Spi1 regulates the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway after intracerebral hemorrhage

Preclinical and clinical studies have shown that microglia and macrophages participate in a multiphasic brain damage repair process following intracerebral hemorrhage.The E26 transformation-specific sequence-related transcription factor Spi1 regulates microglial/macrophage commitment and maturation.However,the effect of Spi1 on intracerebral hemorrhage remains unclear.In this study,we found that Spi1 may regulate recovery from the neuroinflammation and neurofunctional damage caused by intracerebral hemorrhage by modulating the microglial/macrophage transcriptome.We showed that high Spi1expression in microglia/macrophages after intracerebral hemorrhage is associated with the activation of many pathways that promote phagocytosis,glycolysis,and autophagy,as well as debris clearance and sustained remyelination.Notably,microglia with higher levels of Soil expression were chara cterized by activation of pathways associated with a variety of hemorrhage-related cellular processes,such as complement activation,angiogenesis,and coagulation.In conclusion,our results suggest that Spi1 plays a vital role in the microglial/macrophage inflammatory response following intracerebral hemorrhage.This new insight into the regulation of Spi1 and its target genes may advance our understanding of neuroinflammation in intracerebral hemorrhage and provide therapeutic targets for patients with intracerebral hemorrhage.

Alleviatory effect of isoquercetin on benign prostatic hyperplasia via IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway

We evaluated the effect of isoquercetin(quercetin-O-3-glucoside-quercetin,IQ)as a functional component of Abeliophyllum disistichum Nakai ethanol extract(ADLE)on prostate cell proliferation and apoptosis and its effects on the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH).Metabolites in ADLE were analyzed using UHPLC-qTOF-MS and HPLC.IQ was orally administered(1 or 10 mg/kg)to a testosterone propionate-induced BPH rat model,and its effects on the prostate weight were evaluated.The effect of IQ on androgen receptor(AR)signaling was analyzed in LNCaP cells.Whether IGF-1 and IQ affect the IGF-1/PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in BPH-1 cells was also examined.The metabolites in ADLE were identified and quantified,which confirmed that ADLE contained abundant IQ(20.88 mg/g).IQ significantly reduced the prostate size in a concentration-dependent manner in a BPH rat model,and significantly decreased the expression of AR signaling factors in the rat prostate tissue and LNCaP cells in a concentration-dependent manner.IQ also inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway activated by IGF-1 treatment in BPH-1 cells.In BPH-1 cells,IQ led to G0/G1 arrest and suppressed the expression of proliferation factors while inducing apoptosis.Thus,IQ shows potential for use as a pharmaceutical and nutraceutical for BPH.

GCNT3通过PI3K/Akt/mTOR和RhoA/ROCK/Cofilin途径促进肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭(英文)

β-1,3-半乳糖-O-糖基-糖蛋白β-1,6-N-乙酰氨基葡萄糖转移酶(β-1,3-galactosyl-O-glycosyl-glycoproteinβ-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase,GCNT3)是黏液蛋白质生物合成中不可缺少的一类N-乙酰葡萄糖转移酶。越来越多的证据表明,GCNT3的异常表达与肿瘤的侵袭以及病人的生存率有关,然而相关的研究仍较少报道。本研究旨在揭示GCNT3在调控肝细胞癌进程中的潜在机制。本研究首先利用高通量基因表达数据库(Gene Expression Omnibus,GEO)和癌症基因组图谱(Cancer Genome Atlas databases,TCGA)数据库分析肝癌和正常组织中GCNT3的mRNA表达水平,结果表明,肝癌组织中GCNT3的mRNA表达水平高于正常组织(P≤0.001)。同时利用免疫组化、Western印迹进一步分析了肝癌组织、癌旁组织、正常组织中GCNT3蛋白的表达,发现有30%肝癌组织GCNT3表达水平高于癌旁组织和正常组织。随后,在肝癌细胞系HCCLM3和Huh7细胞中,采用CCK-8、平板克隆、划痕实验、Transwell实验分析GCNT3对肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭能力的影响,结果显示,敲低GCNT3可抑制肝癌细胞的增殖、迁移和侵袭,而过表达GCNT3发挥相反作用。细胞周期和Western印迹结果显示,GCNT3调控G_(0/)G_1期关键蛋白质的表达来促进肝癌细胞周期G_1/S的转换。进一步探究发现,GCNT3可能通过激活PI3K/AKT/mTOR信号通路促进细胞增殖;以及GCNT3上调RhoA/ROCK/Cofilin通路关键蛋白质的表达来促进F-肌动蛋白(F-actin)的形成,从而参与细胞的迁移和侵袭。总之,本研究通过对GCNT3在肝癌细胞中的功能分析,初步证明,GCNT3与肝癌细胞增殖、迁移和侵袭中的功能有关,证实了GCNT3在肝癌临床治疗中的潜在价值,为肝癌治疗和诊断提供了新思路。

How is the AKT/mTOR pathway involved in cell migration and invasion?

As a pathway that plays a role in nutrient absorption,anabolic response,cell growth and survival,the important role of AKT/mTOR in tumorigenesis has also come to light.For cancer patients,most deaths are caused by the growth of metastatic tumors outside the primary focus.Therefore,migration and invasion in the late stage of tumor progression are the main unresolved issues in the study of tumor pathogenesis,and AKT/mTOR has been found to participate in the migration and invasion of cancer cells,which means that the study of this pathway may contribute to a solution for the problem.Because of its extensive and complex functions in the organism,this pathway can be regulated by a variety of different signals in the body,and then realize its function through different downstream signal molecules.This article reviews the proteins that can indirectly affect this pathway by regulating the common upstream signaling molecules of this pathway,and the proteins that can directly affect the level of phosphorylation of AKT/mTOR in cancer cells.We also review the proteins that can co-regulate this pathway and its downstream pathways.Through this study,we hope to gain a deeper understanding of the regulatory mechanism of the AKT/mTOR pathway in cancer cells,in hopes of finding effective and harmless cancer treatment targets in the future.

LAMC2 regulates proliferation, migration, and invasion mediated by the Pl3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in oral

Background:Oral squamous cell carcinoma(OSCC)is a common malignant tumor.Recently,Laminin Gamma 2(LAMC2)has been shown to be abnormally expressed in OSCC;however,how LAMC2 signaling contributes to the occurrence and development of OSCC and the role of autophagy in OSCC has not been fully explored.This study aimed to analyze the role and mechanism of LAMC2 signaling in OSCC and the involvement of autophagy in OSCC.Methods:To explore the mechanism by which LAMC2 is highly expressed in OSCC,we used small interfering RNA(siRNA)to knock down LAMC2 to further observe the changes in the signaling pathway.Furthermore,we used cell proliferation assays,Transwell invasion assays,and wound-healing assays to observe the changes in OSCC proliferation,invasion,and metastasis.RFP-LC3 was used to detect the level of autophagy intensity.A cell line-derived xenograft(CDX)model was used to detect the effect of LAMC2 on tumor growth in vivo.Results:This study found that the level of autophagy was correlated with the biological behavior of OSCC.The downregulation of LAMC2 activated autophagy and inhibited OSCC proliferation,invasion,and metastasis via inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.Moreover,autophagy has a dual effect on OSCC,and the synergistic downregulation of LAMC2 and autophagy can inhibit OSCC metastasis,invasion,and proliferation via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.Conclusions:LAMC2 interacts with autophagy to regulate OSCC metastasis,invasion,and proliferation via the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.LAMC2 down-regulation can synergistically modulate autophagy to inhibit OSCC migration,invasion,and proliferation.

Echinoside A from Pearsonothuria graeffei Exert the Cytotoxicity to MDA-MB-231 Cells via Mitochondrial Membrane and Modulation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway

A kind of triterpene glycosides echinoside A(EA)was extracted from sea cucumber Pearsonothuria graeffei,and its yield was about 0.78%.The purity of EA was 99.0%,and its molecular weight was 1206 Da.EA was a linear tetrasaccharide attached to a pentacyclic triterpene aglycon.It inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 cells in vitro.The antitumor effect was related to elevate ROS level,decrease mitochondrial membrane potential,enhance caspase-3 expression,induce cells apoptosis and arrest cell cycle at G2/M phase.EA also dose-dependently suppressed the expressions of phophorylation proteins p-PI3K,p-Akt,and p-mTOR as analyzed by western blotting.These results suggested that EA caused MDA-MB-231 cells apoptosis via intrinsic mitochondrial and PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.EA can be a potential anti-breast cancer agent to enhance the clinical efficacy.

Research progress of TCM regulating mTOR signaling pathway in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease

Alzheimer's disease(AD)is a degenerative disease of the central nervous system.The pathogenesis of AD is complex and diverse,and its occurrence and development is the result of the interaction of multiple factors.A number of studies have shown that mTOR signaling pathway is closely related to AD.In recent years,people in exploring relevant methods for the treatment of AD and the process of drugs,more and more studies have found that traditional Chinese medicine compound traditional Chinese medicine monomer,and can be applied to mTOR signaling pathway to improve symptoms in patients with AD.This paper will review the mechanism of action and treatment of TCM in Alzheimer's disease based on mTOR signaling pathway in recent years,so as to provide reference and expand thinking for the prevention and treatment of AD.

Novel insights into mTOR signalling pathways: A paradigm for targeted tumor therapy

As a crucial protein kinase,the mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)intimately controls essential cellular processes like cell development,proliferation,metabolism,and other crucial activities.Different cancers and disorders have been linked to imbalances in mTOR's regulatory systems.Multiple mTOR inhibitor therapy has recently acquired popularity as a method of treating cancers brought on by abnormal signal transduction pathways.We also explore potential processes behind tumor cell resistance to mTOR inhibitors and suggest workarounds to overcome this challenge.We hold the potential to pioneer cutting-edge methods for tumor therapy by methodically examining the complex mTOR signaling system and its regulatory complexity.Increasing our knowledge of mTOR-related mechanisms not only creates opportunities for cutting-edge methods to target and treat cancers but also has the potential to improve patient outcomes and general quality of life significantly.This review paper explores the most recent developments in understanding mTOR signaling pathways and the use of mTOR inhibitors in treating tumors.

隔药饼灸对动脉粥样硬化易损斑块兔RhoA/ROCK1信号通路及PI3K、Akt、mTOR表达的影响

目的观察隔药饼灸对动脉粥样硬化(AS)易损斑块兔腹主动脉RhoA/ROCK1信号通路及PI3K、Akt、mTOR蛋白表达的影响,探讨其稳定AS易损斑块的作用机制。方法70只雄性新西兰兔随机分为空白组、模型组、隔药饼灸组、直接灸组、西药组和抑制剂组。采用高脂饲料喂养+腹主动脉球囊损伤+基因转染+药物触发斑块破裂制备AS易损斑块模型。各组分别给予相应干预,连续8周。采用ELISA检测血清载脂蛋白A(APO-A)、载脂蛋白B(APO-B)含量,HE染色观察腹主动脉内膜、中膜增生情况并测量内膜、内膜-中膜厚度,免疫组化染色检测Ras同源物基因组成员A(RhoA)、Rho同源物相关卷曲螺旋蛋白激酶1(ROCK1)蛋白表达,Western blot检测腹主动脉磷脂酰肌醇3激酶(PI3K)、蛋白激酶B(Akt)、哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)蛋白表达。结果与空白组比较,模型组兔血清APO-A含量显著减少(P<0.01),APO-B含量显著增加(P<0.01),内膜、内膜-中膜厚度增加,腹主动脉RhoA、ROCK1、PI3K、Akt、mTOR蛋白表达显著升高(P<0.01);与模型组比较,隔药饼灸组兔血清APO-A含量显著增加(P<0.01),APO-B含量显著减少(P<0.01),内膜、内膜-中膜厚度减少,腹主动脉RhoA、ROCK1、Akt、mTOR蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.01,P<0.05);与直接灸组比较,隔药饼灸组兔血清APO-B含量显著减少(P<0.01);与隔药饼灸组比较,抑制剂组兔腹主动脉PI3K蛋白表达显著降低(P<0.05)。结论隔药饼灸可能通过抑制RhoA/ROCK1信号通路,降低Akt、mTOR蛋白表达,促进细胞自噬,稳定AS易损斑块。

PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway inhibitors in proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells

AIM: To determine whether the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is activated in proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in homo-sapiens. METHODS: The retina of controls and patients with PVR were collected and their levels of PI3K, phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-p70S6k and phospho-4EBP-1 were determined by Western blot. The cultured human retinal pigment epithelial cell line D407 was treated with a specific mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (RAPA) or a PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, of various concentrations and durations. Cell morphology was observed by phase contrast microscopy and the proliferation and apoptosis of treated cells were determined by MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS: Levels of PI3K, phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-P70S6K and phospho-4EBP1 was increased in the retina in PVR (P <0.05). In D407 cells, both RAPA and LY294002 significantly inhibited cell proliferation and cell cycle progression, and promoted apoptosis (P <0.05); morphologically, the cells became smaller. Both RAPA and LY294002 reduced levels of phospho-AKT, phospho-mTOR, phospho-p70S6k and phospho-4EBP1 expression (P <0.05). RAPA, but not LY294002, had no significant effect on PI3K expression. CONCLUSION: PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is highly activated in the retinal pigment epithelial cells of PVR. The inhibitors of PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, RAPA and LY294002, could inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway by reducing the levels of phosphorylation of mTOR pathway components.

Celastrol Induces Apoptosis and Autophagy via the AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway in the Pituitary ACTH-secreting Adenoma Cells

Objective Pituitary adrenocorticotropic hormone(ACTH)-secreting adenoma is a relatively intractable endocrine adenoma that can cause a range of severe metabolic disorders and pathological changes involving multiple systems.Previous studies have shown that celastrol has antitumor effects on a variety of tumor cells via the AKT/mTOR signaling.However,whether celastrol has pronounced antitumor effects on pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma is unclear.This study aimed to identify a new effective therapeutic drug for pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma.Methods Mouse pituitary ACTH-secreting adenoma cells(AtT20 cells)were used as an experimental model in vitro and to establish a xenograft tumor model in mice.Cells and animals were administered doses of celastrol at various levels.The effects of celastrol on cell viability,migration,apoptosis and autophagy were then examined.Finally,the potential involvement of AKT/mTOR signaling in celastrol’s mechanism was assessed.Results Celastrol inhibited the proliferation and migration of pituitary adenoma cells in a time-and concentration-dependent manner.It blocked AtT20 cells in the G0/G1 phase,and induced apoptosis and autophagy by downregulating the AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.Similar results were obtained in mice.Conclusion Celastrol exerts potent antitumor effects on ACTH-secreting adenoma by downregulating the AKT/mTOR signaling in vitro and in vivo.

The role of mTOR signaling pathway in regulating autophagy in liver injury of TX mice with Wilson’s disease

Wilson disease(WD),known as hepatolenticular degeneration(HLD),is a treatable autosomal recessive disorder of copper metabolism.Because copper deposits in the liver first,the liver is not only the original defective organ but also the most affected organ.The liver injury is also one of the main causes of death throughout the course of the disease.Therefore,the treatment of liver injury is the main task of WD treatment,which is of great significance to improve the prognosis of patients.Autophagy is a process that promotes cell survival through degradation,recycling,and absorption in order to maintain the normal physiological function of cells,while excessive autophagy can aggravate cell death.In view of the abnormal damage of liver cells in patients with WD,which may be related to the change of autophagy level,in this study,we established an animal model of WD through toxic milk(TX)mice,observed the change of autophagy level in the liver,and observed the change of liver damage in mice after treatment with autophagy inhibitors.It was found that the mTOR signaling pathway was activated and autophagy was inhibited in Wilson mouse liver.After treatment with rapamycin,the autophagy level of mice liver was upregulated,and the copper content of mice liver was reduced,and the damage was alleviated.TX mouse hepatocytes were isolated,after using siRNA to interfere with mTOR expression,the copper accumulation was significantly reduced,which was the same with RAPA treatment.The results showed that in TX mice,the damage caused by copper accumulation in the liver may be related to the decrease of autophagy level caused by the activation of the mTOR signaling pathway.Our findings suggested that RAPA or the use of siRNA targeting mTOR may have potential applications in the treatment of Wilson’s disease.

Bta-miR-34b controls milk fat biosynthesis via the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway by targeting RAI14 in bovine mammary epithelial cells

Background:The biosynthesis of milk fat affects both the technological properties and organoleptic quality of milk and dairy products.MicroRNAs(miRNAs)are endogenous small non-coding RNAs that inhibit the expression of their mRNA targets and are involved in downstream signaling pathways that control several biological processes,including milk fat synthesis.miR-34b is a member of the miR-34 miRNA cluster,which is differentially expressed in the mammary gland tissue of dairy cows during lactation and dry periods.Previous studies have indicated miR-34b is a potential candidate gene that plays a decisive role in regulating milk fat synthesis;therefore,it is important to focus on miR-34b and investigate its regulatory effect on the biosynthesis of milk fat in bovine mammary epithelial cells(BMECs).Results:In this study,elevated miR-34b levels reduced milk fat synthesis,upregulated 1,999 genes,and downregulated 2,009 genes in BMECs.Moreover,Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes(KEGG)analysis of differentially expressed genes suggested that miR-34b may play an inhibitory role in milk fat synthesis via the protein kinase B(Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR)signaling pathway by reducing phosphorylation levels.Notably,the mTOR activator MHY1485 rescued the inhibitory effect of miR-34b.Furthermore,we demonstrated that retinoic acid-induced protein 14(RAI14)is a target of miR-34b via TargetScan and immunofluorescence assays.RAI14 mRNA and protein levels were significantly decreased by the miR-34b mimic and increased by the miR-34b inhibitor.Moreover,the reduction in RAI14 levels led to the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.Conclusions:Overall,our results identified a miR-34b-RAI14-Akt/mTOR regulatory network,while also providing a theoretical basis for the molecular breeding of dairy cows.

CircRNA ATF6 promotes ovarian cancer cell progression by activating PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway

Ovarian cancer is a malignant cancer type and affects women’s lives in the world.Circular RNAs(circRNAs)have been involved with the progression of cancers.In our study,we are going to explore the functions of circATF6 in ovarian cancer.The qRT-PCR assay was used to detect expressions of genes.Actinomycin D and RNase R treatment were implemented to verify the circular RNA character of circATF6.Besides,Cell proliferation was assessed by colony formation assay and EdU assay.Silenced circATF6 could reduce the proliferation of ovarian cancer cells.In addition,inhibited circATF6 could promote the cell apoptosis and inhibit related proteins in PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway in ovarian cancer.In conclusion,CircRNA ATF6 promotes ovarian cancer cell progression by activating PTEN/mTOR signaling pathway.

Acetylshikonin Inhibits Colorectal Cancer Growth via PI3K/Akt/mTOR Signaling Pathway

Background: Acetylshikonin, a major constituent isolated from Arnebia euchroma, is a potential candidate for anti-colorectal cancer drugs. However, the potential activity and underlying mechanism of Acetylshikonin against colorectal cancer remain unclear. Methods: In this study, Acetylshikonin was isolated from the active CHCl3 extract of Arnebia euchroma using activity-guided screening, and elucidated by the extensive spectroscopic analysis and comparison with literature data. Human colorectal cancer cells HT29, DLD-1, HCT116 or Caco-2 were exposed to different concentrations of Acetylshikonin (6.25 - 100 μg/mL) for 24 or 48 h. Cell viability, cell apoptosis and cell cycle distribution were detected. The activity of Acetylshikonin and potential mechanism of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway were evaluated in vitro and vivo. Results: We found that Acetylshikonin exhibited remarkable anti-proliferative activity in a dose-dependent manner against HT29 cells with the IC50 values of 60.82 μg/ml and 30.78 μg/ml at 24, 48 h, respectively. Moreover, Acetylshikonin induced cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase and early apoptosis through inhibition of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Furthermore, the assays of cell inhibition, early apoptosis and G0/G1 phase distribution showed that suppression of the PI3K/Akt pathway using LY294002 enhanced the anti-cancer effect of Acetylshikonin. Similarly, Acetylshikonin also decreased the growth of tumour in colorectal cancer xenografts in mice through PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Conclusions: To sum up, these new findings provided a framework for further exploration of Acetylshikonin which possessed the potential antitumor activity by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway.

mTOR Signaling Pathway and Its Regulation on Growth and Development

The mammalian target of rapamycin （mTOR） signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved, mTOR can integrate and converge a wide range of signals, including intracellular and extracellular nutrients, growth factors, energy and stress conditions, and has a crucial role in the vertebrate growth control. This review analyzed the main components and regulated factors of TOR signaling pathway, explained functions and mechanisms of roTOR during the individual growth, the development and its dynamic role, revealed its additional functions beyond the cell growth control, and finally reviewed the tissue specificity and time specificity of mTOR signaling pathway, and its regulation on sexual differentiation, tissue differentiation and organogenesis in the individual development.

Mu-Xiang-You-Fang protects PC12 cells against OGD/R-induced autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway

OBJECTIVE Mu-Xiang-You-Fang(MXYF)is a classic prescription of Hui medicine,composed of five herbs,which has been used to treat ischemic stroke for many years.However,the potential pharmacological mecha⁃nisms of MXYF remain unclear.The present research is to investigate the neuroprotective effect of MXYF and its role in modulating autophagy via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathway in the PC12 oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion(OGD/R)injury model.METHODS MXYF was extracted by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction apparatus.PC12 OGD/R injury model was established by oxygen-glucose deprivation for 2 h and reperfusion for 24 h.The effects of MXYF on the viability and cytotoxicity of PC12 cells were determined through cell counting kit(CCK-8)assay.Colorimetric method was performed to determine the LDH leakage rate.The calcium concentration was determined by chemical fluorescence method and the mitochondrial membrane potential was determined through flow cytometry.Monodansylcadaverine(MDC)staining was conducted to detect autophagosome formation.The expression of LC3,Beclin1,p62,p-AMPK,ULK1,p-mTOR and p-p70s6k proteins were determined by immunofluorescence and Western blotting analyses.RESULTS MXYF(1,2 and 4 mg·L^-1)could significantly increase the cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential,while decreased the release of lactate dehydrogenase(LDH)and calcium concentration in PC12 cells.Mechanistic studies showed that MXYF reduced the LC3-II/LC3-I ratio and inhibited the expression of beclin1,p-AMPK and ULK1.In comparison,the expres⁃sion of p-mTOR,p-p70s6k and p62 were significantly enhanced.CONCLUSION MXYF inhibits autophagy after OGD/Rinduced PC12 cell injury through AMPK-mTOR pathway,thus MXYF might have therapeutic potential for treating the ischemic stroke.

Research progress of RhoA/ROCK pathway in diabetes-related diseases

RhoA is a small GTPase protein.Its downstream effector protein Rho kinase(ROCK)regulates a variety of cell functions,including cell growth,gene expression and cytoskeleton recombination.Studies have demonstrated that this pathway plays an important pathophysiological role in diabetic nephropathy and other complications,hypertension,stroke,tumor,osteoarthritis,acute lung injury and other diseases.The occurrence and development of diabetes-related disease is closely related to the activation or up-regulation of RhoA/ROCK pathway.As a key target of drug development,ROCK inhibitors have been widely concerned by scholars.This article reviews the relationship between RhoA/ROCK pathway and diabetesrelated disease,and offers a new and effective strategy for the prevention and treatment of this series of diseases.

Research progreess on relevant diseases of RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway

RhoA (Ras homolog gene family member A) belongs to the Rho subfamily of GTPases. ROCK (Rho—associated coiled—coil forming protein kinase) is downstream of the active RhoA and affects the generation and secretion of cellular element, which will result in relevant biologic effects. The RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway consists of these serious reactions. Therefore, the activation and inhibition of this pathway are closely related to the occurrence and development of many diseases. The research on the molecular mechanism of these diseases may be instructive and helpful to the clinical treatmen and prognosis of diseases. Recent studies of these typical diseases related to RhoA/ROCK signaling pathway are viewed in this article.

Effects of Liancao-Xieli capsule on intestinal mucosal inflammatory factors and TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice with ulcerative colitis

Objective:To observe the effect of Liancao-Xieli capsule on intestinal mucosal inflammatory factors and TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice with ulcerative colitis(UC);Methods:40 male C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the control group,model group,Liancao-Xieli group and mesalazine group,with 10 mice in each group.In addition to the control group,the remaining three groups of mice were induced by 3%dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)to induce acute UC model.During the modeling period,mice in each group were given corresponding drugs and normal saline by gavage.At the end of the experiment,HE staining was used to observe the pathological changes of colonic tissue in each group,and ELISA was used to detect the inflammatory factors(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-1β,IL-8,IL-17,and INF-γ)in serum and colonic tissue.The expression levels of TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway related proteins were also detected by Western blot;Results:Compared with the model group,Liancao-Xieli capsule could significantly increase the colon length and decrease the score of colon histopathology in UC mice(P<0.01).In addition,the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,IL1β,IL-8,IL-17,and INF-γwere significantly reduced in serum and colon tissue,and the expressions of TLR4,PI3K,p-Akt and p-mTOR were significantly down-regulated in LiancaoXieyi group when compared with the model group(P<0.01).While the expressions of Akt and mTOR were not significantly affected in Liancao-Xieyi group(P>0.05);Conclusion:LiancaoXieli capsule can reduce the secretion of inflammatory factors,improve the intestinal mucosal damage and inflammatory response in UC by inhibiting the activation of TLR4/PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway。