Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity,high recurrence,and drug resistance.Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy.Meta...Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity,high recurrence,and drug resistance.Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy.Metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)are G protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate and are key regulators of neuronal and synaptic plasticity.Dysregulated mGluR signaling has been associated with various neurological disorders,and numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mGluRs expression/activity and the development of epilepsy.In this review,we first introduce the three groups of mGluRs and their associated signaling pathways.Then,we detail how these receptors influence epilepsy by describing the signaling cascades triggered by their activation and their neuroprotective or detrimental roles in epileptogenesis.In addition,strategies for pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during the treatment of epilepsy in experimental studies is also summarized.We hope that this review will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of mGluR-targeted antiepileptic drugs.展开更多
Dysregulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation(HCN)channels alters neuronal excitability.However,the role of HCN channels in status epilepticus is not fully understood.In this study,we est...Dysregulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation(HCN)channels alters neuronal excitability.However,the role of HCN channels in status epilepticus is not fully understood.In this study,we established rat models of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.We performed western blot assays and immunofluorescence staining.Our results showed that HCN1 channel protein expression,particularly HCN1 surface protein,was significantly decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region,whereas the expression of HCN2 channel protein was unchanged.Moreover,metabolic glutamate receptor 1(mGluR1)protein expression was increased after status epilepticus.The mGluR1 agonist(RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine injected intracerebroventricularly increased the sensitivity and severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus,whereas application of the mGluR1 antagonist(+)-2-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine(LY367385)alleviated the severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.The results from double immunofluorescence labeling revealed that mGluR1 and HCN1 were co-localized in the CA1 region.Subsequently,a protein kinase A inhibitor(H89)administered intraperitoneally successfully reversed HCN1 channel inhibition,thereby suppressing the severity and prolonging the latency of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.Furthermore,H89 reduced the level of mGluR1,downregulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/protein kinase A expression,significantly increased tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein(TRIP8b)(1a-4)expression,and restored TRIP8b(1b-2)levels.TRIP8b(1a-4)and TRIP8b(1b-2)are subunits of Rab8b interacting protein that regulate HCN1 surface protein.展开更多
从大鼠的尾壳核组织中提取总 RNA,以 RT-PCR方法扩增出大鼠 m Glu R5 长度约 43 5 bp的 c DNA片段。将这一片段克隆到 PGEM-T载体中进行序列分析 ,结果证实所克隆的 c DNA是编码正确的大鼠 m Glu R5 的一段基因序列。克隆的这段大鼠m Gl...从大鼠的尾壳核组织中提取总 RNA,以 RT-PCR方法扩增出大鼠 m Glu R5 长度约 43 5 bp的 c DNA片段。将这一片段克隆到 PGEM-T载体中进行序列分析 ,结果证实所克隆的 c DNA是编码正确的大鼠 m Glu R5 的一段基因序列。克隆的这段大鼠m Glu R5 特异性基因片段可用于制作探针 ,利用原位杂交技术检测其 m RNA在正常或异常状况下的表达 ;也可制作反意 c DNA或反意 m RNA以研究 m Glu R5 在生理或病理状态下的作用 ;还可进行反意 c DNA或反意 m RNA基因治疗。总而言之 ,克隆的这段基因 ,对研究 m Glu R5 在生理及病理条件下的功能变化 。展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province,No.2021JJ30389(to JG)the Key Research and Development Program of Hunan Province of China,Nos.2022SK2042(to LL)and 2020SK2122(to ET)。
文摘Epilepsy is a neurological disorder characterized by high morbidity,high recurrence,and drug resistance.Enhanced signaling through the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate is intricately associated with epilepsy.Metabotropic glutamate receptors(mGluRs)are G protein-coupled receptors activated by glutamate and are key regulators of neuronal and synaptic plasticity.Dysregulated mGluR signaling has been associated with various neurological disorders,and numerous studies have shown a close relationship between mGluRs expression/activity and the development of epilepsy.In this review,we first introduce the three groups of mGluRs and their associated signaling pathways.Then,we detail how these receptors influence epilepsy by describing the signaling cascades triggered by their activation and their neuroprotective or detrimental roles in epileptogenesis.In addition,strategies for pharmacological manipulation of these receptors during the treatment of epilepsy in experimental studies is also summarized.We hope that this review will provide a foundation for future studies on the development of mGluR-targeted antiepileptic drugs.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 81973988)Henan Key Laboratory of Neurorestoratology Foundation (No. HNSJXF-2021-014)the Graduate Innovation Program of Xinxiang Medical University (No. 202122Z)。
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China,No.81760242(to MGM).
文摘Dysregulation of hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated cation(HCN)channels alters neuronal excitability.However,the role of HCN channels in status epilepticus is not fully understood.In this study,we established rat models of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.We performed western blot assays and immunofluorescence staining.Our results showed that HCN1 channel protein expression,particularly HCN1 surface protein,was significantly decreased in the hippocampal CA1 region,whereas the expression of HCN2 channel protein was unchanged.Moreover,metabolic glutamate receptor 1(mGluR1)protein expression was increased after status epilepticus.The mGluR1 agonist(RS)-3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine injected intracerebroventricularly increased the sensitivity and severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus,whereas application of the mGluR1 antagonist(+)-2-methyl-4-carboxyphenylglycine(LY367385)alleviated the severity of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.The results from double immunofluorescence labeling revealed that mGluR1 and HCN1 were co-localized in the CA1 region.Subsequently,a protein kinase A inhibitor(H89)administered intraperitoneally successfully reversed HCN1 channel inhibition,thereby suppressing the severity and prolonging the latency of pentylenetetrazole-induced status epilepticus.Furthermore,H89 reduced the level of mGluR1,downregulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate(cAMP)/protein kinase A expression,significantly increased tetratricopeptide repeat-containing Rab8b-interacting protein(TRIP8b)(1a-4)expression,and restored TRIP8b(1b-2)levels.TRIP8b(1a-4)and TRIP8b(1b-2)are subunits of Rab8b interacting protein that regulate HCN1 surface protein.
文摘从大鼠的尾壳核组织中提取总 RNA,以 RT-PCR方法扩增出大鼠 m Glu R5 长度约 43 5 bp的 c DNA片段。将这一片段克隆到 PGEM-T载体中进行序列分析 ,结果证实所克隆的 c DNA是编码正确的大鼠 m Glu R5 的一段基因序列。克隆的这段大鼠m Glu R5 特异性基因片段可用于制作探针 ,利用原位杂交技术检测其 m RNA在正常或异常状况下的表达 ;也可制作反意 c DNA或反意 m RNA以研究 m Glu R5 在生理或病理状态下的作用 ;还可进行反意 c DNA或反意 m RNA基因治疗。总而言之 ,克隆的这段基因 ,对研究 m Glu R5 在生理及病理条件下的功能变化 。
