected from the bottom of the high-velocity layer and the head wave phase may have very close arrival and weaken each other because of destructive interference. As to low-velocity layer, the amplitude of the head wave is weak and decreases with the velocity of this layer. It is also found that if a continuous transition-zone between the crust and the mantle is introduced, we can get a strong apparent head wave phase in synthetic seismogram and the amplitude of this phase increases with the thickness or velocity gradient of the transition-zone.

华北地区的地壳低速层

虽然华北地区属于克拉通类型的地质单元,然而在其地壳内部,尤其是东部地区的地壳内,低速层相当发育。这些低速层多位于上地壳底部15～25 km的深度范围内。同活动造山带内的低速层相比,华北地区的壳内低速层表现出明显不同的特点。壳内低速层水平延伸尺度不大,互相之间不太连接。同时,低速层内外速度差较小,大都小于5%。考虑到华北盆地岩石圈底部的热侵蚀作用和地壳的热状态,认为部分熔融是产生壳内低速层的一个重要因素。

夏盐南三维静校正方法

夏盐南三维工区地表条件复杂,低、降速带变化大,静校正问题突出,为此,进行了针对性的系统研究。分别用折射初至静校正方法和表层模型静校正方法提供了2套静校正量。由于该区折射层变化频繁,折射波难以追踪,折射初至静校正方法没能得到好的应用效果;表层模型法将微测井和小折射有机地结合起来进行静校正量的计算,加上控制点较多,较好地解决了该区的静校正问题。

On the physical model of earthquake precursor fields and the mechanism of precursors＇timespace distribution──origin and evidences of the strong body earthquake──generating model

According to the requirement of the project 'Establishment of the Physical Model of Earthquake PrecursorFields',this paper elucidates the train of thinking for research on the project and some scientific problems whichmust be studied i, the elucidation emphasizes that the core of this project is to study the conditions and processesof the generation of strong earthquakes. The paper first outlines the origin and development of the'strong-bodyearthquake-generating model' proposed by the author in the 1980;and then proves the reasonableness of themodel from three aspects, namely: deep structures, mechanical analysis and rock fracture experiments. Bystudying the tomographic image for the northern part of North China, it can be seen that the sources of strongearthquakes are all distributed in high-velocity bodies,or in the contact zone between high-velocity and lowvelocity bodies but nearer to the high-velocity body. It has been affirmed through studies of the mechanical modelsof hard and soft inclusions that the existence of a hard inclusion is an imPOrtant condition for the high concentration of large amounts of strain energy. A lot of theoretical and experimental studies have been made to investigate the conditions for rock instability; the results have consistently indicated that rock instability,sudden fracture and stress drop would be possible only if the stiffness of the source body is greater than the environmentalstiffness.

Crustal S-wave velocity structure of the Yellowstone region using a seismic ambient noise method

The Yellowstone volcano is one of the largest active volcanoes in the world, and its potential hazards demand detailed seismological and geodetic studies. Previous studies with travel time tomography and receiver functions have revealed a low-velocity layer in the crust beneath the Yellowstone volcano, suggesting the presence of a magma chamber at depth. We use ambient seismic noise from regional seismic stations to retrieve short-period surface waves and then study the shallow shear velocity structure of the Yellowstone region by surface wave dispersion analysis. We first obtained a crustal model of the area outside of the Yellowstone volcano and then constructed an absolute shear wave velocity structure in combination with receiver function results for the crust beneath the Yellowstone volcano. The velocity model shows a low-velocity layer with shear velocity at around 1.3 km/s, suggesting that a large-scale magma chamber exists at shallow levels within the crust of the Yellowstone volcanic region.

The westward drift of the lithosphere:A tidal ratchet?

Is the westerly rotation of the lithosphere an ephemeral accidental recent phenomenon or is it a stable process of Earth's geodynamics? The reason why the tidal drag has been questioned as the mechanism determining the lithospheric shift relative to the underlying mantle is the apparent too high viscosity of the asthenosphere. However, plate boundaries asymmetries are a robust indication of the 'westerly'decoupling of the entire Earth's outer lithospheric shell and new studies support lower viscosities in the low-velocity layer(LVZ) atop the asthenosphere. Since the solid Earth tide oscillation is longer in one side relative to the other due to the contemporaneous Moon's revolution, we demonstrate that a non-linear rheological behavior is expected in the lithosphere mantle interplay. This may provide a sort of ratchet favoring lowering of the LVZ viscosity under shear, allowing decoupling in the LVZ and triggering the westerly motion of the lithosphere relative to the mantle.

Study on the Electrical Conductivity of 0.025 mol NaCl Solution at 0.25-3.75 GPa and 20-370℃

The electrical conductance of 0.025 mol NaCl solution was measured at0.25-3.75 GPa and 20-370℃. As shown by the results, the conductance increases with temper-ature, and there is a liner relation between the reciprocal of temperature and the logarithm ofthe conductance but their slopes are different at different pressures. The relations between theconductance and pressure is rather complex and there are some discontinuities: in the range of2.25-3.75 GPa, the conductance increases with the pressure; in the range of 1.25-2.0 GPa, theconductance is not related to the pressure; and at a pressure of 0.75 GPa, the conductance ishigher than that at the pressures nearby. This reflects that the NaCl solution has rather differentproperties of electronic chemistry at various pressures, and probably is an important cause forthe existence of the layers with high electrical conductance and low velocity in the Earth's crustand mantle.

南海北部边缘壳内低速层发育特征与尖灭成因

研究表明,南海北部边缘广泛存在壳内低速层,且往海盆方向逐渐尖灭消失。认识壳内低速层为何尖灭是研究南海形成演化不可或缺的环节之一。通过总结前人对华南沿海及南海北部地壳结构调查的成果,对比了南海北部与华南大陆壳内低速层的分布特征,并解释了区域地震剖面等资料,探讨了南海北部边缘壳内低速层的尖灭的原因,认为大型断裂带为壳内低速层提供热散失的渠道,使未彻底固化的早期熔融层冷却固化的过程加速,从而使低速层尖灭消失。研究对认识南海北部深部地壳结构、边缘海形成演化过程有重要意义。

如何对照系列化版本中版图图形的变动

现在单一的产品已经不能满足客户多样化的需求,所以系列化的产品比较多,而这些系列化的产品往往在版图上只有少量的差异。同时,老产品的改版次数也很多,除了逻辑上的修改可以很容易根据LVS做出来之外,很多版图上的优化或者修改就看不出来,很多时候很不方便。常用的LVL命令只能检查电路门级的不同,不能验证图形的变化。通过文中提到的方法,改版的时候可以做这项检查,了解哪些地方的版图图形发生了变化,以免误操作而修改了不需要修改的层次。文章就以一个倒相器为例,说明这个方法的操作过程。

Properties of wave velocity for two types of granitoids at high pressure and temperature and their geological meaning

The wave velocity for two types of granitoids was measured using the analytic method of full-wave vibration at high pressure and high temperature. The laws of velocity changes for them differ with the pressure hoost and temperature rise, and the velocity change of S-type is more violent than that of I-type. The 'softening point' of compressional wave velocity ( Vp) is also revealed during the measurement for two types of granitoids imitating the pressure and temperature at a certain depth. But the depth of 'softening', Vp after 'softening' and the percentage of Vp' s drop around the 'softening point' for two types of granitoids are obviously different. The depth of 'softening' is 15 km approximately and Vp after 'softening' is 5. 62 km/s for S-type granitoid. But for I-type granitoid the depth of 'softening' is 26 km approximately and Vp after 'softening' is 6. 08 km/s. Through careful analysis of rock slices after the experiment, it was found that the 'softening' of elastic-wave velocity is caused by the partial melting of granite. Combined with the results of geophysical prospecting, these results suggest that the low-velocity layers developing in the interior of Earth crust are related to the partial melting of different types of granitoids. The formation of the low-velocity layer in the upper-middle Earth crust is closely related to the development of S-type granitoid, but that in the lower Earth crust is closely related to the development of I-type granitoid.

VELOCITY STRUCTURE OF THE CRUST AND UPPER MANTLE IN THE COASTAL REGION OF SOUTH CHINA

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION The coastal region of South China is located on the southeast tongue of Eurasian plate and borders on the Pacific plate in the east and on the Indian plate in the southwest. Having been driven by three plates, the crust and upper mantle