Effects of planting patterns on yield, quality, and defoliation in machine-harvested cotton

The aim of this study was to elucidate the effects of different machine-harvested cotton-planting patterns on defoliation,yield,and fiber quality in cotton and to provide support for improving the quality of machine-harvested cotton.In the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons,the Xinluzao 45(XLZ45)and Xinluzao 62(XLZ62)cultivars,which are primarily cultivated in northern Xinjiang,were used as study materials.Conventional wide-narrow row(WNR),wide and ultra-narrow row(UNR),wide-row spacing with high density(HWR),and wide-row spacing with low density(LWR)planting patterns were used to assess the effects of planting patterns on defoliation,yield,and fiber quality.Compared with WNR,the seed cotton yields were significantly decreased by 2.06–5.48%for UNR and by 2.50–6.99%for LWR,respectively.The main cause of reduced yield was a reduction in bolls per unit area.The variation in HWR yield was–1.07–1.07%with reduced bolls per unit area and increased boll weight,thus demonstrating stable production.In terms of fiber quality indicators,the planting patterns only showed significant effects on the micronaire value,with wide-row spacing patterns showing an increase in the micronaire values.The defoliation and boll-opening results showed that the number of leaves and dried leaves in HWR was the lowest among the four planting patterns.Prior to the application of defoliating agent and before machine-harvesting,the numbers of leaves per individual plant in HWR were decreased by 14.45 and 25.00%on average,respectively,compared with WNR,while the number of leaves per unit area was decreased by 27.44 and 36.21%on average,respectively.The rates of boll-opening and defoliation in HWR were the highest.Specifically,the boll-opening rate before defoliation and machine-harvesting in HWR was 44.54 and 5.94%higher on average than in WNR,while the defoliation rate prior to machine-harvesting was 3.45%higher on average than in WNR.The numbers of ineffective defoliated leaves and leaf trash in HWR were the lowest,decreased by 33.40 and 32.43%,respectively,compared with WNR.In conclusion,the HWR planting pattern is associated with a high and stable yield,does not affect fiber quality,promotes early maturation,and can effectively decrease the amount of leaf trash in machine-picked seed cotton,and thus its use is able to improve the quality of machine-harvested cotton.

Effects of DPC on Agronomic Traits and Economic Characters of Machine-Harvested Cotton in the Yellow River Valley of China and Chemical Control Techniques

[Objective] The aim was to investigate the effects of DPC chemical controlling technique on agronomic traits, yield and quality of machine-harvested cotton in the Yellow River Valley of China, and clarify the reasonable control period and the application amount of DPC. [Method] The new machine-harvested cotton variety Hengmian HD008 was used as the test material, and 3 different DPC treatments were set. [Result] DPC significantly reduced plant height and branch length, reduced branch angle and leaf area, so the rational control can effectively shape the ideal plant type of machine-harvested cotton. DPC had significant effects on yield and yield components, and the proper amount of DPC could increase the number of bolls during hot days, the number bolls in autumn and the total number of bolls. It increased the boll weight and seed index, but decreased lint percentage decreased, and proper amount of DPC could increase the yield. DPC significantly increased the specific breaking strength of fibers, and proper control could improve the uniformity of fibers, but other indexes had no significant influence. [Conclusion] According to the requirements of machine harvest to the agronomic traits of cotton and the growth characteristics of cotton plant, chemical control could begin after floral bud emergence in cotton about every 10 d, and the spraying amount can be controlled according to the growth amount of the main stem. The daily growth amount of plant height should be controlled at 1.5-1.8 cm, and the plant height should be within 75-90 cm.

Fiber damage of machine-harvested cotton before ginning and after lint cleaning

Machine harvesting increases the foreign matter content of seed cotton. Excessive cleaning causes fiber damage and economic loss. Most trading companies in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China have indicated reluctance to use machine-harvested cotton. The first objective was to determine how the fiber quality was affected by the ginning and lint cleaning and how the fiber damage during levels of lint cleaning changed. The second objective was to determine the optimum number of lint cleaners for machine-harvested cotton based on fiber damage. Cotton samples were collected from 13 fields and processed in seven ginneries between 2013 and 2015. The results indicated that ginning and lint cleaning didn＇t have significant effect on fiber strength and significantly affected both fiber length and short fiber index. Fiber length was reduced by more than 1.00 mm from six of 13 fields after lint cleaning, then the damage rate on short fiber index from 11 of 13 fields was more than 20%. The third lint cleaning caused great fiber damage, reducing fiber length by 0.35 mm and increasing short fiber index by 0.65%. So, the lint should be cleaned by one lint cleaner in the Xinjiang, however, the stage of lint cleaning was sometimes omitted when the foreign matter content of lint was little.

Composite Panels from the Combination of Rice Husk and Wood Chips with a Natural Resin Based on Tannins Reinforced with Sugar Cane Molasses Intended for Building Insulation: Physico-Mechanical and Thermal Properties

The objective of this work is to develop new biosourced insulating composites from rice husks and wood chips that can be used in the building sector. It appears from the properties of the precursors that rice chips and husks are materials which can have good thermal conductivity and therefore the combination of these precursors could make it possible to obtain panels with good insulating properties. With regard to environmental and climatic constraints, the composite panels formulated at various rates were tested and the physico-mechanical and thermal properties showed that it was essential to add a crosslinker in order to increase certain solicitation. an incorporation rate of 12% to 30% made it possible to obtain panels with low thermal conductivity, a low surface water absorption capacity and which gives the composite good thermal insulation and will find many applications in the construction and real estate sector. Finally, new solutions to improve the fire reaction of the insulation panels are tested which allows to identify suitable solutions for the developed composites. In view of the flame tests, the panels obtained are good and can effectively combat fire safety in public buildings.

Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式研究进展

系统、全面地总结了国内外关于Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式的应用及分析研究,指出了模式的优点及存在的不足,并评析了模式改进工作,最后进行了讨论并展望未来的发展方向。

初始强迫风场对Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式预报能力的影响研究

结合观测的海表温度距平(SSTA)对925 hPa NCEP/NCAR再分析风应力距平(以下简称NCEP风应力距平)资料与FSU风应力距平资料进行了比较分析。对比分析了分别以NCEP、FSU风应力距平作为初始强迫风场时的Zebiak-Cane海气耦合模式(简称ZC耦合模式)的预报能力。结果表明:1980、1990年代NCEP风应力距平较FSU风应力距平与观测SSTA匹配更为合理。NCEP风应力距平不仅较FSU风应力距平对ZC海洋模式初始化效果好,尤其在1990年代更为显著,而且在1980、1990年代以NCEP风应力距平替代FSU风应力距平作为ZC耦合模式的初始强迫风场,都提高了该耦合模式预报能力,尤其是可提前6～8个月成功地预报出1997/1998年El Ni?o事件。进一步分析表明,在1997/1998年El Ni?o事件前兆、爆发阶段,NCEP风应力距平驱动海洋模式产生的SSTA比FSU风应力距平驱动海洋模式产生的SSTA更接近观测SSTA的水平冷、暖分布特征,这为ZC耦合模式提供了更为合理的预报初始强迫场,从而有利于提高其预报能力。

主动网络的应用及具体实现:Bowman和CANEs

主动网络是可编程网络。主动网络中的网络结点具有计算能力,它能对流经本地的数据进行计算和修改。介绍了主动网络(activenetwork)的应用,实现方案并通过具体实例Bowman和CANEs来阐述。

Correlation and Path Coefficient Analyses in Sugarcane Genotypes of Ethiopia

To study the relations of certain morphological and sugar quality characters with sugarcane yield, an experiment was conducted at Wonji and Metehara Sugar Estates, Ethiopia between March 2012 and October 2013. The experiment, comprising of 400 sugarcane genotypes of which 174 were local that were collected from different regional states of Ethiopia and 226 introduced, was laid out in partial balanced lattice design with two replications. Data was collected on cane yield and its components, sugar yield and sugar quality traits. ANOVA, correlation and path coefficient analysis were done. Analysis of variance revealed significant differences (P < 0.01) for all the characters studied. Cane yield showed strong positive and highly significant (P < 0.01) correlation with millable cane number (r = 0.832), single cane weight (r = 0.528), stalk height (r = 0.517) and sugar yield (r = 0.987). There was also positive significant (P = 0.05) correlation of tiller count and cane diameter with cane yield. Path analysis revealed the highest positive direct effect of millable cane number (0.812) on cane yield followed by single cane weight (0.682) and pol percent (0.550). However, stalk diameter and brix percent had considerable negative direct effects and indirect positive effects through single cane weight on cane yield. Therefore, in view of their significant positive association with cane yield, indirect effects of stalk diameter and brix percent via single cane weight should be considered during selection. Genotypes should be selected on the basis of millable cane number, single cane weight and pol percent for getting higher cane and sugar yield.

基于插件的Bowman & CANEs服务合成

主动网络允许用户通过节点嵌入代码定制网络服务,从而实现网络的可编程性,使灵活加载新业务成为可能。介绍了主动网络的概念,分析了Bowman和CANEs主动网络的实现方案。该方案提供了一种与传统操作系统中的可装载模块类似的扩展功能,通过发送一系列带有配置信息的信令文件,动态定制用户自己的协议和服务。

Residue of Organphosphorus Pesticides in Chewing Cane Juices Detected by QuEChERS and GC-NPD Method

[ Objective] The paper was to establish a quick detection method for residue of organphosphoras pesticides in chewing cane juices and provide guarantee for edible safety of chewing juice. [ Method] By using QuEChERS and GC-NPD method, a rapid analysis method for residue of six kinds of organphosphorus pesti- cides （dichlorves, chlorpyrifos-methyl, malathion, fenthion, chlorpyrifos and triazophes） in sugarcane juices was established. [ Resdt] QuEChERS method was significantly superior to traditional extraction method and could extract six kinds of organphesphorus pesticides from chewing cane juices effectively, which gready saved organic reagent and time. Good linearity was found in different standard curves; when the concentration of pesticides was from 0. 020 toO. 100 rag/L, the re- covery rate was from 68.58% to 92.85%, and relative standard deviation （RSD） was ranged from 2.16% to 9.89%. [ Conclusion] The sensitivity, accuracy and precision of QuEChERS method were consistent with the technical requirements of pesticide residue determination. It not only could shorten sample processing cycle effectively, but also ensure that no impurity was in the sample peak and the recovery rate was also consistent with the requirements of residual analysis.

主动网络的实现方案:Bowman+ CANEs

主动网络 ;网络体系结构 ;节点操作系统主动网络是一种新型的网络体系结构 ,它允许用户或应用向报文内嵌入代码来定制网络服务 ,实现网络可编程 ,使灵活加载新业务成为可能。主动网络技术是当前的研究热点 ,相关的技术和解决方案不断提出。本文首先介绍了主动网络的概念和意义 ,然后分析了一种新型的主动网络实现方案 :Bowman+CANEs。该方案实现了主动网络体系的关键技术

Climate Superiority of Sugar Cane Planting in Longzhou County of Guangxi

According to meteorological conditions for sugar cane growth and development,surface meteorological observation data of Longzhou County in 1981-2010 were taken as basis,to analyze influence of local temperature,precipitation and sunshine conditions on sugar cane planting.Results show that unique climate of Longzhou County is extremely suitable for sugar cane planting and growth.

Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from sugar cane juice and production of lactic acid from selected improved strains

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) were isolated from fresh sugar cane juice. It was found that several isolates exhibited a clear zone and growth on deMan, Rogosa, Sharpe (MRS) agar supplemented with sodium azide, bromocresol purple and sucrose. However, only 17 isolates which formed large yellow areas were selected for further investigations. These isolates were further identified according to their morphological and biochemical characteristics. It was found that 10 of these isolates were homofermenters. One of these 10 isolates was selected for mutagenesis using chemical (Ethidium bromide) and physical (UV-B) mutagens followed by biochemical characterisation. A total of 112 mutants were isolated and 9 homofermentative isolates were further investigated for their ability to produce lactic acid. 1H-NMR spectroscopy confirmed that all mutant isolates produced lactic acid as the sole fermentation product.

Zebiak-Cane模式中条件非线性最优扰动对ENSO春季预报障碍的影响

使用Zebiak-Cane模式和条件非线性最优扰动(CNOP)方法,研究初始误差和参数误差共同作用对ENSO春季预报障碍现象的影响。选取模式中的8个El Ni?o事件,包括4次强事件和4次弱事件,每个El Ni?o事件又分别从8个不同的起始时间做1 a的预报,这样一共64个预报实验。对每个实验分别计算CNOP误差(初始误差和参数误差同时存在时的最优误差),通过分析误差增长,发现CNOP误差引起的1 a后的预报误差随着初始预报时间的不同有较大差异,并且不同强度的El Ni?o事件也会影响CNOP误差的发展,增长位相中强事件的预报误差要比弱事件的预报误差大一些;而衰减位相中恰恰相反,弱事件的预报误差要比强事件的预报误差要大一些;同时也发现高频El Ni?o事件对误差增长率的影响较大。本结论有助于提高Zebiak-Cane模式预报ENSO的技巧。

The Effect of Silane Treated Sugar Cane Bagasse on Mechanical, Thermal and Crystallization Studies of Recycled Polypropylene

This article describes the results of an investigation on the influence of loading silane treated sugar cane bagasse (SB) on the morphology and properties of recycled polypropylene (rPP). The samples are prepared through melt extrusion followed by injection moulding. The Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) results show that SB-rPP composites have a fairly strong interfacial interaction and a change in crystallization for the highest containing SB composite, however, some fibre pull-outs are observed as the SB content is increased. The interaction influences the thermal and mechanical properties of the samples in a complex way. There are strong indications of a stronger interfacial interaction on the highest containing SB composite, which is supposedly accountable for the increased crystallinity and melting temperature.

Agronomic and Economic Evaluation for Intercropping between Chewing Cane and Peanut

[Objectives]To explore the proper intercropping pattern between chewing cane and peanut.[Methods]A field experiment was carried out to investigate the yield and economic benefit of chewing cane and peanut,as well as the changes in soil properties under different chewing cane/peanut intercropping patterns.Three chewing cane/peanut intercropping patterns were designed,in which with every row of chewing cane intercropping one row of peanut(CP_(1)),intercropping two rows of peanut(CP_(2))and chewing cane mono-cropping(MC).[Results]It had no significant effect on the agronomic characters of chewing cane and peanut in CP_(1)and CP_(2),compared with MC.The soil properties before the planting(BP)and after the harvest(AH)indicated that the chewing cane/peanut intercropping patterns significantly increased soil organic matter and soil available nitrogen contents,but decreased soil available potassium contents,and CP_(2)had better effect on soil structure than CP_(1).The total production value and economic benefit were increased significantly on the CP_(1)and CP_(2),comparing the MC,and the benefit of CP_(2)was higher significantly than that of CP_(1).The land equivalent ratios(LER)for CP_(1)and CP_(2)were 1.94 and 1.72,respectively,which was significantly higher than that of MC(0.83).Although planting cost was increased in chewing cane/peanut intercropping patterns partly,the production value and the profits were enhanced significantly.[Conclusions]CP_(2)could be significantly advantageous for the yield and benefits of chewing cane and peanut and soil properties.The favorable intercropping pattern for economic return would be one row of 120 cm width for chewing cane with two rows of peanut.

Properties of Rattan Cane Reinforced Concrete Facade Subjected to Axial Loading

The use of steel reinforced concrete facade is gradually becoming unpopular because of the damage caused to the elements as a result of corrosion of the steel reinforcement. It is now possible to build lightweight and slender concrete structures which are invulnerable to corrosion with the use of fiber reinforcements, which are gradually replacing the corrosion prone steel. This paper describes the construction of faqade panels made of rattan cane reinforcements and steel reinforcements, ten number model sized elements of area 0.15 m2 and a depth of 40 mm were considered, with five panels for each reinforcement type. The elements were subjected to incremental load of 1 kN until failure occurred. Deflections were measured for each element, and crack width was measured at failure load. The results for both types of reinforcements when compared showed the rattan cane reinforced panels failing earlier than the steel reinforced panels. However a lower defection and crack width was recorded in the rattan cane reinforced panel. This paper concludes that the lower crack width formed after failure in the rattan cane reinforced panel gave it advantage over the steel reinforced panel, since it has lower space for the ingress of water which is the main agents of corrosion.

Yields of Polyhydroxyalkanoates （PHAs） during Batch Fermentation of Sugar Cane Juice by Alcaligenes latus and Alcaligenes eutrophus

In this work, sugar cane juice was fermented to produce polyhydroxyalkanoates （PHAs） by Alcaligenes latus TISTR 1403 and A. eutrophus TISTR 1095. The juice was characterized and composed of total sugars 105.5 g·L^-1 （sucrose 36.6g·L^-1 , fructose 26.0g·L^-1 , glucose 21.8g·L^-1 and other sugars 21.1g·L^-1 ）. Each inoculums （ 10%, v/v） was separately cultivated in the medium containing 20g·L^-1 total sugars under condition （30℃, 200 rpm, pH 6.5-7）. It was found that the A. eutrophus can be grown better than the A. latus. Only the A. eutrophus was further cultured under different total sugar concentrations （20, 30, 40 and 50g·L^-1 ）. The optimal contents of total sugar, dry cell mass （DCM） and maximum PHAs were obtained at 50g·L^-1 , 6.013g·L^-1 and 1.84g·L^-1 , respectively after 60 h fermentation which were converted to biomass yield （Yx/s）, product yield （Yp/5）, specific product yield （Yp/x） and productivity of 0.163, 0.05, 0.306 and 0.031 g.Llhl. Large scale of PHAs production was conducted in 5 L fermentor using the optimal condition obtained under 30% dissolved oxygen. The DCM and the maximum PHAs were 5.881g·L^-1 and 1.281g·L^-1 which were calculated to values of Yx/s, Yp/s, Yp/x and productivity at 0.19, 0.04, 0.218 and 0.021g·L^-1 , respectively.

The Cain Allusion in Jean Toomer's Cane

Published in 1923, Cane, the representative work of Jean Toomer has been widely studied by critics. Among which,one of perspectives is to analyze the biblical metaphors in the novel. A closer reading of the book shows that the Cain allusion is an unifying theme, for the author once refers Cane as Cain, and most of the characters in the novel are blacks who are believed to be descendant of Cain because of the color of their skin as well as the same suffering of isolation and alienation. Here a study of the Cain allusion in the novel is presented with focus on Karintha's story in the first part of Cane.

The Fertilizer-Effect on Al, Ba, Fe, Mn and Ni Released in a Watershed with Influence of Sugar Cane Crops in the S&#227;o Paulo State, Brazil

S?o Paulo State is the main sugar cane producer and these agricultural activities are carried out in predominantly sandy soils, which require large amounts of phosphate fertilizers and amendments. This work evaluated the fertilizer-effect on the Al, Ba, Fe, Mn and Ni released in a watershed with influence of sugar cane crops in the S?o Paulo State, Brazil, namely the Monjolo Grande Stream basin. Five surface water sampling campaigns were carried out at the mouth of Monjolo Grande Stream in February, April, June, September and November 2010, characterizing the following parameters: discharge, pH, temperature, electric conductivity, dissolved oxygen and total and dissolved concentrations of Al, Ba, Fe, Mn and Ni. Approximately 99% of Al and Fe are transported annually in association with suspended sediments carried to the Monjolo Grande Stream by sheet erosion. The results also demonstrated that the increasing Al, Ba, Fe and Mn concentrations dissolved in the waters of the Monjolo Grande Stream basin in the wet season are associated to phosphate fertilizers and amendments that are used extensively in agrichemical activities. However, with the current application rates, there has been no increase in the dissolved concentrations of these metals at levels that could pose risks to human health.