Nutritional Compositions of Maca Grown in Ebian and HPLC Fingerprints of Macaene and Macamide

In the present study, the nutritional compositions of maca which was grown in a mountain area at an elevation of 2 200-2 800 m of Ebian County,Sichuan Province were measured, and then HPLC analysis on two representative active compounds（macaene and macamide） in the maca sample was performed.The results revealed that there were 24.20% total protein, 18.40% total amino acids（including 3.84% arginine）, 42.80% total sugars, 1.36% fat and kinds of minerals（including 1.14% potassium） in Ebian maca. HPLC fingerprints of macaene and macamide of Ebian maca were similar to those of Peru maca. The results suggested that maca could be cultivated with good quality in some mountain areas with an altitude1 000 m lower than the origin place in Peru.

MACA体系中循环浸出低品位氧化锌矿制备电解锌

以云南兰坪低品位氧化锌矿及其循环浸出渣的浮选精矿为原料,常温常压下在MACA(金属氨络合物)体系中进行循环浸出。浸出液先净化除砷和锑、再两段锌粉逆流置换深度净化,两次净化后液电积制取电解锌。考察工艺中循环浸出率、净化率、物质平衡以及电解锌质量和电耗等技术经济指标。结果表明:先用MACA法处理原矿粉,再浮选硫化锌的选冶结合流程是合适的兰坪低品位氧化锌矿的处理方案,原矿锌的平均浸出率为70.48%,其氨可溶锌浸出率达到89.14%,浮选精矿锌的浸出率为79.75%,杂质元素的净化率达到95%,电解锌纯度达到99.98%,电流效率可达97.02%。

低品位氧化锌矿在MACA体系中的循环浸出

研究Me(Ⅱ)-NH4Cl-NH3-H2O(MACA)体系处理兰坪低品位氧化锌矿的浸出过程,提出用循环浸出方法富集浸出液中锌浓度的工艺技术方案。结果表明:循环浸出的优化条件为液固比4:1、常温、搅拌速度300 r/min、浸出时间3 h;通过循环次数分别为14、15及10的3个阶段的循环浸出试验,获得渣计锌浸出率≥69%、浸出液锌浓度≥33 g/L的较好结果。该工艺具有流程简短、能耗低、净化容易、环境友好等优点,对低品位高碱性脉石难选氧化锌矿的开发利用具有重要意义。

采用功率控制的自组织网MACA协议

在MACA协议的基础上 ,将功率控制引入到该协议中 ,并给出了协议的规则。数学分析表明 ,采用功率控制后 ,网络信道利用率得到较大提高。

Present Situation and Promoting Strategies of Maca Industry in Yunnan

Maca is an important health-care product. Recently, maca industry devel- ops fast in Yunnan Province, but still falls behind of foreign industries, due to dis- advantages of being late starter and poor economy. In the research, maca industry development was analyzed in terms of production bases, processing enterprises, dis- tribution in dominant areas, planting and processing technology system, and eco- nomic benefits, and the restriction factors were explored. Finally, some measures were proposed, including reinforcement of organization and leading roles in a macroscopic way, giving supports to financial investment, broadening financing chan- nels, speeding up construction of raw material production bases, improving modern science and technology development, establishing technology support system, culti- vating leading enterprises, building marketing system, and supervision on product eualitv.

一种基于MACA的自适应跟踪算法

针对视频序列图像目标跟踪中经常因场景复杂、目标颜色多样以及目标发生旋转、遮挡和速率变化时丢失目标问题,提出了一种多模式自适应CamShift算法(MACA).通过将Cam-Shift算法对H分量敏感的特性推广到S、V分量,构造了凸函数组合模型,利用多目标规划最优求解法获取自适应颜色识别最佳组合解,配合倾角识别和基于IIR滤波的目标运动状态信息预测跟踪技术,取得了理想的跟踪效果.将MACA算法应用于自适应实时跟踪系统进行验证性实验表明,该算法具有良好的实时性和鲁棒性.

Optimization of the Formula of Maca Lozenges by Orthogonal Test

The orthogonal experimental design was used to optimize the formula of maca lozenge and explore the preparation techniques and product property of maca lozenges. With the sensory evaluation of maca lozenge as the indicator, L16 （44） orthogonal design graph was used to select the optimal techniques, and to investigate the stability, heavy metals and microorganisms contents in the tablets. The optimal formula was 80% of maca power, 12% of Rhodiola rosea powder, and 6% of Angelica sinensis powder, where the comprehensive sensory index reached 246. Moreover, under the optimal conditions, various kinds of heavy metals contents were in consistent with the GB164740 standards, and there was no significant change in color, size, friability, and disintegration time, as well as microorganism content during the 12-month preservation. With simple, easy and reliable technique and quality control method, the process study had obtained the national patent process （patent number： ZL200810233796.X）, and the contents of heavy metals and micr6organisms laid foundation for the quality standard.

Property of Dual-purposed Maca Powder as Medicine and Food

[Objective] The aim was to research property of maca and three plants＇ powders and process parameters of compound maca direct compression. [Method] Based on analysis data from SAS, bulk density, tap density, angle of repose and swelling of powders were studied as per single factor method and orthogonal exper- imental design. [Result] The test indicated that fillibilities of plant A and B, and maca powders are better and flowability plays an important role in fractional close of compound maca powder; plant A and B powders have a significant effect on bulk density of maca （P=0.0125）, an extremely significant effect on swelling volume ratio （P=0.008 9） and little effect on tap density （g/ml）; the optimal process condition of compound maca powder is as follows： A at 0.15 share; B at 0.10 share; C at 0.05 share; the optimal swelling volume ratio is at 2.459. [Conclusion] The technology is reasonable in formulation and satisfactory in fillibility, swelling ability, flowability, and it could serve as theoretical basis for the industrial production of maca tablets.

Effects of Seed Reservation-oriented Cultivation on Seed Quality and Disease and Insect Damages of Maca

[Objective] The aim was to explore the effects of cultivation and seed reservation methods on quality and disease/insect damages of maca seed in cold highland areas,providing scientific references for cultivation and seed reservation and planning of maca vareity.[Method] Yellow,purple and black maca were selected and cultivated in the region with an elevation of 3 000 m to be experimental materials and cultivation and seed reservation methods were as follows：maca seed reservation in situ,seed reservation in original soils maca grown after selection of maca balls,and seed reservation in the region with an elevation of 2 700 m after selection of maca ball,seed reservation in greenhouses in the region with an elevation of 2 400 m after selection of maca ball,and growing selected balls in greenhouses and transplanting to the farmlands with an elevation of 2 400 m.[Result] The cultivation and seed reservation methods had significant or extremely significant effects on maca phenological phase;maca in different colors were treated by different cultivation and seed reservation methods,showing insignificant effects on disease and insect damages.[Conclusion] It can be concluded that the selected maca balls stored for 15 d as per the method grown in the region with an elevation of 2 700 m will improve seed quality and reduce disease or insect damages.

基于MACA算法的运动目标自适应跟踪

通过对传统Camshift算法的研究,提出了一种多模式自适应CamShift算法(MACA).将CamShift算法对H分量敏感的特性推广到S、V分量,构造了凸函数组合模型,利用多目标规划最优求解法获取自适应颜色识别最佳组合解,配合倾角识别和基于ⅡR滤波的目标运动状态信息预测跟踪技术,取得了复杂场景下多色度目标发生旋转、遮挡和速率变化时都能精确跟踪的效果;最后用MACA算法设计了一套自适应实时跟踪系统.经大量实验证明,本算法鲁棒性强、实时性好,系统自动化程度高.

基于MACA的模式分类方法研究

通过对一维元胞自动机的结构以及转移规则的特性研究,总结出一类特殊的多吸引子元胞自动机MACA,通过对2-状态-3-邻居的线性元胞自动机LCA的不同元胞单元使用逻辑异或XOR规则,使得状态转移图STD中的某些状态节点带有自循环圈,即称为吸引子.通过对吸引子的伪穷举域PEF的研究,从而可以实现模式的分类问题.这一分类理论可以应用于数据挖掘、图像压缩以及电路检测等应用领域,具有较好的分类性能以及较高的分类准确性.

玛咖(Maca)干品营养成分分析与比较

目的与传统作物相比,观察秘鲁安第斯山区特有作物玛咖(Maca)的营养价值。方法采用国标方法或AOAC方法测定Maca干品中的蛋白质、氨基酸、脂肪、脂肪酸、糖类、11种矿物质、12种维生素等营养成分,并和马铃薯、甘薯、胡萝卜、小麦、稻米等营养素含量进行比较。结果在矫正水分含量后,Maca的蛋白质、矿物质、多种维生素含量丰富,在许多方面高于马铃薯、甘薯等根茎类作物。结论Maca具有较高的营养价值,是可以进一步引种和开发的薯类资源。

Effect of two different extracts of red maca in male rats with testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia

Aim： To determine the effect of two different extracts of red maca in male rats. Methods： Prostatic hyperplasia was induced in male rats with testosterone enanthate （TE）. The study comprised six groups： one control group （group 1）, one group treated with TE （group 2）, two groups treated with TE and aqueous extract of red maca （groups 3 and 4）, one group treated with hydroalcoholic extract of red maca （group 5） and one group treated with finasteride （0.1 mg, group 6）. Differences in the aqueous extract dependent on the length of time of boiling, whether for 2 or 3 hours, for groups 3 and 4 was assessed. Extracts of red maca contained 0.1 mg of benzylglucosinolate. Thereafter, a doseresponse effect of different doses of benzylglucosinolates （0.02-0.08 mg） in red maca extracts was assessed. Results： Prostate weight was similar in rats treated with freeze-dried aqueous extract of red maca prepared after 2 and 3 hours of boiling. Freeze-dried aqueous extract of red maca, hydroalcoholic extract of red maca and finasteride reduced prostate weight in rats with prostatic hyperplasia. No difference was observed between the data obtained from aqueous extract or hydroalcoholic extract of red maca. A dose dependent reduction of prostate weight was observed with the increase of the dose of benzylglucosinolates in red maca extracts. Conclusion： The present study showed that hydroalcoholic or aqueous extract of red maca containing 0.1 mg of benzylglucosinolate can reduce prostate size in male rats in which prostatic hyperplasia had been induced by TE.

Lepidium meyenii (Maca) improved semen parameters in adult men

Aim:The present study was designed to determine the effect of a 4-month oral treatment with tablets of Lepidiwnmeyenii(Maca)on seminal analysis in nine adult normal men aged 24-44 years old.Methods:Nine men receivedtablets of Maca(1500 or 3000 mg/day)for 4 months.Seminal analysis was performed according to guidelines of theWorld Health Organization(WHO).Serum luteinizing hormone(LH),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH),prolactin(PRL),testosterone(T)and estradiol(E_(2))were measured before and after treatment.Results;Treatment withMaca resulted in increased seminal volume,sperm count per ejaculum,motile sperm count,and sperm motility.Serumhormone levels were not modified with Maca treatment.Increase of sperm count was not related to dose of Maca.Conclusion:Maca improved sperm production and sperm motility by mechanisms not related to LH,FSH,PRL,Tand E_(2).

Effect of Lepidium meyenii(maca)roots on spermatogenesis of male rats

Aim:To determine the effect of oral administration of an aqueous extract from the roots of Lepidium meyenii(maca)on spermatogenesis in adult male rats.Methods;Male rats received an aqueous extract of the root(66.7 mg in onemL)twice a day for 14 consecutive days.Results:Treatment with Lepidium meyenii resulted in an increase in theweights of testis and epididymis but not the seminal vesicle weight.The length and frequency of stages IX-XIV seminif-erous tubules,where mitosis occurred,were increased and stages I-VI were reduced in rats treated with Lepidiummeyenii.Conclusion;The Lepidium meyenii root invigorates spermatogenesis in male rats by acting on its initialstages(IX-XIV).

Lepidium meyenii (Maca) reduces spermatogenic damage induced by a single dose of malathion in mice

Aim: To observe the effect of the aqueous extract of hypocotyls of the plant Lepidium meyenii (Maca) on spermato-genic damage induced by the organophosphate insecticide malathion in mice. Methods: Mice were treated with 80 mg kg^(-1) of malathion in the presence or absence of an aqueous extract of Maca, which was orally administered 7, 14 or 21 days after injection of the malathion. Stages of the seminiferous epithelium were assessed by transillumination on days 0, 7, 14 and 21. Results: The administration of Maca increased significantly the length of stage 鈪?on days 7, 14 and 21 of treatment compared with the controls. An increase in the length of stage 鈪?occurred on day 14 of treatment. Malathion affected spermatogenesis by reducing the lengths of stage 鈪?on day 7, stages 鈪?and 鈪?鈪?on day 14 and a recovery of stages 鈪?鈪?on day 21. The magnitude of alteration in the length of stage 鈪?produced by malathion was significantly reduced by Maca on days 7 and 14. The length of stage 鈪?was increased when Maca was administered to mice treated with malathion. Assessment of the relative length of stages of the seminiferous epithelium showed that Maca treatment resulted in rapid recovery of the effect of malathion. Conclusion: Maca enhances spermatogenesis following spermatogenic damage caused by the organophosphorous pesticide.

水声网络中Aloha协议与MACA协议的比较分析

浅海水声信道的快衰落、长延时使水声网络媒介访问控制(MAC)层协议的性能受到了较大的负面影响。为了能更好地将无线传感器网络的MAC协议适用于水声网络,本文着重对Aloha协议和冲突避免多址接入(MACA)协议进行改进分析,借助通信网络仿真工具OPNET,比较两者在吞吐量、时延、能量损耗和分组丢失率4方面的性能结果。仿真结果表明:与Aloha协议相比,MACA协议能更好地提高性能,有利于在水声网络中使用。

水声通信网络中的MACA-C介质访问控制协议

介质访问控制协议(Medium Access Control,MAC)是水声通信网络中的一种关键技术。与陆地无线通信系统使用无线电波有所不同,水声通信网络依靠水声进行通信。由于水声信道的传播时延长、可用带宽有限,使得设计适合于水声通信网络的MAC协议面临诸多困难。然而,水声信道的长传播时延特性允许在水声信道中同时发送多个数据包,利用该特性,基于MACA协议,本文提出了一种适用于水声通信网络的介质访问控制协议,MACA-C协议。通过将发射数据包和控制包结合在一起,本文提出的协议能够克服水声信道长传输时延的问题。仿真结果表明,MACA-C协议能够提高信道使用率,获得较高且稳定的吞吐量,降低端到端的延迟,并且保持较低的碰撞率。

Effects of Maca Extract on Exercise Endurance and Ultrastructure of Mitochondria in Spinal Neurons

[Objectives] To study the effects of maca extract on the exercise endurance and ultrastructure of mitochondria in spinal neurons.[Methods]First,50 Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups. The control group: no swimming,administered intragastrically the same volume of distilled water; simple swimming group: free swimming,administered intragastrically the same volume of distilled water; maca extract groups: free swimming,and treated with 4. 0,5. 3,and 8. 0 g/kg dose of maca extracts. Swimming rats swam freely in the circulating water flow of swimming pool and administered for 15 d. On the 16 th d,after the swimming endurance test,the rats were killed painlessly. The ultrastructure of the mitochondria in the spinal neurons was observed with a projection electron microscope,muscle glycogen,malondialdehyde( MDA),superoxide dismutase( SOD),glutathione peroxidase( GSH-Px) and free calcium in muscle were measured by radioimmunoassay.[Results] Compared with the simple swimming group,the swimming time before sinking and total swimming time extended 19. 83%,60. 28%,77. 55% and 55. 34%,73. 91% and 94. 47% respectively,and the differences were statistically significant( P < 0. 01). The sinking times decreased by 34. 35%,51. 18% and 57. 96% respectively,the differences were statistically significant( P < 0. 01). MDA and free calcium decreased by 20. 10%,31. 49% and 38. 72%,respectively with statistically significant differences( P < 0. 01) and 6. 42%,17. 58%and 26. 35% respectively. The levels of SOD,GSH-Px and muscle glycogen increased by 5. 12%,22. 74%,52. 53%,44. 22%,77. 79%and 98. 45% respectively,with statistically significant differences( P < 0. 01) and 35. 08%,47. 83% and 81. 88%,respectively,with statistically significant differences( P < 0. 01). The volume density( Vd),surface density( Sd) and number density( Nd) of mitochondria of spinal neurons decreased by 7. 79%,18. 18%,31. 17%,16. 95%,27. 34%,43. 31% and 13. 51%,23. 19% and 43. 15% respectively.[Conclusions]Maca extract can protect ultrastructure of the mitochondria in the spinal neurons,antioxidant activity,increase muscle glycogen,and improving the exercise capacity.

Progress on the Chemical Constituents Derived from Glucosinolates in Maca(Lepidium meyenii)

Maca(Lepidium meyenii Walp.),a famous food supplement,has drawn an unprecedented international interest over the last two decades.It was assumed that glucosinolates,macamides,macaenes,and alkaloids are the main bioactive components of Maca before.Recently,a series of novel thiohydantoins which generally exhibit a variety of activities have been isolated from Maca.This review focuses on the progress on the main bioactive components of Maca and their biosynthetic pathway,which indicates that macamides,thiohydantoins,and some alkaloids may originate from glucosinolates.Interestingly,thiohydantoins from Maca are the first type of thiohydantoin derivatives to be found from a natural source and may contribute to some significant effects of Maca.