Precipitation cycles in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River （1736-2000）

Based on the long-term precipitation series with annual time resolution in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and its four sub-regions during 1736-2000 reconstructed from the rainfall and snowfall archives of the Qing Dynasty, the precipitation cycles are analyzed by wavelet analysis and the possible climate forcings, which drive the precipitation changes, are explored. The results show that： the precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River has inter-annual and inter-decadal oscillations like 2-4a, quasi-22a and 70-80a. The 2-4a cycle is linked with El Nino events, and the precipitation is lower than normal year in the occurrence of the El Nino year or the next year; for the quasi-22a and the 70-80a cycles, Wolf Sun Spot Numbers and Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO） coincide with the two cycle signals. However, on a 70-80a time scale, the coincidence between solar activity and precipitation is identified before 1830, and strong （weak） solar activity is generally correlated to the dry （wet） periods; after 1830, the solar activity changes to 80-100a quasi-century long oscillation, and the adjusting action to the precipitation is becoming weaker and weaker; the coincidence between PDO and precipitation is shown in the whole time series. Moreover, in recent 100 years, PDO is becoming a pace-maker of the precipitation on the 70-80a time scale.

Equilibrium sediment transport in lower Yellow River during later sediment-retaining period of Xiaolangdi Reservoir

The Xiaolangdi Reservoir has entered the later sediment-retaining period, and new sediment transport phenomena and channel re-estab- lishing behaviors are appearing. A physical model test was used to forecast the scouring and silting trends of the lower Yellow River. Based on water and sediment data from the lower Yellow River during the period from 1960 to 2012, and using a statistical method, this paper analyzed the sediment transport in sediment-laden flows with different discharges and sediment concentrations in the lower Yellow River. The results show that rational water-sediment regulation is necessary to avoid silting in the later sediment-retaining period. The combination of 3 000 m^3/s 〈 Q 〈 4 000 m^3/s and 20 kg/m^3 〈 S 〈 60 kg/m^3 （where Q is the discharge and S is the sediment concentration） at the Huayuankou section is considered an optimal combination for equilibrium sediment transport in the lower Yellow River over a long period of time.

Trends in Annual and Seasonal Pan Evaporation in the Lower Yellow River Basin from 1961 to 2010

The annual and seasonal trends in pan evaporation in the lower Yellow River Basin based on quality-controlled data from 10 meteorological stations in 1961-2010 are analyzed. The causes for the changes in annual and seasonal pan evaporation are also discussed. The results suggest that, despite the 1.15~C increasing in annual mean surface air temperature over the past 50 years （0.23°C per decade）, the annual pan evaporation has steadily declined by an average rate of-7.65 mm per year. By comparison, this change is greater than those previously reported in China. Significant decreasing trends in annual pan evaporation have been observed at almost all stations. As a whole, seasonal pan evaporation decreased significantly, especially in summer, whereas seasonal temperature increased significantly, except in summer. Thus, the pan evaporation paradox exists in the lower Yellow River Basin. The trend analysis of other meteorological factors indicates significant decrease in sunshine duration and wind speed, but no significant variations in precipitation and relative humidity at annual and seasonal time scales. By examining the relationship between precipitation and pan evaporation, it did not show a concurrent decrease in pan evaporation and increase in precipitation. The partial correlation analysis discovered that the primary cause of decrease in annual and seasonal pan evaporation is the decrease in wind speed. A further examination using a stepwise regression shows that decrease in wind speed and sunshine duration, and increase in mean temperature axe likely to be the main meteorological factors affecting the annual and seasonal pan evaporation in the lower Yellow River Basin over the past 50 years.

Improved ecological development model for lower Yellow River floodplain,China

In this study,a model for the development of the wide floodplain in the lower Yellow River Basin,in China was developed.This model includes flood control schemes using grading criteria,enables sediment deposition in partitioned zones,and allows free exchange between channel runoff and sediment.The wide floodplain located between the main channel and levees is divided into three typical regions:the tender,low,and high floodplains.Different ecological models should be applied when these floodplains are constructed.This paper describes the associated research ideas and methodology,and clarifies several key issues,including sediment prediction and regulation,land planning,land use,and a multi-dimensional framework of safeguard measures for industries on the lower Yellow River floodplain.A refined ecological development model is proposed for the lower Yellow River floodplain,and future work on ecological and sustainable development of the lower floodplain is suggested.To establish a comprehensive system integrating runoff and sediment resource regulation in the Yellow River Basin,future work should focus on runoff and sediment exchange mechanisms in the wandering lower reaches.Furthermore,it is necessary to improve theories on floodplain planning and ecological construction,and these theories should be integrated with the research findings on land development across the lower Yellow River floodplain.©2020 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Dike Breach Risks of Different Flood Conditions in the Lower Yellow River

Based on the analysis of hanging rivers' actuality in the lower Yellow River and researches related to the evaluation of dike breach risks,it is put forward that the influencing factors of dike beach risks in the lower Yellow River should involve four aspects,the flow and sediment movement,the regional crustal stability,the variation of river regime and the stability of river dikes.With this,the evaluation indexes system of dike breach risks is established,and with the support of geographic information systems technology,the model of multi-hierarchical fuzzy comprehensive judgment is applied to estimate the dike beach risks of the hanging rivers in the lower Yellow River under different flood conditions.The evaluation results of dike breach risks show the following distributing regularities of dike breach risks in the lower Yellow River:(1) Dike breach risks increase with the increase of the flood.(2) Dike breach risks decrease with the changes of river patterns along the channel.(3) There are great risks of dike breach in the wandering reaches,and it is relatively higher in the south bank than in the north in wandering reaches.(4) There is a higher dike breach risk in the north bank than in the south in winding reaches.Simultaneously,the evaluation results manifest that the evaluation indexes system established from the flow and sediment movement,the regional crustal stability,the variation of river regime and the stability of river dikes can represent the actual situation of the lower Yellow River more comprehensively.The application of multihierarchical fuzzy comprehensive judgment can preferably resolve the problem of hanging river dike breach,which has numerous influencing factors and complicated functionary mechanisms.The applications of geographic information systems technology with powerful spatial analysis functions make dike beach risks quantificationally displayed in different spatial positions,and reflect the differences of dike beach risks in different spatial positions of the channel in the lower Yellow River.

Impact of Water-Sediment Regulation on Variations of Amino Acids in the Middle-Lower Yellow River, China

In order to examine the impacts of water-sediment regulation on regional carbon cycling,we collected water,particulate and sediment samples from the middle-lower Yellow River in late June and early July,2015 and analyzed their specific amino acids(AA),DOC,POC,and bacteria abundance.Summarized by 14 specific AA,the total hydrolysable AA(THAA),particulate AA(PAA),and sediment AA(SAA)varied in ranges of 2.29-9.05μmol L^-1,5.22-22.96μmol L^-1,and 81.7-137.19μg g^-1 dry weight.After the regulation,dissolved free AA(DFAA)decreased by 29%while DCAA increased by 72%.These variations suggested that DFAA were further degraded,while DCAA molecules were further activated.Meanwhile,PAA increased almost 4 times as many as those before regulation,and SAA increased as well.After regulation,the amounts of bioactive amino acids(Asp,Glu and Gly)increased in THAA but decreased in PAA,with little changes in SAA.The ratios of Asp/Gly in different phases increased after regulation,indicating the AA contributions were promoted by calcareous organisms rather than by siliceous organisms.Multiple correlation analysis showed that PAA was primary representatives of AA and organic carbon,followed by DCAA and POC.Moreover,bacterial reproduction played a key role in shaping the AA compositions and properties,followed by the redox condition and acid-base balance.The results of this study provided a clear evidence for the effects of water-sediment regulation on regional biogeochemistry of organic carbon in the middle-lower Yellow River.

Community Structure of the Phytoplankton and Its Relationship with Environmental Factor in Lower Reaches of the Yellow River

[ Objective] The research aimed to study community structure of the phytoplankton and its relationship with environmental factor in lower reaches of the Yellow River. [ Method] From April to June in 2011, phytoplankton was conducted qualitative and quantitative researches in Lijin in lower reaches of the Yellow River. By combining population characteristics of the phytoplankton, its＇relationship with environmental factor was dis- cussed. [ Result] 114 species and 5 phylum of phytoplankton were observed in the whole river section. The abundance of phytoplankton was 0.90 ×104 -303.35×104 ind/m3, and mean was 27.20 ×104 ind/m3. The biomass of phytoplankton was 0.008-5.890 mg/m3, and mean was 0.641 mg/m3. Shannon-Weaver diversity index, Pielou evenness index and Simpson＇s diversity index were respectively 1.59, 0.36 and 0.55. SPSS data analysis indicated that transparency was the uppermost environmental factor affected phytoplankton abundance. Phytoplankton abundance had posi- tive correlation with transparency, and the regression equation was y= -393.8 ＋115.5×-11 .lx2 ＋0.35x3（n=18, R2 =0.952, F=92.665, P〈0.01 ）. [ Conclusion] The community structure of phytoplankton was unstable, and transparency was the uppermost environmental factor affected phyto- plankton abundance in lower reaches of the Yellow River.

The characteristics of dike-break flood in different scenarios of the lower Yellow River based on numerical simulations

The lower Yellow River still faces the threat of flood due to the unusual precipitation caused by global environmental change, river channel sedimentation, hidden danger in the dike and unfavorable river regime of ＂hanging river＂. According to the characteristics of the dike-break flood of the Yellow River, this paper has simulated, in six different scenarios, the dike-break flood routing by inputting the terrain data, typical historical flood data and land use data of study area to two-dimensional unsteady flow model. The results show that： firstly, the routing process of flood will occupy other rivers on the way and return to the rivers after reaching the lower reaches; secondly, in the same river reach, flood inundating area of north band is bigger than that at corresponding location of south bank under the same historical flood; thirdly, it is different in the degree of flood inundation in different regions due to different geographical locations in flood plain; fourthly, the area of mainstream where flood is deep and flow velocity is quick is relatively smaller, but the area of non-mainstream, where flood is shallow and flow velocity is slow, is relatively big; and finally, the possible influenced area of the dike-break flood is 141,948 km^2.

Natural Disasters of the Lower Reaches of Yellow River during the Longshan Period——The Natural Background of Dayu's Flood Control

It is very important to study the archaeological culture and origin of civilization in ancient China.The changes of the channels in the lower reaches of the Yellow River in the prehistoric period are part of the natural environmental background of the development of the ancient civilization in that area to be explored.This paper presents a series of legends,indications,scientific evidence,and macroscopic geographical background information of the evolution in the lower reaches of the Yellow River during the Longshan period.At first the river flowed from Northern Henan and Hebei to southwestern Shandong Province and Northern Anhui–Jiangsu provinces,and the mainstream of the Yellow River changed from the southeast to return to the north and flowed into the Bohai Sea in the late Longshan Period.During this period,floods were frequent.Various ethnic groups in the northern China plains suffered natural disasters and made great migrations which also contributed to the ethnic exchanges and integration.The people of the Central Plains made more dynamic adjustments in the relationship between mankind and the land by primitively escaping from the water and self–defensively controlling the rivers then to maintaining the local ecological environment by large–scale flood control measures,which promoted the settlement of Shandong,Henan,Jiangsu and Anhui provinces,the urban cultural development,and social evolution.Based on these events,the culture symbol of Dayu's Flood Control could be formed.

Insights into the provenance implication of leaf wax n-alkanes along the lower Yellow River

Serving as one of the largest rivers in terms of both sediment and organic carbon transport fluxes in the world,the Yellow River plays a crucial role in regional biogeochemical process as well as in the global carbon cycle.However,although a large number of studies have been carried out on the flux,composition,source and seasonal variation of total particulate organic carbon in the Yellow River so far,studies on molecular biomarkers at different spatial and temporal scales are still scarce.In this study,we focus on the molecular and hydrogen isotopic properties of leaf wax n-alkanes among different types of samples which obtained from different seasons(flood vs.non-flood)along the lower Yellow River.The molecular distribution of n-alkanes show that the riparian topsoils are subject to inputs from the overlying vegetation,while the suspended sediments from the flood season are characterized by the mixing of soil materials which originate from various stratigraphy with different ages on the Chinese Loess Plateau.Due to the contrasting hydrodynamic conditions,the n-alkanes in suspended sediments also show distinct molecular composition between flood and non-flood seasons.Additionally,considering the effect of climatic factors,the proportion of monocots in flood-season suspended sediments is calculated from a semi-quantitative perspective using δ^(2)H_(wax).Our findings may bring to light new considerations for the interpretation of leaf wax proxies in studies of organic matter sources of Yellow River.

Attribution analysis of groundwater level fluctuation in the Xinxiang section of the Lower Yellow River's suspended river after the construction of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir

The clear identification and quantification of the factors affecting groundwater systems is crucial for protecting groundwater resources and ensuring safety in agricultural production.The Lower Yellow River(LYR)is a suspended river that replenishes groundwater continuously due to clear differences in the water head,especially in the Xinxiang section.Since its construction,the Xiaolangdi Reservoir has reversed the LYR’s deposition.To accurately determine the factors influencing the groundwater level(GWL),the study area was divided into five subzones based on hydrogeology.A dynamic factor model(DFM),variational mode decomposition(VMD),and a multiple linear regression model were used to identify and quantify the factors influencing the GWL.The impact of the suspended river on the groundwater before and after the construction of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir was examined.The results show that:(1)The rate of decrease in the GWL was 8.53×10^(–4)m/month,and the rate of decrease in the Yellow River water level(RWL)was 4.63×10^(–4)m/month.(2)Mountain front recharge(MFR)(scale=3 months)and precipitation(scale=9 months)were the dominant factors in subzones I and II,accounting for more than 40%of the fluctuation in the GWL.Subzone III was dominated by exploitation(scale=7 months)and precipitation(scale=12months),accounting for 28.43%,and 23.44%of changes in the GWL,respectively.In subzone IV,agricultural irrigation(scale=12 months)was the major factor,accounting for32.47%of GWL changes,while in subzone V,the RWL(scale=12 months)accounted for52.52%of these changes.(3)The Xiaolangdi Reservoir has increased the lateral seepage of the suspended river and altered the inter-annual distribution.The results of this study can provide a valuable reference for controlling groundwater overexploitation and ensuring water supply security.

Water Environmental Degradation of the Source Area of the Yellow River on Northeast Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

The issue on water environmental degradation in the source area of the Yellow River has been one of very serious ecological and socially economic problems. The temporal-spatial changes of water environment led to the decreasing of land capacity and river disconnecting. The status of water environmental degradation in this paper was analyzed based on the data and field investigation. The results indicated that the surface water area in the region has obviously decreased owing to the climate changes and human irrational use of water resources and the continuous lowering of the regional groundwater table and the steadily decreasing tendency of the flow rate in the source areas of the Yellow River.

黄河下游花园口以上河段滞沙能力分析

黄河下游河床调整主要取决于来水来沙和河床边界条件,河床调整沿程不均衡特征明显,花园口以上河段床演变对水沙条件的变化响应尤为突出,泥沙冲淤调整幅度最大。基于河道冲淤及水沙演进特性、滞沙可行性、河槽几何特性等分析,提出了花园口以上河段可作为泥沙天然反调节“库”概念,结合黄河下游实测洪水资料,采用水力计算方法,计算了花园口以上河段的河槽排洪能力及不同河槽规模条件下河槽允许滞沙量,提出了反调“库”滞沙能力,可为小浪底水库排沙指标的确定提供依据,对维持小浪底水库有效库容、弥补后续清水河床沙源不足、改善黄河下游河槽冲淤不均衡现象具有重要意义。

初论黄河下游河道的河槽线

黄河白鹤镇至陶城铺河段两岸堤距宽,历史上河道冲淤变化迅速、河势游荡多变,经多年河道整治,总体上河势得到基本控制,滩槽逐步稳定。在此条件下,为促进黄河的生态保护和滩区发展,提高河道管理水平,将河道粗分为河槽与滩地,首次提出河槽线的概念,明确了河槽线的含义及绘制河槽线的原则,强调绘制河槽线要以防洪安全为前提,给出了河槽线的绘制方法及其现场标示办法,分析了河槽线的作用等。

小浪底水库运行以来对黄河下游河道河床演变特性的影响

小浪底水库自1999年10月下闸蓄水,23年来深刻改变了进入黄河下游河道的径流泥沙过程,进而引起了下游河道的再造床。本研究以1960—2022年长序列水文泥沙、断面地形、遥感影像等多源资料为基础,从径流泥沙、冲淤演变、形态调整三个方面阐明了小浪底水库运行以来对下游河道河床演变特性的影响。结果表明:(1)水库拦沙效果显著,下泄水量在年内分配更加均匀、沙量则向汛期更加集中;大流量和高含沙事件的严重程度和发生频率均有所降低;悬沙调整不明显,床沙粗化显著。(2)扭转了黄河下游河道持续淤积的趋势,冲淤调整主要发生在花园口至高村的游荡性河段;冲刷效率持续下降,主槽过流能力得到显著恢复。(3)游荡性河段横断面形态向窄深发展,二级悬河发育得到有效缓解,整体河势处于相对稳定状态。研究成果丰富了多沙河流修建水库对下游河道影响的科学认识,也可为小浪底水库优化调度提供科技支撑。

黄河下游花园口至孙口河段高效输沙洪水阈值研究

河流能量耗散率变化反映了河道水沙输移能力以及河床形态的调整规律。本文研究区域为黄河下游花园口至孙口河段,从能量耗散角度出发,结合对实测资料的统计分析,探究了河流边界阻力能耗率与来水来沙、断面形态以及河床稳定性之间的定量关系,并基于边界阻力能耗率与河床稳定性双重指标,确定了花园口至孙口河段的高效输沙洪水阈值。研究结果表明:流量是影响边界阻力能耗率的主要因素,并与边界阻力能耗率的幂次呈线性相关;随着流量增大到2000 m^(3)/s以上,边界阻力能耗率随含沙量增加呈先减弱后增强的趋势。大流量条件下边界阻力能耗率与宽深比呈负相关关系,花园口与夹河滩断面形态复杂,相关性较弱;相比之下高村与孙口断面形态简单,相关性增强。非恒定水沙条件下的河床大多处于失稳状态,在综合考虑河床形态稳定及边界阻力能耗率最低的前提下,计算得出花园口至孙口河段的洪水高效输沙临界流量约为1500 m^(3)/s,含沙量约为23 kg/m^(3)。

水库拦沙对黄河下游河床演变的影响

为充分认识水库拦沙对其下游河道河床演变及防洪的影响,基于三门峡水库和小浪底水库拦沙期水沙及断面观测资料,研究了黄河下游河槽冲淤、洪水冲刷效率、河槽几何特征、排洪能力等规律。结果表明:水库拦沙期,黄河下游沿程河槽均发生了不均衡冲刷;河床粗化明显,粗化后床沙中值粒径最大值为冲刷前的2.1~2.5倍;高村以上河段同水位过洪能力增加明显,冲刷后较大的河槽容积可为小浪底水库排沙提供暂时的滞沙;河床粗化后细泥沙和中泥沙补给能力不足,河槽冲刷效率随冲刷历时的增加衰减明显。由于水库多年调节水沙过程及下游相对完善的河道整治工程约束,小浪底水库拦沙期黄河下游河槽冲刷重心下移,河床粗化程度增加,冲刷效率明显降低。研究成果可为水库水沙调控技术指标的选取提供科学依据。

黄河中下游地区耐旱作物扩种的节水降碳协同效应评价

为应对黄河流域农业可持续发展面临的气候变化和水资源短缺挑战,通过推广种植耐旱作物,缓解区域农业用水压力,并分析其节水降碳协同效应,研究设计了趋势照常、缓慢增长、技术引导、政策扶持等不同发展情景,制定了小麦、玉米、高粱、马铃薯4种耐旱作物扩种的节水降碳协同效应分析方案;采用农业节水潜力修正模型和农业降碳潜力模型定量评估了不同情景下耐旱作物扩种的节水效应及降碳潜力。结果表明:黄河中下游地区小麦和玉米的种植面积最大,高粱和马铃薯则相对较小,在政策扶持情景下,2060年小麦、玉米、高粱、马铃薯的扩种规模分别为23.12万、17.34万、34.68万、40.45万hm^(2)。在技术引导和政策扶持情景下,黄河中下游作物的节水效应和降碳效应均显著提升,2060年该区总节水量达153.52亿m^(3)、降碳潜力的平均水平达65.93 t/km^(2)。在黄河中下游地区推广耐旱作物有助于缓解水资源短缺状况,保障区域粮食安全,实现节水降碳增收多重目标。

黄河下游高效输沙指标及输沙水量研究

研究提出黄河下游高效输沙的定义和内涵,依据小浪底水库运用方式和黄河不同时段河道水量的功能定位,将汛期的洪水水量定义为狭义输沙水量,汛期的平水期和非汛期水量的主要功能为满足生态、灌溉、发电等需求,不作为输沙水量。建立了单位输沙水量与排沙比及流量含沙量之间的定量关系,提出了高效输沙流量和含沙量指标的定量计算方法,在现状下游河道过流能力条件下,计算了满足高效输沙要求的流量与含沙量搭配指标。提出了维持下游河道全年一定冲淤水平的利津断面狭义输沙水量计算方法,当进入下游年沙量为3亿t时,维持下游河道全年冲淤平衡的利津断面洪水输沙水量为56.2亿~69.6亿m^(3)。

调水调沙期黄河下游河道洪峰增值预测方法研究

准确预测黄河调水调沙期出现的洪峰增值现象,不仅是水库工程调度和下游防洪工程防护的迫切需要,同时也是水力学及河流动力学学科研究面临的新课题。以增值比例为因变量,以小浪底沙峰、含沙量涨峰期平均涨率、含沙量起涨前基流、悬沙粒径等小浪底出库水沙特征参数为自变量,基于相关性分析筛选出沙峰、含沙量涨峰期平均涨率作为洪峰增值的预判参数。研究发现,当小浪底含沙量涨峰期平均涨率超过22.9 kg/(m^(3)·h)时,小浪底至花园口河段可能发生洪峰增值现象,并可基于小浪底沙峰与增值比例之间的相关关系预测增值区间;对2023年调水调沙期小浪底水文站实时水情、沙情进行跟踪,在小浪底水文站第一个沙峰出现后,对小浪底至花园口河段洪峰增值进行了预测预报,预测结果与实测结果基本一致。