Optimized calculation of the synergy conditions between electron cyclotron current drive and lower hybrid current drive on EAST

The optimized synergy conditions between electron cyclotron current drive （ECCD） and lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） with normal parameters of the EAST tokamak are studied by using the C3PO/LUKE code based on the under- standing of the synergy mechanisms so as to obtain a higher synergistic current and provide theoretical reference for the synergistic effect in the EAST experiment. The dependences of the synergistic effect on the parameters of two waves （lower hybrid wave （LHW） and electron cyclotron wave （ECW））, including the radial position of the power deposition, the power value of the LH and EC waves, and the parallel refractive indices of the LHW （Nr） are oresented and discussed.

Design and Simulation for the Pulse High-Voltage DC Power Supply (HVPS) of 1.2 MW/2.45 GHz HT-7U Lower Hybrid Current Drive System

The superconducting tokamak HT-7U [1] has been designed by the Institute of Plasma Physics since 1998 and will be set up before 2003. The 1.2 MW /2.45 GHz HT-7U LHCD (Lower hybrid current drive) system which being the most efficient non-induction device can heat the plasma and drive the plasma current has been efficiently in operation 'owl and a particular design of the 2.8 MW/-35 kV high-voltage DC power supply has been already completed and will apply to the klystron of LHCD on HT-7 and the future HT-7U, and the project of the power supply has been examined and approved professionally by an authorized group of high-level specialist in the institute of Plasma Physics. The detailed design of the power supply and the simulation results are referred in the paper.

Experimental Research on Lower Hybrid Current Drive in Superconducting Tokamak HT-7

?Fundamental experiments on lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) have been undertaken on HT-7 superconducting tokamak. The experiments on LHCD efficiency reveal its depen- deuce on plasma density and the toroidal magnetic field. Furthermore, the experiments on HT-7 successfully demonstrate the ability for LHCD to sustain long pulse tokamak discharges, such as discharges with full non-inductive current drive for several seconds. The experimental study to improve plasma confinements by LHCD suggests that the improvement should be due to the change o f current profile. It has also been demonstrated by the experiments that the lower hybrid wave may lead to an enhanced ionization of particles in the region where the wave is deposited.

Effect of Wave Accessibility on Lower Hybrid Wave Current Drive in Experimental Advanced Superconductor Tokamak with H-Mode Operation

The effect of the wave accessibility condition on the lower hybrid cm＇rent drive in the experimental advanced superconductor Tokamak （EAST） plasma with H-mode operation is studied. Based on a simplified model, a mode conversion layer of the lower hybrid wave between the fast wave branch and the slow wave branch is proved to exist in the plasma periphery for typical EAST H-mode parameters. Under the framework of the lower hybrid wave simulation code （LSC）, the wave ray trajectory and the associated current drive are calculated numerically. The results show that the wave accessibility condition plays an important role on the lower hybrid current drive in EAST plasma. For wave rays with parallel refractive index n｜｜= 2.1 or n｜｜ = 2.5 launched from the outside midplane, the wave rays may penetrate the core plasma due to the toroida] geometry effect, while numerous reflections of the wave ray trajectories in the plasma periphery occur. However, low current drive efficiency is obtained. Meanwhile, the wave accessibility condition is improved if a higher confined magnetic field is applied. The simulation results show that for plasma parameters under present EAST H-mode operation, a significant lower hybrid wave current drive could be obtained for the wave spectrum with peak value n｜｜ = 2.1 if a toroidal magnetic field BT =2.5 T is applied.

Impact of Toroidal Effect on Lower Hybrid Current Drive in Tokamak

The main topics concerning lower hybrid wave heating （LHH） and lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） in tokamak systems are presented. The inherent properties of tokamak systems give the ‘gap＇ filling on Brambilla＇s spectrum, which are conducive to LHCD, but, on the other hand, induce a consumption of wave energy by the trapped electrons, which reduce the current drive efficiency. The methods for the enhancement of the current drive efficiency may be derived from detailed analyses by drawing upon the ray tracing technology on toroidal geometry and the Fokker-Planck theory on velocity space.

Investigation of lower hybrid current drive during H-mode in EAST tokamak

H-mode discharges with lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） alone are achieved in EAST divertor plasma over a wide parameter range. These H-mode discharges are characterized by a sudden drop in Da emission and a spontaneous rise in main plasma density. Good lower hybrid （LH） coupling during H-mode is obtained by putting the plasma close to the antenna and by injecting D2 gas from a pipe near the grill mouse. The analysis of lower hybrid current drive properties shows that the LH deposition profile shifts off axis during H-mode, and current drive （CD） efficiency decreases due to the increase in density. Modeling results of H-mode discharges with a general ray trueing code GENRAY are reported.

A Simulation of the Effect of Collisional Dissipation of Fast Electrons on the Radial Profiles of the Current Driven by Lower-Hybrid-Waves on the HT-7 Tokamak

For the effect of the collisional dissipation of fast electrons driven by the lower-hybrid waves, a predictive simulation is made for the HT-7 plasma. The simulation results show that the dissipation of fast electrons counteracts the effect of radial diffusion to some extent, thereby making the lower-hybrid driven current profile closer to the power deposition profile. So, in the case of an off-axis lower-hybrid wave power launching, the dissipation is helpful in maintaining a center-hollowed current profile in lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） plasmas, and thus possibly maintains the desired reversed magnetic shear.

Effects of trapped electrons on off-axis lower hybrid current drive in tokamaks

The effects of trapped electrons on off-axis lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） in tokamaks are studied, A computer code for solving the Fokker-Planck equation in a toroidal geometry is developed and employed. The code is suitable for various auxiliary heating and current drive schemes in tokamak plasmas. The influence of the resonance regime on the current drive efficiency as well as the influence of trapped particle fraction on the current drive efficiency are emphasized. It is shown that, as an electrostatic force, the lower hybrid wave causes some of the trapped electrons to be untrapped and lose their energy, which can cut the LHCD efficiency by about 30%. The ITER scaling law is also used to estimate the trapped electron effects.

Toroidal rotation induced by 4.6 GHz lower hybrid current drive on EAST tokamak

Using a tangentially viewing x-ray imaging crystal spectrometer, substantial co-current rotation driven by lower hybrid current drive（LHCD） at 4.6 GHz is observed on EAST tokamak. This study presents plasma rotation behaviors with 4.6 GHz LHCD injection. Typically, the 10-20 km/s co-current rotation change and the transport of rotation velocity from edge to core are observed. The relationship between plasma parameters and rotation is also investigated, indicating that rotation decreases with increasing internal inductance（li） and increases with increasing safety factor（q0）. Hysteresis between rotation and Te plasma stored energy is observed, suggesting different response times between the electron heating and rotation acceleration by LHCD. A comparison between the rotations driven by 4.6 G LHCD and 2.45 G LHCD on EAST is also presented, in which higher frequency LHCD could induce more rotation changes.

Analysis of Charge-Exchange Spectrum during Lower Hybrid Current Drive on HT-7 Tokamak

A perpendicular neutral particle analyzer (NPA) is used on HT-7 tokamak experiment to provide the measurements of neutral particle flux and ion temperature. The measured results were compared with calculated data by Monte-carlo method for ohmic heating. In lower hybrid current drive (LHCD) experiments, the ion heating of LHCD was identified. The chargeexchange neutral particle flux enhanced was observed. The energy spectrum clearly showed a high-energy ions tail. The bulk ion temperature increased by 0.4-0.5 keV after the onset of LHCD. Efficient ion heating of 1 eV. kW-1 was obtained.

A Study of Energy Conversion Efficiency Versus Plasma Density by Lower Hybrid Current Drive in HT-7 Tokamak

Ramp-up experiments by means of lower hybrid wave on HT-7 superconducting tokamak have been performed and analyzed. A ramp-up rate of over 300 kA/s is obtained and a conversion efficiency of over 1.0% has been achieved during the ramp-up phase. The study of the dependence of conversion efficiency on plasma density shows that the conversion efficiency is affected by the driven current, which is mainly dominated by the competition of impurity concentration with wave accessibility condition. In addition, the effect of current profile may play an important role in determining the conversion efficiency.

Effects of Trapped Electrons on Off-axis Lower Hybrid Current Drive

The effects of trapped electrons on off-axis lower hybrid current drive （LHCD） in tokamaks are studied. The influence of the resonance regime on the current drive efficiency as well as the influence of trapped particle fraction on the current drive efficiency are emphasized.

Simulation of Lower Hybrid Current Drive for DEMO

Lower hybrid (LH) wave is not only convenient to generate a flat or reversed magnetic shear profiles, but also helps one to explore scenarios for steady-state tokamak operation with improved confinement. Here with LSC code (lower hybrid simulation code), we calculate density and temperature profiles, relative power of injected wave and current wave lunch for two options of DEMO at the launched LH wave frequency 5 GHz. Two plasma scenarios pertaining to two different DEMO options, known as pulsed (option 1) and steady-state (option 2) models, have been analyzed. We perceive that power deposition by using lower hybrid wave injection mainly takes place near the edge of plasma and approximately in more peripheral region for both of options but has approximately higher efficiency for option 1 compared to option 2. About current wave lunch, a major part of that is close to the plasma edge for both of options. We have some considerable parts that reach to internal layers for option 1 and then current drive mainly takes place in a wider, more peripheral region for option 1.

刮削层内低杂波波散射全波解数值模拟研究

低杂波电流驱动(Lower Hybrid Current Drive,LHCD)是托卡马克的主要辅助加热与电流驱动方式之一,研究表明,低杂波在刮削层内的边界寄生效应会显著降低低杂波电流驱动效率。其中,边界密度涨落引起的波散射会导致刮削层内的低杂波波谱变化,从而改变低杂波功率沉积位置和电流驱动效率。本文使用全波解方法研究全超导托卡马克(Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak,EAST)装置上刮削层内密度涨落导致的低杂波波散射,重点分析不同特征的低频电子密度涨落对波散射的影响。模拟结果表明:密度波包(blob)引起的散射导致低杂波功率流的空间结构的改变,blob造成的背向散射比前向散射更明显;blob内的密度涨落大小主要影响波场扰动幅度,blob的半径主要影响波散射的空间范围,多个blob造成的全场扰动显著增加。

长江中下游流域实际蒸散发演变特征及驱动机制

为了更好地了解长江中下游6个子流域蒸散发量时空演变特征,以及气候和下垫面因子改变对蒸散发量变化的影响,基于GRACE重力卫星观测数据和水量平衡法重建了长江中下游6个子流域实际蒸散发ET序列,评估并融合了3种ET数据集,获得1992—2015年高精度的逐月蒸散发量,分析了6个子流域蒸散发量年值和季节值的变化趋势,引入土地利用程度综合指数La,基于通径分析法定量评估了气候和下垫面因子对各子流域蒸散发量变化的直接和间接影响。结果表明:①3种数据集在长江中下游流域的适用性较好,基于最小二乘权重法的数据融合方法减小了ETrecon与ETNOAH、ETGLEAM的平均差和均方根误差,减小了ETNOAH、ETCR的标准差。②长江中下游流域多年平均蒸散发量为728.7 mm,空间上自西北向东南递增;6个子流域不同季节的蒸散发量均呈升高趋势,其中春、夏季的增幅最大。③各子流域年蒸散发量增加主要由La增强和气温升高所致,气温、La和植被覆盖率等要素的间接作用致使太湖流域风速降低对蒸散发量的影响从正向变为负向。④气温升高促进了NDVI对6个子流域春、夏季蒸散发量增加的正向效应,太湖流域、长江中游和下游干流区秋、冬季降水的增加削弱了辐射降低对蒸散发量变化的作用,而风速上升是洞庭湖流域、中游干流区冬季蒸散发量微弱增加的主导因素。研究结果将为长江中下游流域水资源管理、干旱预测和生态功能评估等研究提供理论基础与科学依据。

汽车碰撞驾驶员下肢行为响应及损伤分析

当前汽车碰撞试验中所用假人为标准姿态,忽略了驾驶员本能应急行为对自身损伤的影响。基于此问题,通过搭建沉浸式驾驶模拟器获取碰撞环境下驾驶员下肢姿态的变化特征并利用有限元方法对碰撞场景进行模拟仿真,最终通过数据分析对比驾驶员应急行为下人体各部位损伤情况。研究结果表明:当脚部位于油门踏板上时驾驶员头部以及大腿损伤较为严重,脚部踩压制动踏板时,胸部压缩量相较于其他姿态峰值增大了22.3%,脚部位于制动踏板上时颈部伸张力矩峰值最大,粘性指数峰值减小了25%。驾驶员下肢行为变化时其身体运动姿态、各部位的损伤程度有明显差异且与标准姿态相比各部位损伤情况也有显著不同。研究结果能够为针对中国驾乘人员的车辆安全防护设计提供新思路,同时对国内碰撞法规的完善具有很好的参考价值。

某客车用9.5吨驱动桥总成噪声优化

针对某客车9.5吨驱动桥总成的噪声、振动与声振粗糙度(NVH)性能不佳的问题,进行了一系列整车测试,最终确定导致该问题的原因,即下推力杆隔振率不足、主减速器齿轮设计制造误差等因素。为了降低驱动桥总成的噪声,对其进行了改进和优化,包括对主减速器的准双曲面齿轮进行齿面修形,以及对下推力杆结构进行设计改进。为了验证两种优化方案的合理性,在实验室进行了台架试验,并在实际行驶环境中进行了整车测试,分别分析了主减速器齿轮修形与下推力杆结构优化对驱动桥总成噪声的影响,结果表明两种优化方案均使驱动桥总成噪声降低了大约10 dB(A),其中第9阶次及其倍频的噪声值明显降低。因此,两种优化方案均起到了一定的减振降噪作用,为提高客车驱动桥总成的NVH性能提供了参考。

河南省土壤侵蚀时空分异特征及土壤保持经济价值

掌握土壤侵蚀时空变化特征及其经济价值对流域综合治理和土壤保持功能的稳定发挥具有重要意义。现有研究通常采用多时相土壤侵蚀空间分布图的叠加和当量法来探讨土壤侵蚀的时空格局及其经济价值,往往忽视了土壤侵蚀的空间分异性和动态性。以河南省为例,基于RUSLE模型,通过降雨、土壤颗粒组成、土地利用类型、数字高程和遥感影像等数据确定模型中的参数因子定量分析2000-2020年区域内的土壤侵蚀时空分布特征,同时结合探索性空间数据分析ESDA和地理探测器方法探讨土壤侵蚀热点区域及其驱动因素,并采用替代成本法评估土壤保持功能及其经济价值。结果表明:1)河南省中轻度及以上的侵蚀面积整体呈减少趋势,在2015年达到最低;2)土壤侵蚀的空间分布与演化具有明显聚集效应,土壤侵蚀强度在空间上呈正相关分布(全局Moran’s I指数介于0.450-0.705),“高-高”聚集区面积显著减小,聚集趋势表现为总体减弱且小幅扩散,土壤侵蚀热点区主要分布在安阳、鹤壁、济源和三门峡4个市域;3)降雨和坡度是主要影响土壤侵蚀的环境因素(单因素解释力q值:77.7%-79.1%和43.7%-82.2%),3.28×10^(2)-6.43×10^(2)mm的降雨量和大于29.0°的陡坡均是土壤侵蚀的高风险区域,而植被覆盖度对土壤侵蚀过程有较强的抑制效果(单因素解释力q值:16.1%-19.4%;交互作用解释力q值:40.0%-83.9%);4)土壤保持经济价值波动明显,2000-2020年分别为8.36×10^(9)、8.21×10^(9)、9.26×10^(9)、3.52×10^(9)和7.17×10^(9)元。研究结果通过明晰区域土壤侵蚀现状及其驱动因素,可为提高土壤保持功能及其经济价值提供理论参考和决策依据。

山区桥梁钢梁“后驱式”滚动架设关键技术

川滇金沙江特大桥引桥为2×40 m钢-混组合梁桥,分左、右幅布置,单幅主梁采用4片工字钢梁。针对引桥地势艰险、施工难度大、风险高等特点,通过施工方案比选,提出“后驱式”滚动架设方法,利用牵引卷扬机驱动钢梁在固定滚轮上滚动行走,实现钢梁快速架设;对钢梁滚动架设全过程进行仿真模拟,结果表明结构受力安全。施工时,在钢梁端部设置前、后导梁;在顺桥向共布设5处固定滚轮;在中间墩柱、桥塔横梁支墩上架设钢梁临时支架;采用10 t卷扬机形成“后驱式”牵引动力牵引钢梁向桥塔侧前进,同时设置反拉制动卷扬机;前导梁过孔时,将前导梁预抬高20 cm并滞后安装固定滚轮的方式以实现过孔;采取在横向设置刚性限位装置主动导向及点接触滚动纠偏的被动方法进行钢梁偏位控制;钢梁牵引到位后,采用“小步距、低落差、同步降”的方法进行同步落梁,顺利实现钢梁架设。

下肢康复外骨骼机器人结构设计与动力学仿真

针对下肢运动障碍患者的康复训练,设计了一款具有新型结构的八自由度下肢康复外骨骼机器人,利用滚珠丝杠驱动小腿代替传统直流电机驱动方式,实现膝关节的伸展/屈曲运动。首先用SolidWorks设计建立外骨骼机器人模型,并用Abaqus对模型中关键零件进行校核,然后针对外骨骼机器人的结构建立简化模型,并通过建立拉格朗日方程进行动力学分析。最后,为探究外骨骼机器人各关节活动所需驱动力和力矩大小与关节运动角度的规律,把外骨骼机器人模型数据导入Adams中,进行了外骨骼机器人平地行走的动力学仿真,得到了模型各关节的运动规律和驱动关节活动所需力矩与力的大小,为后续电机选型提供了参考。仿真结果显示:所设计的外骨骼机器人可以完成平地行走任务,运动时关节角度变化平稳,由此验证了外骨骼机器人的合理性。