Analysis of the Current Situation and Risk Factors of Lower Respiratory Tract Infection among ICU Patients in Guizhou,China During 2019-2022

Objective:This study aims to explore the prevalence,features,and risk factors of lower respiratory tract infections(LRTIs)in the intensive care unit(ICU)of a newly established hospital in Zunyi City.The goal is to devise strategies for preventing LRTIs in the ICU of new hospitals,thereby mitigating the incidence of nosocomial LRTIs in ICU patients.Methods:A case-control study was conducted from March 2019 to December 2022 to investigate the incidence rate of LRTIs in the ICU of a newly constructed hospital in Zunyi City.Patients with LRTIs constituted the case group,while those without LRTIs constituted the control group,where a 1:1 matching principle was adhered to.A single-factor chi-square(χ2)test was employed to analyze the risk factors,with independent risk factors being explored using a multivariate logistic regression analysis.Results:A total of 169 strains of pathogenic bacteria were isolated,comprising 66.28%gram-negative bacteria,17.75%gram-positive bacteria,and 15.97%fungi.The most prevalent pathogens included Acinetobacter baumannii(43.20%),Candida albicans(10.65%),and Pseudomonas aeruginosa(8.88%).Of the 82 strains infected by multidrug-resistant bacteria in patients with LRTIs,81.7%were carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii,9.8%were multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa,and 6.1%were carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli.Identified risk factors included smoking history,total hospitalization days,ICU stay length,hypoproteinemia,indwelling gastric tube,intubation type,duration of mechanical ventilation,usage of antibacterial drugs,and administration of protein drugs(P<0.05).Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that these factors were independent risk factors for nosocomial LRTIs in ICU patients(P<0.05).Conclusion:ICU patients in our hospital were mainly infected by carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii.To prevent LRTIs in patients,tailored preventive measures should be developed and the rational use of antibacterial drugs should be promoted.

Etiological and Radiological Profile of Acute Lower Respiratory Infections during the Pre-COVID Period in the Paediatric Ward of the Teaching Hospital of Mali and in the Community Health Centre of Yirimadio in Bamako

Introduction: Every year, nearly 4 million people pass away from acute respiratory infections. 98% of such deaths are due to lower respiratory tract infections. Even though studies have been carried on lower respiratory infections x-ray aspects in Mali, very few studies have been done to reveal bacteriological and virological evidence of this disease. Materials and methods: It is about a descriptive prospective study carried out from January to December 2018 having involved patients of all ages, coming for medical consultation at the Yirimadio Community-based health center as well as children from 6 months to 15 years old coming at the pediatric department of UHC Hôpital du Mali for a lower respiratory infection. They had all undergone chest X-ray and a PCR. The purpose: of this work is to study etiological and x-ray aspects of acute lower respiratory infections at the Yirimadio Community-based Health Center and at the UHC pediatric department of Hôpital du Mali. Findings: From January to December 2018, we recorded a frequency of 1.19%. The age group 0 - 5 years was the most represented (64.5%) with a sex ratio of 0.97 for women. Cough was the most common clinical sign (98.7%) followed by fever (58.9%). Standard frontal chest X-ray was pathological in 70% of our patients. It was bronchitis in 75.4% of cases, pneumonia (13.5%), and bronchopneumonia (12.3%). PCR positive was in 83.9% of patients. It revealed a co-infection in more than half of the patients (52.5%), bacterial infection (16.1%) and viral infection (15.2%). Pathogens isolated ranked by frequency were Streptococcus pneumoniaa (87.6%) followed by Staphylococcus aureus (24.9%) and human rhinovirus (17%). The most common viral causes were human rhinovirus (17%), followed by influenza A and B virus (7%) and human parainfluenza virus (7%). Conclusion: It stemed from the study that lower respiratory infections were mainly due to Streptococcus pneumonea and human rhinovirus during pre-COVID at the Yirimadio Community-based health center and UHC Hôpital du Mali.

Prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus infection among children hospitalized with acute lower respiratory tract infections in Southern India

BACKGROUND Respiratory syncytial virus(RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory infections among children.AIM To investigate the proportion of RSV and non-RSV respiratory viral infections among hospitalized children ≤ 5 years.METHODS Hospitalized children aged < 5 years, with a diagnosis of acute lower respiratory infections(ALRI), admitted between August 2011-August 2013, were included.Cases were defined as laboratory-confirmed RSV and non-RSV respiratory viruses by direct fluorescence assay from the nasopharyngeal wash.RESULTS Of 383 1-59 mo old children hospitalized with an acute lower respiratory infection, 33.9%(130/383) had evidence of viral infection, and RSV was detected in 24.5%(94/383). Co-infections with RSV and other respiratory viruses(influenza A or B, adenovirus, para influenza 1, 2 or 3) were seen in children 5.5%(21/383). Over 90% of the RSV-positive children were under 2 years of age. RSV was detected throughout the year with peaks seen after the monsoon season.Children hospitalized with RSV infection were more likely to have been exposed to a shorter duration of breastfeeding of less than 3 mo. RSV positive children had a shorter hospital stay, although there were significant complications requiring intensive care. Use of antibiotics was high among those with RSV and non-RSV viral infections.CONCLUSION Our study provides evidence of a high proportion of RSV and other virusassociated ALRI among hospitalized children in India. RSV infection was associated with fewer days of hospital stay compared to other causes of lower respiratory infections. A high level of antibiotic use was seen among all respiratory virus-associated hospitalizations. These results suggest the need for implementing routine diagnostics for respiratory pathogens in order to minimize the use of unnecessary antibiotics and plan prevention strategies among pediatric populations.

Respiratory Virus Multiplex RT-PCR Assay Sensitivities and Influence Factors in Hospitalized Children with Lower Respiratory Tract Infections

Multiplex RT-PCR assays have been widely used tools for detection and differentiation of a panel of respiratory viral pathogens. In this study, we evaluated the Qiagen ResPlex II V2.0 kit and explored factors influencing its sensitivity. Nasopharyngeal swab (NPS) specimens were prospectively collected from pediatric inpatients with lower respiratory tract infections at the time of admission in the Shenzhen Children's Hospital from May 2009 to April 2010. Total nucleic acids were extracted using the EZ1 system (Qiagen, Germany) and 17 respiratory viruses and genotypes including influenza A virus (FluA), FluB, parainfluenza virus 1 (PIV1), PIV2, PIV3, PIV4, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human metapneumovirus (hMPV), rhinoviruses (RhV), enteroviruses (EnV), human bocaviruses (hBoV), adenoviruses (AdV), four coronaviruses (229E, OC43, NL63 and HKU1), and FluA 2009 pandemic H1N1(H1N1-p) were detected and identified by the ResPlex II kit. In parallel, 16 real-time TaqMan quantitative RT-PCR assays were used to quantitatively detect each virus except for RhV. Influenza and parainfluenza viral cultures were also performed. Among the total 438 NPS specimens collected during the study period, one or more viral pathogens were detected in 274 (62.6%) and 201(45.9%) specimens by monoplex TaqMan RT-PCR and multiplex ResPlex, respectively. When results from monoplex PCR or cell culture were used as the reference standard, the multiplex PCR possessed specificities of 92.9-100.0%. The sensitivity of multiplex PCR for PIV3, hMPV, PIV1 and BoV were 73.1%, 70%, 66.7% and 55.6%, respectively, while low sensitivities (11.1%-40.0%) were observed for FluA, EnV, OC43, RSV and H1N1. Among the seven viruses/genotypes detected with higher frequencies, multiplex PCR sensitivities were correlated significantly with viral loads determined by the TaqMan RT-PCR in FluA, H1N1-p and RSV (p=0.011-0.000). The Qiagen ResPlex II multiplex RT-PCR kit possesses excellent specificity for simultaneous detection of 17 viral pathogens in NPS specimens in pediatric inpatients at the time of admission. The sensitivity of multiplex RT-PCR was influenced by viral loads, specimen process methods, primer and probe design and amplification condition.

Prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of bacteria in ICU patients with lower respiratory tract infection: A cross-sectional study

Objective: To investigate the prevalence of isolated organisms in patients with lower respiratory tract infections and the antibiotic susceptibilities at a tertiary care center. Methods: In this observational and cross-sectional analysis, 114 patients admitted in the intensive care unit were enrolled. The endotracheal aspirates and bronchoalveolar lavage were collected. The bacteria were isolated and identified, and finally, antimicrobial sensitive pattern of the isolated bacteria was examined. Results: The prevalence of infection was 72.72% in male patients and 27.28% in females. The predominant bacteria were Klebsiella pneumoniae (37.50%) followed by Acinetobacter spp. (36.36%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (7.95%),Escherichia coli (6.81%), Proteus mirabilis (2.27%), atypical Escherichia coli (1.13%), Enterococcus spp. (1.13%),Elizabethkingia meningoseptica (1.13%),Staphylococcus aureus (1.13%),Proteus vulgaris (1.13%), Citrobacter freundii (1.13%), and Citrobacter koseri (1.13%). High resistance to cephalosporins (82.18%) was demonstrated in all Gram-negative bacteria. Bacteria showed susceptibility to colistin (88.75%) followed by tigecycline (83.11%), gentamycin (36.18%), and amikacin (49.23%). Conclusions: As the most frequent respiratory organisms, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter spp. have increased resistance to cephalosporins and susceptibility to colistin followed by tigecycline.

Human bocavirus infection in children hospitalized with lower respiratory tract infections:Does viral load affect disease course?

Objective:To examine the effects of human bocavirus type 1(HBoV1)on the course of lower respiratory tract infections in cases of monoinfection and coinfection,and the effects of HBoV1 viral load on the disease in children under six years old hospitalized with a diagnosis of HBoV1-associated lower respiratory tract infections.Methods:Children under six years of age,who were hospitalized with the diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infection due to HBoV1 between 1 January 2021 and 1 January 2022 were included in the study.Laboratory confirmation of the respiratory pathogens was performed using polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Results:Fifty-four(16.4%)children with HBoV1 among 329 children whose PCR was positive with bacterial/viral agent in nasopharyngeal swab samples were included in the study.There were 28(51.9%)males and 26(48.1%)females with a median age 23.4 months[interquartile range(IQR):13.2,30.0 months](min-max:1 month-68 months).HBoV1 was detected as a monoinfecton in 26(48.1%)children,and as a coinfection with other respiratory agents in 28 children(51.9%).In multiple regression analysis,coinfection(P=0.032)was associated with the length of hospitalization(P<0.001;R^(2)=0.166).There was a negative correlation(r=−0.281,P=0.040)between cough and cycle threshold.Fever was found to be positively correlated with C-reactive protein(r=0.568,P<0.001)and procalcitonin(r=0.472;P=0.001).Conclusions:Although we found a higher HBoV1 viral load in children with more cough symptoms in our study,it had no effect on the severity of the disease,such as length of hospital stay and need for intensive care.Coinfection was found to affect the length of hospitalization.

Association between early viral lower respiratory tract infections and subsequent asthma development

BACKGROUND The association between hospitalization for human respiratory syncytial virus(HRSV)bronchiolitis in early childhood and subsequent asthma is well established.The long-term prognosis for non-bronchiolitis lower respiratory tract infections(LRTI)caused by viruses different from HRSV and rhinovirus,on the other hand,has received less interest.AIM To investigate the relationship between infant LRTI and later asthma and examine the influence of confounding factors.METHODS The PubMed and Global Index Medicus bibliographic databases were used to search for articles published up to October 2021 for this systematic review.We included cohort studies comparing the incidence of asthma between patients with and without LRTI at≤2 years regardless of the virus responsible.The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model.Sources of heterogeneity were assessed by stratified analyses.RESULTS This review included 15 articles(18 unique studies)that met the inclusion criteria.LRTIs at≤2 years were associated with an increased risk of subsequent asthma up to 20 years[odds ratio(OR)=5.0,95%CI:3.3-7.5],with doctor-diagnosed asthma(OR=5.3,95%CI:3.3-8.6),current asthma(OR=5.4,95%CI:2.7-10.6),and current medication for asthma(OR=1.2,95%CI:0.7-3.9).Our overall estimates were not affected by publication bias(P=0.671),but there was significant heterogeneity[I 2=58.8%(30.6-75.5)].Compared to studies with hospitalized controls without LRTI,those with ambulatory controls had a significantly higher strength of association between LRTIs and subsequent asthma.The strength of the association between LRTIs and later asthma varied significantly by country and age at the time of the interview.The sensitivity analyses including only studies with similar proportions of confounding factors(gender,age at LRTI development,age at interview,gestational age,birth weight,weight,height,smoking exposure,crowding,family history of atopy,and family history of asthma)between cases and controls did not alter the overall estimates.CONCLUSION Regardless of the causative virus and confounding factors,viral LRTIs in children<2 years are associated with an increased risk of developing a subsequent asthma.Parents and pediatricians should be informed of this risk.

Validation of a Risk-Based Biomarker-Enhanced Scoring System for Lower Respiratory Tract Infections (OPTIMA I Basel)—An Observational Survey

Background: Despiteits recommendation in management guide lines for community acquired pneumonia (CAP), the CURB65 score is frequently not followed for disposition decisions in clinical routine. We therefore proposed an improved CURB65 A score, supplemented by proadre nome dull in (ProADM) levels for patients with CAP and other lower respiratory tract infections (LRTIs). In this study, we vali dated this risk based biomarker enhanced disposition in patients with LRTIs presenting to the emergency department of the University Hospital of Basel. Methods: In this prospective observational cohort study of 85 patients presenting with LRTIs, site of care was decided by the physicians in charge according to their judgement. Retro spectively the CURB65 A score was calculated and a virtual disposition assigned. This was compared with the existing disposition in order to identify efficacy of the novel risk based biomarker enhanced disposition. Results: The novel disposition criteria considered 14 patients suitable for outpatient treatment compared to 11 in the current disposition (p = 0.5). It detected 7 patients to be best treated outside the hospital for nursing reasons, while the current disposition detected only 1 patient requiring geriatric care (p = 0.09). Further, it decreased regular hospitalizations considerably (32 vs. 64, p 0.001). Conclusions: The novel risk based biomarker enhanced disposition is an objective, safe and probably more efficient disposition system to identify outpatient treatment options than the current practice at the University Hospital of Basel.

Assessing the quality of the management skills required for lower respiratory tract infections in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania

Background: Lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) are among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. A severe form of atypical pneumonia, Q fever, has been found in Northern Tanzania. Assessment of the quality of health care for lower respiratory tract infection from the clinicians’ performance has rarely been performed. Methods: A cross sectional descriptive study using the qualitative and quantitative approaches for assessing clinicians and patient files from 11 health facilities of Kilimanjaro region. The facilities were of 4 different levels of public health care delivery and 1 private independent hospital. Results: Medications for LRTI were highly variable in 346 files and from attempts of treatment reported in 53 clinician’s interviews. No file showed attempts for assessing the severity of Pneumonia. Only 6 (11.1%) clinicians could mention causes of atypical pneumonia. Only 7 clinicians (13.0%) were aware of Q-fever and could mention the cause. The quality of clinical records for monitoring the progress was not the same in all levels of care and the difference in availability was statistically significant as level of mental state χ2 (4) = 139.4;P

急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液病原菌特征分析

目的研究急性下呼吸道感染患儿病原菌特点,探讨支气管肺泡灌洗液荧光PCR检测对儿童急性呼吸道感染病原学的诊断价值。方法选择2018年6月至2019年5月吉林大学第一医院收治的急性呼吸道感染住院患儿172例为研究对象,收集其支气管肺泡灌洗液,通过多重实时荧光定量PCR检测其病原体。结果本研究中172例支气管肺泡灌洗液样本致病菌检出有106例,阳性率为61.63%(106/172);排在前三位的病原菌检出率依次为肺炎链球菌26.74%(46/172),流感嗜血杆菌17.44%(30/172),百日咳鲍特菌8.14%(14/172),且不同年龄组的病原菌检出率存在差异,P<0.01。结论急性下呼吸道感染患儿支气管肺泡灌洗液中肺炎链球菌检出率最高,依次为流感嗜血杆菌、百日咳鲍特菌、卡他莫兰汉菌、金黄色葡萄球菌。急性下呼吸道感染患儿的病原菌检出率在不同年龄段分组中存在差异。

肺泡灌洗液mNGS检测神经外科重症下呼吸道感染病原的应用

目的分析宏基因二代测序(mNGS)技术对神经外科重症下呼吸道感染患者肺泡灌洗液中病原体和肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因检测。方法选取2020年6月至2022年6月河南省人民医院收治的196例神经外科重症下呼吸道感染患者作为研究对象。采集患者的肺泡灌洗液标本进行常规病原学与mNGS技术检测,对病原体进行分离鉴定,并计算2种检测方法的差异性;并检测肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药基因与药敏试验结果。结果常规病原学检测的阳性率为62.42%(122/196),mNGS技术检测阳性率为88.27%(173/196),mNGS技术检测高于常规病原学检测(χ^(2)=35.631,P<0.05);肺炎克雷伯菌经mNGS技术检出耐药基因包括超广谱β-内酰胺酶基因(SHV、TEM)与碳青霉烯酶基因(KPC);药敏试验结果显示,肺炎克雷伯菌对头孢唑林、头孢呋辛及头孢曲松的耐药率较高,分别为75.00%、66.67%及54.17%,对比阿培南及美罗培南的耐药率较低,分别为16.67%及12.50%。结论mNGS技术能够有效提高神经外科重症下呼吸道感染阳性检出率,可辅助评估肺炎克雷伯菌抗菌药物耐药性基因。

呼出气一氧化氮、肺泡一氧化氮和嗜酸性粒细胞对3~6岁儿童呼吸系统疾病的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨呼出气一氧化氮(FeNO)、肺泡一氧化氮(CaNO)和嗜酸性粒细胞(EOS)在甘肃省兰州市3~6岁儿童呼吸系统疾病鉴别诊断中的应用价值。方法选取确诊哮喘或过敏性鼻炎或下呼吸道感染的360例3~6岁儿童作为研究对象,采用斯皮尔曼秩相关系数评估FeNO、CaNO、EOS的相关性,通过随机森林模型、受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线、多因素逻辑回归分析评估FeNO、CaNO和EOS对3种疾病的鉴别诊断价值。结果哮喘患儿的FeNO、CaNO中位数高于其他疾病患儿,过敏性鼻炎患儿的EOS中位数最低,下呼吸道感染患儿的FeNO、CaNO中位数最低。相关性分析结果显示,FeNO与CaNO呈正相关(r=0.59,P<0.05),FeNO与EOS呈负相关(r=-0.61,P<0.05),CaNO与EOS呈负相关(r=-0.63,P<0.05)。随机森林模型显示,FeNO在疾病分类中的重要性最高。ROC曲线分析结果显示,3种疾病中,FeNO、CaNO、EOS对下呼吸道感染的诊断效能均最高(曲线下面积分别为0.86、0.91、1.00)。多因素逻辑回归模型诊断哮喘的曲线下面积为0.96,灵敏度为0.902,特异度为0.881。结论FeNO、CaNO和EOS在鉴别诊断兰州地区3~6岁儿童哮喘、过敏性鼻炎、下呼吸道感染方面展现出较好的潜力,且基于三者构建的多因素逻辑回归模型可有效提升对哮喘的诊断准确性。

红细胞分布宽度与血小板分布宽度可以辅助预测流感合并下呼吸道感染患者预后

目的探讨血细胞计数及相关参数是否可以预测流感合并下呼吸道感染患者的预后。方法回顾性研究2013年至2023年首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院经急诊医学科、发热门诊或呼吸科收治入院或留观的流感合并下呼吸道感染患者,以28天死亡为研究终点,分为生存组和死亡组,比较分析两组间血细胞计数及相关参数的差异,回归分析死亡的独立预测因素,建模并对模型进行评价。结果此项研究最终纳入417例患者,28天生存组361例(86.6%),死亡组56例(13.4%)。死亡组淋巴细胞计数和血小板计数显著低于生存组,红细胞分布宽度、血小板分布宽度、血小板平均体积及大血小板比率显著高于生存组(P<0.05)。多变量Logistic回归分析筛选独立相关变量,当淋巴细胞计数≤0.68×10^(9)/L,或血小板计数≤147×10^(9)/L,或红细胞分布宽度>12.7%,或血小板分布宽度>13.9 fL时,患者28天死亡风险增加,四个指标建立预测模型的AUC为0.734(95%CI 0.664~0.804),敏感度58.9%,特异度80.4%,阳性预测值32.0%,阴性预测值92.7%,阳性似然比3.01,阴性似然比0.51。模型的一致性指数为0.735,拟合优度Hosmer-Lemeshow检验显示拟合效果较好(P=0.406)。结论淋巴细胞计数、血小板计数、红细胞分布宽度、血小板分布宽度可作为早期预测流感合并下呼吸道感染患者28天死亡风险的指标,以这些指标构建的列线图模型可计算临床实测值所对应的死亡风险概率。

清金化痰汤治疗糖尿病合并下呼吸道感染临床观察

目的分析清金化痰汤加减治疗糖尿病合并下呼吸道感染的可行性。方法拟选取宜丰县人民医院2021年1月—2022年12月收治的糖尿病合并下呼吸道感染患者60例,分为对照组、观察组,各30例。统计分析两组临床症状恢复时间(发热、咳嗽、全身症状、局部症状)、血糖情况、炎症因子水平[白细胞、C反应蛋白(CRP)]、并发症发生情况(消化道反应、皮疹、心动过缓等)、临床疗效。结果治疗后,观察组患者的发热、咳嗽、局部症状、全身症状恢复时间均短于对照组(P<0.05);观察组空腹血糖水平、餐后2 h血糖水平、白细胞计数、CRP水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);观察组并发症总发生率3.33%(1/30)低于对照组的26.67%(8/30)(P<0.05);观察组治疗总有效率96.67%(29/30)高于对照组的73.33%(22/30)(P<0.05)。结论清金化痰汤加减治疗糖尿病合并下呼吸道感染的可行性高。

体积描记法联合血清单核细胞趋化蛋白-1水平预测急性下呼吸道感染患者合并哮喘的效能分析

目的探究体积描记法联合血清单核细胞趋化蛋白-1(MCP-1)对急性下呼吸道感染患者合并哮喘的预测价值。方法回顾性分析2019年6月—2022年12月青海省人民医院收治的188例急性下呼吸道感染患者的病历资料。根据患者住院期间是否并发哮喘分为合并组(48例)和非合并组(140例)。收集并整理所有受试者的人口学资料和实验室检测指标(体积描记法相关参数:肺总量、残气量、残气率,血清MCP-1水平)。比较两组患者临床资料的差异,分析肺总量、残气量与功能残气量(FRC)、MCP-1的相关性,分析影响急性下呼吸道感染患者并发哮喘的相关因素,以及FRC、MCP-1对急性下呼吸道感染患者并发哮喘的预测价值。结果合并组FRC、肺总量、残气量、残气率、MCP-1水平均高于非合并组(P<0.05)。FRC与肺总量、残气量水平均呈正相关(r=0.681和0.671,均P=0.001);MCP-1与肺总量、残气量水平均呈正相关(r=0.669和0.654,均P=0.001)。多因素逐步Logistic回归分析结果显示:FRC[O^R=2.450(95%CI:1.239,4.840)]、MCP-1[O^R=2.995(95%CI:1.516,5.918)]是急性下呼吸道感染患者并发哮喘的危险因素(P<0.05)。受试者工作特征曲线结果分析显示,FRC、MCP-1及联合预测急性下呼吸道感染患者并发哮喘的敏感性分别为72.92%(95%CI:0.579,0.842)、83.33%(95%CI:0.692,0.920)、79.17%(95%CI:0.645,0.890),特异性分别为81.43%(95%CI:0.737,0.873)、70.71%(95%CI:0.623,0.779)、81.43%(95%CI:0.737,0.873)。结论体积描记法和血清MCP-1水平可用于评估急性下呼吸道感染患者肺功能,且血清MCP-1与体积描记法检测的FRC对急性下呼吸道感染患者并发哮喘的预测效能良好。

某院2019年至2021年下呼吸道病原菌分布与耐药性分析

目的 分析某院住院患者下呼吸道感染病原菌的分布及耐药性,促进临床合理应用抗菌药物。方法 选取北京市平谷区医院2019年1月至2021年12月收治的住院下呼吸道感染患者12 040例,统计并分析送检的合格下呼吸道分离标本细菌培养、药物敏感试验(简称药敏试验)结果,根据指南评价抗菌药物处方合理性。结果 送检的合格下呼吸道标本5 074份,病原学送检率为42.14%(5 074/12 040)。共分离病原菌3 137株,其中革兰阴性杆菌2 966株(94.55%),革兰阳性球菌171株(5.45%)。常见革兰阴性杆菌包括肺炎克雷伯菌889株(28.34%),铜绿假单胞菌819株(26.11%),鲍曼不动杆菌284株(9.05%),嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌212株(6.76%),阴沟肠杆菌168株(5.36%)及大肠埃希菌163株(5.20%)。肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南的耐药率分别为5.85%,16.12%,13.03%。革兰阳性球菌中以金黄色葡萄球菌为主(111株,3.54%),对万古霉素及利奈唑胺的耐药率均为0,对青霉素的耐药率为90.99%。共收集4 719张抗菌药物不合理处方,环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、复方新诺明不合理用药率分别为41.43%,35.16%,33.95%;常见不合理用药行为包括药物品种选择不当(40.16%)、联合用药不合理(15.60%)及无指征使用(13.67%)。结论 革兰阴性杆菌是该院下呼吸道感染的主要致病菌,常见病原菌对抗菌药物有不同程度的耐药。故应加强病原菌耐药性监测及分析,促进抗菌药物的合理应用。

探讨恒温扩增法在下呼吸道感染病原体检测的价值

探究运用恒温扩增法(Loop—mediated isothermal amplification,LAMP)在感染人群病原体诊断方面的价值。收集2022年1-8月255名下呼吸道感染患者的痰液或肺泡灌洗液(Bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF),运用LAMP法和痰培养法同时对其进行检测,分析病原体检出情况、恒温扩增芯片法与痰培养法符合率。运用LAMP法检出阳性标本200例,总阳性率为78.43%,共检出呼吸道病原体10种;运用痰培养法检测出阳性标本80例,总阳性率为31.37%,共检出呼吸道病原体8种。两种方法检出的铜绿假单胞菌的阳性率具有高度一致性(Kappa=0.516),鲍曼不动杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌的阳性率具有中等一致性(0.4<Kappa<0.6)。恒温扩增法的病原体检出率显著高于传统痰培养法;相较于金标准痰培养法,其对苛养菌的检测具有较好的一致性。但LAMP法检测时间更短、总阳性率更高,更有助于临床医生快速精准地识别所感染的病原体。

快速Pitt菌血症评分联合乳酸预测急性下呼吸道感染患者的死亡风险

目的分析快速皮特菌血症(qPitt)评分联合急诊常用指标是否可作为急性下呼吸道感染患者28 d死亡风险的预测因素。方法以2018年7月1日至2023年12月31日收治于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院急诊科的急性下呼吸道感染患者为研究对象,以入院后28 d死亡为终点,将研究对象分为存活组和死亡组。使用单因素分析比较两组qPitt评分和临床指标的差异,并通过Logistic回归筛选影响急性下呼吸道感染患者28 d死亡的独立相关因素,建立联合预测模型,使用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价独立相关因素及联合变量预测模型对急性下呼吸道感染患者28 d死亡的预测价值。结果共纳入患者696例,其中28 d存活组445例(63.9%)和28 d死亡组251例(36.1%)。死亡组年龄、降钙素原、D-二聚体、血乳酸(lactate,LAC)、血肌酐(SCr)及qPitt评分均高于存活组(均P<0.05),淋巴细胞计数和血小板计数均低于存活组(均P<0.05)。Logistic回归分析得出LAC(OR=1.258,95%CI 1.143~1.384,P<0.001)、年龄(OR=1.021,95%CI 1.008~1.034,P=0.001)及qPitt评分(OR=1.923,95%CI 1.597~2.317,P<0.001)是预测急性下呼吸道感染患者28 d死亡风险的独立因素。年龄、LAC与qPitt评分联合变量预测模型的ROC曲线下面积(area under curve,AUC)为0.746(95%CI 0.708~0.784),高于LAC(AUC=0.692,95%CI 0.650~0.733)和qPitt评分(AUC=0.702,95%CI 0.660~0.743),且其预测效能优于单独应用LAC(Z=2.888,P=0.004)和qPitt评分(Z=3.850,P<0.001)。结论qPitt评分和LAC是急性下呼吸道感染患者死亡的独立危险因素,二者与年龄构建的联合变量预测模型可有效预测28 d死亡风险。

肺炎克雷伯菌致下呼吸道感染患者常用抗菌药物的耐药性分析

目的分析肺炎克雷伯菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae,KPN)致下呼吸道感染(lower respiratory tract infection,LRI)患者对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。方法选取2022年10月至2023年9月我院KPN致LRI患者514例,采集痰标本,统计KPN、超广谱β-内酰胺酶(EBLS)+菌株、EBLS菌株、耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(CRKP)检出情况,行药敏试验,分析KPN、EBLS+菌株、EBLS菌株及CRKP菌株对常用抗菌药物的耐药性。结果分离出514株KPN,其中EBLS+菌株94株(18.3%)、EBLS菌株310株(60.3%)、CRKP菌株110株(21.4%);KPN对替加环素最为敏感,达99.8%;EBLS+菌株对大部分常用抗菌药物的耐药率较EBLS菌株高;除替加环素外,CRKP菌株对其他常用抗菌药物的耐药率均较高,>80.0%。结论KPN致LRI患者中分离出EBLS+菌株、EBLS菌株及CRKP菌株,不同菌株对不同抗菌药物耐药率不同,需进行细菌培养与鉴定,了解其耐药率,帮助临床医师合理选择抗菌药物进行治疗。

急诊重症患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌分布及耐药性分析

目的分析急诊重症患者下呼吸道感染常见病原菌分布及耐药性。方法通过中国医科大学附属盛京医院检验科实验室信息系统收集2017年1月至2018年12月急诊科送检的痰液、胸腔积液、肺灌洗液标本中细菌培养阳性的菌株,再通过本院电子病历以及影像系统软件筛选出符合纳入标准的共计432株菌株。分析菌群分布情况并通过药敏试验分析其耐药性。结果432株菌株中革兰阴性杆菌411株,革兰阳性球菌19株,革兰阴性杆菌中以鲍曼不动杆菌为主(共172株、占总菌株数的39.81%),其次为铜绿假单胞菌(共97株、占总菌株数的22.45%)。鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星和替加环素的敏感率可达80%以上。铜绿假单胞菌对阿米卡星、庆大霉素、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、妥布霉素的敏感率均在80%以上。结论在急诊重症下呼吸道感染患者致病菌中最常见的是鲍曼不动杆菌,其次是铜绿假单胞菌,鲍曼不动杆菌对阿米卡星以及替加环素敏感,可纳入经验性治疗。