Correlation Analysis between Well-cellar Early Transplanting of Robust Seedlings and Diseases in Shiyan Tobacco-growing Area

[Objectives]The paper was to investigate the relationship between the well-cellar early transplanting of robust seedlings and the prevalence of diseases in the Shiyan tobacco-growing area.[Methods]The relationship between disease occurrence and meteorological factors during the field growth period was examined by analyzing the prevalence of flue-cured tobacco virus diseases,brown spot,and total disease in the Shiyan tobacco-growing area before(2013-2017)and after(2018-2022)the well-cellar early transplanting of robust tobacco seedlings.[Results]The implementation of a well-cellar early transplanting technique of robust seedlings resulted in a reduction in the average incidence of tobacco virus disease,brown spot,and total disease by 0.83%,8.85%,and 7.91%,respectively,in comparison to the incidence observed prior to early transplanting.These findings suggest that early transplanting can significantly reduce the incidence of flue-cured tobacco diseases.Prior to the well-cellar early transplanting of robust tobacco seedlings,there was a significant(including highly significant)positive correlation between the incidence of brown spot and total disease and precipitation in August and September.The incidence of brown spot and total disease in tobacco plants was found to be significantly positively correlated with May precipitation and significantly negatively correlated with May sunshine hours following the well-cellar early transplanting of robust seedlings.The advancement of the transplanting period by 20 d resulted in a reduction in the growing period of tobacco plants in the field under autumn rains(late August to November)in western China.This effectively circumvented the suitable conditions for disease occurrence and can reduce the incidence of disease.[Conclusions]This study offers a framework for enhancing the quality and efficiency of flue-cured tobacco production in the northwest tobacco-growing area of Hubei.

Determination of Exchangeable Ca and Mg Contents in Tobacco Growing Area by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry

[Objective] A method for the determination of exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area by atomic absorption spectrometry was established. [Method] Factors in the extraction process, sample weight, ammonium acetate volume, extraction time and strontium chloride volume were tested, and the stability, precision and accuracy of the method were also investigated. Meanwhile, samples at different pH values were determined by this method. [Result] The results showed that this method operation has simple operation with good stability and high precision. [Conclusion] This method could be applied to determine exchangeable Ca and Mg contents in tobacco growing area.

Occurrence Regularity of Tobacco Cutworm Moth (Spodoptera Litura) in Low-Altitude Tobacco Cultivation Areas in Lincang

[ Objective ] The paper was to study the occurrence and damage regularity of tobacco cutworm moth （Spodoptera Litura Fabricius） in low-altitude area in Lincang city. [ Method] The adult sex attractant monitoring, field investigation of occurrence and damage, and observation of continuous generation development of natural populations were carried out in natural flue-cured tobacco fields. [ Result] In field growth period of flue-cured tobacco under low-altitude of 1 000 - 1300 m, tobacco cutworm moth occurred for 4 generations, the duration of each generation was about 33 d, and the main injurious generation was the third generation. [ Conclusion] The paper provided reference for comprehensive control of tobacco cutworm moth in the low altitude areas.

Study on the Sustainable Development of the Tobacco-growing Area in South Anhui

Based on the actual situation of tobacco production in South Anhui tobacco-growing area,the paper analyzes several major constraints,and discusses several aspects such as tobacco production human resources,production of large-scale cultivation,science and technology service providers,the standardized production management and production security system. The countermeasures and suggestions for sustainable development are also put forward to provide a reference for the sustainable development of tobacco-growing area in South Anhui.

Recommendations for Sustainable Development of Ankang Tobacco Growing Area

Sustainable development of high quality characteristic tobacco is the only path for future development of China's tobacco industry.In combination with realities of tobacco development in Ankang tobacco growing area,this paper made analysis on factors restricting sustainable development of Ankang tobacco growing area.On the basis of actual situations,it came up with recommendations including establishing scientific basic tobacco field protection system,gradually cultivating professional tobacco farmers and strengthening tobacco technician team construction,improving scientific and technological innovation,implementing standardized technologies,improving tobacco production organization mode,and improving tobacco production security mechanism.

A Neighborhood Analysis of Underage Tobacco Sales within the Serving Area of a Canadian Public Health Unit

Despite the fact that the sale of tobacco to minors is illegal in Ontario, youth are still able to purchase tobacco. This study aims to determine the geographic variations of underage tobacco sales at the neighborhood level within the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were collected on all inspections of tobacco retail stores from 2007 to 2011 in the Windsor-Essex County Health Unit. Data were split into season 1 (September-February) and season 2 (March-August) to assess a possible seasonal effect. Relative risks were calculated for each dissemination area (DA) by modeling the risks in a hierarchical Bayesian fashion, incorporating appropriate random effects terms for both spatially correlated and uncorrelated random errors with adjustments for neighborhood income. The association between violation rate and proximity to a school was assessed through a buffer analysis. Elliptical analysis detected a significant cluster of high risk DAs in season 1 in Windsor (p-value = 0.022) but no significant cluster in season 2. Some DAs exhibited higher relative risks of tobacco sales to minors, however after adjusting the model for neighborhood income no excess risk was observed. The results of the buffer analysis showed that in season 1 there was a significantly higher probability (p-value = 0.045) of tobacco vendors located closer to schools to sell tobacco to minors. This analysis demonstrates the utility of a systematic approach to identifying neighborhoods with higher risks of tobacco sales to minors. The insights provided by this exploratory, ecologic study are valuable for program planning and directing tobacco enforcement efforts to high risk areas.

Risk Regionalization of Low-temperature Disasters for Flue-cured Tobacco Planting in Qujing Area Based on GIS

There is a prominent,complex and diverse three-dimensional climate and a variety of meteorological disasters in Qujing area. The risk zoning of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in Qujing area was studied to provide reference for drawing on advantages and avoiding disadvantages in flue-cured tobacco planting,disaster reduction,and disaster relief services. According to the production practice of fluecured tobacco and local climate analysis,it was determined that flue-cured tobacco in Qujing area was very vulnerable to low temperature during the seedling stage（ from early February to middle April） and in the mature period（ from early July to early September）. Based on the quantitative analysis and evaluation of risk of disaster-causing factors,sensitivity of disaster-breeding environment,vulnerability of carriers,and disaster prevention and reduction capability,a risk assessment model of meteorological disasters was established to precisely evaluate and zone the risk of low-temperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting in allusion to the seedling and mature stage in Qujing area by using GIS technology. The risk of lowtemperature disasters for flue-cured tobacco planting during the two periods was divided into four grades,namely low,medium,high and very high risk.

Impact of Village-based Health Education of Tobacco Control on the Current Smoking Rate in Chinese Rural Areas

The number of smokers in Chinese rural areas is more than 200 million, which is twice that in cities. It is very significant to carry out tobacco control interventions in rural areas. We performed this community intervention study to evaluate the efficacy of village-based health education of tobacco control on the male current smoking rate in rural areas. The population of this study was the males above 15 years old from 6 villages in rural areas. The villages were randomly assigned to intervention group or control group（3 villages in each group）. Self-designed smoking questionnaire was applied. The intervention group received the village-based health education of tobacco control for one year. The primary outcome measurement was the male current smoking rate. In the baseline investigation, completed surveys were returned by 814 male residents from the control group and 831 male residents from the intervention group. The male current smoking rate in the control group and the intervention group was 61.2% and 58.5%, respectively, before intervention. There was no significant difference between these two groups（P〉0.05）. After one-year intervention, the current smoking rate in the intervention group（51.2%） was significantly lower than that in the control group（62.8%）（P〈0.001）. Our study suggested that the village-based health education of tobacco control was effective in lowering the male current smoking rate in rural areas, which could be a suitable and feasible way for tobacco control in the Chinese rural areas.

Stability Analysis and Measure Study of Tobacco Farmers in the Mountainous Area of Western Hubei

Through the investigation,this paper analyzes the important restricting factors for the tobacco farmers in Enshi Badong mountainous area from 2018 to 2021,including the age structure,the loss situation,the number of years of planting tobacco,the scale of planting tobacco and the benefit of planting tobacco.This paper puts forward some corresponding measures and suggestions,such as cultivating the team of professional tobacco farmers,establishing the team of young tobacco farmers,expanding professional services,developing"tobacco plus"diversified industries,and popularizing suitable agricultural machinery in mountainous areas in order to effectively improve the stability of the team of tobacco farmers.

Biodiversity Risk and Opportunity Assessment in BAT Cooperative Tobacco-growing Areas

Using the method in Biodiversity Risk and Opportunity Assessment Handbook of British American Tobacco Biodiversity Partnership,we assess biodiversity risks and opportunities in BAT and China's cooperative tobacco-growing areas. The assessment results indicate that there are 8 risks and 1 opportunity. Action and monitoring plans have been made for medium and high risks as well as opportunity,to reduce impact on biodiversity.

The Tobacco Farmers’Mutual Assistance and Cooperation Pattern in Modern Tobacco Agriculture in Mountainous Areas

This article introduces the basic situation of Yanziqian Tobacco Farmers' Mutual Assistance and Cooperation Association in Jiamachi Town of Xianfeng County.It analyzes the operating mode of tobacco farmers' mutual assistance and cooperation association,and conducts a comparative analysis of tobacco farmers' costs and benefits before and after participating in mutual assistance and cooperation.Studies show that the mode of tobacco farmers' mutual assistance and cooperation,is conducive to reducing labor in curing link,promoting the quality of tobacco,increasing tobacco farmers' income,which is worthy of promotion.

Clustering Analysis of the Climate in Tobacco Planting Zone of Yunnan

[Objective] The research aimed to study clustering of the six climatic factors in Yunnan tobacco planting zone. [Method] 6 meteorological elements in 89 tobacco-growing counties and 12 sub-prefectures were conducted clustering analysis. According to indicator and climate characteristics of the each type, climate in tobacco planting area of Yunnan Province was divided. [Result] Climate in tobacco planting area of Yunnan Province could be divided into eight types: Jiangchuan (24 counties, belonged to northern and central subtropical climate belts), Songming (27 counties, belonged to northern subtropical and central, south, north temperate climate belts), Tengchong (3 counties, belonged to northern subtropical climate belt), Mile (12 counties, belonged to central and southern subtropical climate belts), Qiubei (11 counties, belonged to southern subtropical climate belt), Yanjin (4 counties, belonged to central subtropical humid climate belt), Yuanjiang (4 counties, belonged to southern subtropical and northern tropical climate belts), Zhenxiong (3 counties, belonged to warm temperate and northern subtropical climate belts) were eight representatives. Among 1-8 eco-zones, domestic and foreign cities where climate reached level-one similarity were respectively 3, 1, 1, 0, 1, 1, 0 and 1, up to level-two similarity, respectively 12, 15, 3, 13, 13, 1, 5 and 3. Among 8 major ecological zones, similar distance of the city reaching level-one similarity was in the range of 0.28 to 0.45, and similar degree was the highest. Variety introduction among these places would be successful. Similar distance of the city reaching level-two similarity was between 0.51 and 1.00, and similar degree was higher. Mutual variety introduction had high successful rate in these places. [Conclusion] The research provided theoretical basis for selecting new suitable tobacco variety and optimizing tobacco variety layout in different zones.

主成分分析法在山东上部烟质量评价中的应用

本研究旨在运用主成分分析法对山东地区上部烟叶的质量进行综合评价,以便为该地区烤烟质量的准确评估提供科学依据。研究以山东10个主要植烟县2020年和2021年间105份B2F等级烟叶样品为材料,通过应用标准化法和主成分分析法对这些烟叶样品的物理特性和化学成分指标进行归类处理,并对各植烟县样品的上部烟叶质量进行分类。研究发现,单叶重与叶长和叶宽、叶片密度与叶片厚度、总糖与还原糖、烟碱与氮间极显著正相关,且主成分特征向量一致,可分别归为一类指标。根据物理特性评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为三类,根据化学成分评价结果,可将山东产区上部烟分为两类。综合考虑物理特性和化学成分评价结果,山东产区上部烟叶可分为四类。其中沂源、五莲、临朐为一类,兰陵、沂水、莒县、莱芜为一类,淄川、黄岛为一类,诸城则单独构成一类。

重庆市丰都县植烟土壤肥力综合评价

土壤是烟草健康生长的基础,对丰都植烟区的土壤肥力进行检测和评价,为丰都植烟区科学施肥和土壤改良提供理论依据。采用模糊数学法和主成分分析法对丰都主要植烟区太平坝乡的土壤pH值、有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量进行综合评价。重庆丰都植烟土壤的碱解氮含量较为适宜,有机质、速效磷和速效钾含量极为丰富,适宜烟草生长。相比2020年,2021年土壤酸化程度得到改善,有机质、碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量有所提高。适宜烟草生长的土壤pH值和碱解氮含量的土壤所占比例分别增加至53.66%和78.05%,有机质含量较高的土壤比例增加到80.49%,土壤速效磷和速效钾含量均较高。土壤肥力综合评价显示丰都植烟土壤肥力状况较好,无Ⅳ级和Ⅴ级。其中,2021年土壤肥力综合评价为Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级,且Ⅰ级土壤肥力区域占比从2020年的74.29%上升至2021年的84.80%。重庆市丰都县植烟土壤适宜烟草生长,土壤养分含量较高,但部分地块酸化。在实际生产中需要注意合理施用有机肥,提高肥料的利用率,因地制宜调节土壤pH值。

优化基肥和提苗肥对烤烟生长及品质的影响

【目的】明确基肥中添加微生物菌剂和提苗肥中添加尿素对稻茬烤烟促早生快发的效果。【方法】以云烟87为材料,采用双因素试验,设计基肥施用方法(基肥中未添加微生物菌剂、基肥中添加微生物菌剂),以及提苗肥施用方法(单施烟草专用提苗肥、单施尿素、烟草专用提苗肥和尿素混施),研究了微生物菌剂、优化提苗肥及其互作对烤烟的农艺性状、干物质量、养分积累,以及烟叶的物理性状、化学成分、感官质量和经济性状的影响。【结果】基肥中添加微生物菌剂和烟草专用提苗肥配施尿素可增加最大烟叶面积,提高烤烟干物质量和氮、磷、钾养分积累量,提高烟叶物理性状指数、化学成分可用性指数、感官质量和经济效果指数,增加烟叶产值,但施用尿素作提苗肥可提高叶片厚度、叶面积质量和烟碱含量。优化基肥添加微生物菌剂和提苗肥处理烟叶的物理性状指数、化学成分可用性指数、感官质量和经济效果指数较传统施肥方法分别提高2.85%,18.48%,9.79%和3.76%。【结论】稻茬烤烟穴施基肥中添加微生物菌剂、专用提苗肥中适量配施尿素可以作为促进烤烟早生快发的一项技术措施,但必须控制施氮总量。

山东省烟草发展型产区土壤种植适宜性评价

为均衡提升山东省烟叶质量整体水平,进一步优化山东省烟草种植布局,本研究采集了济南、青岛和淄博烟区耕层土壤样品共198份,采用模糊数学隶属度函数对土壤理化指标(pH值、有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、氯离子、有效硫和水溶性盐总量)进行评价,并通过主成分分析法确定权重,计算烟草种植适宜性综合评价指数并进行了评价。结果表明,3个市土壤烟草种植适宜性指数范围为0.33~0.87,平均值为0.59。烟草种植较适宜及高适宜样品占比为51.5%,尚适宜性样品占比为36.9%,说明3个市烟草种植具有较大发展潜力。区域间土壤理化指标和烟草种植适宜性存在差异,存在的问题也不同,可针对性采用改良措施,以提升土壤植烟适宜性和烟叶质量。

毕节烟区烤烟的质量及其空间分布特征

【目的】探明贵州毕节烟区不同植烟地烤烟的质量及其空间分布特征,为毕节烟区烤烟的总体生产布局规划与工业企业合理利用产区不同质量特征烟叶原料提供参考。【方法】选择毕节烟区各县域42个烟叶点126份烤烟样品,运用隶属函数法和聚类分析法分析不同质量烟叶的空间分布特征。【结果】毕节烟区不同产地烤烟的烟碱、总糖、还原糖、淀粉、总氮和钾含量分别为2.40%~3.76%、30.90%~36.33%、23.80%~27.48%、3.49%~5.75%、1.78%~2.50%和2.00%~3.07%。化学成分指标、外观质量指标与感官评价指标间存在相关或极显著相关性。感官质量、外观质量、化学成分和综合得分分别为64.26~77.01分、74.08~84.75分、55.33~86.66分和0.748~1.213分。在平方欧氏距离为5处可将毕节烟区分为4类,综合得分依次为Ⅰ类>Ⅱ类>Ⅲ类>Ⅳ类,其中,Ⅰ类烤烟的感官和外观质量总体表现最好,Ⅱ类烤烟次之,Ⅲ类烤烟差,Ⅳ类烤烟整体较差。Ⅰ类烟区基本分布在毕节中部,大部分集中在大方县和纳雍县域内;Ⅱ类烟区分布在毕节中部和西北;Ⅲ类烟区在毕节占比最大,涵盖毕节的大部分地区;Ⅳ类烟区零散分布在毕节偏北部和偏南部的边缘地区。【结论】毕节烟区在平方欧氏距离为5处分为4类,综合得分依次为Ⅰ类>Ⅱ类>Ⅲ类>Ⅳ类;海拔1300~1800 m区域烟叶综合质量最优,海拔1800~2200 m区域烟叶较优;海拔800~1300 m区域烟叶最差。

适宜凉山产区烟叶质量的植烟密度研究

[目的]对彰显凉山产区烟叶质量的适宜植烟密度进行研究。[方法]以云烟85为试验材料,采用小区对比试验,设置4个植烟密度处理,在2个行距移栽规格下,使用行株距进行试验。[结果]900和1000株/hm^(2)处理的农艺性状表现较好。900株/hm^(2)处理烤后烟叶的均价和上等烟比例较高,经济效益较好。900株/hm^(2)处理外观质量评价得分最高,表现较好。当行距为120 cm时,900株/hm^(2)处理总糖、还原糖含量较高,烟碱含量较高且适宜,钾氯比适宜。在行距为110 cm时,900株/hm^(2)处理烟碱含量适宜,氮碱比最接近最佳值,钾氯比最高且适宜,使得该处理化学成分表现较好。900株/hm^(2)处理烟叶香气质、香气量、余味且感官质量总分得分较高,质量档次较好。[结论]凉山烟区烟叶适宜种植密度为900株/hm^(2),该处理各指标均表现较好。

7个烟草品种在云南丽江植烟区的生态适应性及烟叶产质量综合评价

为探索不同烟草品种在丽江植烟区的生态适应性,筛选出适合当地种植的优势烟草品种,提高烟叶的产质量以及风格特色,以当地主栽品种‘云烟87’作为对照,共选取7个烟草品种进行田间试验,对烟草大田阶段的生育情况和农艺性状进行调查,统计各品种经济性状并针对烤后烟叶的各项质量指标进行综合评价。结果显示,在丽江湿润河谷植烟区,‘云烟116’的大田生育期短,经济性状好,‘PVH1452’和‘云烟121’的烤后烟叶综合质量高,但产量和产值偏低,常规主栽品种‘云烟87’的农艺性状好,但生育期较长且化学成分不协调。试验表明,在丽江生态环境相似的植烟地区,‘云烟116’的生态适应性强且烟叶品质较好,种植所带来的经济效益高,可作为当地主栽品种进行大面积验证和推广。‘PVH1452’和‘云烟121’的烟叶综合质量表现优秀,但产量和收益方面还有很大提升空间,可作为提高丽江区域特色的储备品种进一步开发研究。

安宁烟区烤烟新品种筛选与评价

为筛选评价适宜安宁烟区生态条件种植的烤烟新品种,解决目前安宁烟区品种单一问题,在安宁烟区选择了8个烟草品种K326、云烟87、云烟121、云烟210、云烟218、YN222、YN227、YN228进行烟草品种筛选试验。对8个烟草品种的农艺性状、植物学性状、外观质量、形态特征、经济性状、抗病性进行综合分析。结果表明,YN222和YN227品种农艺性状和形态特征较好;外观质量颜色均优于对照云烟87,均厚于云烟87(CK)。YN222糖碱比适宜,吃香味较好;YN227产量显著高于各品种,且产值和均价均较高。YN222产值显著高于2个对照品种。在安宁烟区表现较好的烤烟品种是YN222和YN227,建议在安宁烟区推广种植。