The Influence of Macro and Micro Contexts on Teaching and Learning in the Classroom

This paper is based on three observations and independent thinking of the classroom teaching of the author’s colleagues.It attempts to examine how macro and micro contexts affect teaching and learning in the classroom.The author focuses the discussion on three aspects:(i)the present EFL contextual setting in China;(ii)the influence of the evaluation system on both teachers and students;(iii)his own beliefs as a teacher.Finally,he comes to the implications that teachers should often reflect on their teaching by means of observing other teachers’teachings;In order to bring more effective teaching and learning to the class,Teachers should change their class from a teacher-centered one to a students-centered one.

An overview of laser-based multiple metallic material additive manufacturing: from macro- to micro-scales

Additive manufacturing(AM)is an emerging customized three-dimensional(3D)functional product fabrication technology.It provides a higher degree of design freedom,reduces manufacturing steps,cost and production cycles.However,existing metallic component 3D printing techniques are mainly for the manufacture of single material components.With the increasing commercial applications of AM technologies,the need for 3D printing of more than one type of dissimilar materials in a single component increases.Therefore,investigations on multi-material AM(MMAM)emerge over the past decade.Lasers are currently widely used for the AM of metallic components where high temperatures are involved.Here we report the progress and trend in laser-based macro-and micro-scale AM of multiple metallic components.The methods covered in this paper include laser powder bed fusion,laser powder directed energy deposition,and laser-induced forward transfer for MMAM applications.The principles and process/material characteristics are described.Potential applications and challenges are discussed.Finally,future research directions and prospects are proposed.

Macro-and Micro-Properties of Two Natural Marine Clays in China

In this paper,macro-and micro-properties of natural marine clay in two different and representative regions of China are investigated in detail.In addition to in-situ tests,soil samples are collected by use of Shelby tubes for laboratory examination in Shanghai and Zhuhai respectively,two coastal cities in China.In the laboratory tests,macro-properties such as consolidation characteristics and undrained shear strength are measured.Moreover,X-ray diffraction test,scanning electron microscope test,and mercury intrusion test are carried out for the investigation of their micro-properties including clay minerals and microstructure.The study shows that：（1）both clays are Holocene series formations,classified as either normal or underconsolidated soils.The initial gradient of the stress-strain curves shows their increase with increasing consolidation pressure;however,the Shanghai and the Zhuhai clays are both structural soils with the latter shown to be more structured than the former.As a result,the Zhuhai clay shows strain softening behavior at low confining pressures,but strain hardening at high pressures.In contrast,the Shanghai clay mainly manifests strain-hardening.（2）An activity ranges from 0.75 to 1.30 for the Shanghai marine clay and from 0.5 to 0.85 for the Zhuhai marine clay.The main clay mineral is illite in the Shanghai clay and kaolinite in the Zhuhai clay.The Zhuhai clay is mainly characterized by a flocculated structure,while the typical Shanghai clay shows a dispersed structure.The porous structure of the Shanghai clay is characterized mainly by large and medium-sized pores,while the Zhuhai clay porous structure is mainly featured by small and medium-sized pores.The differences in their macro-and micro-properties can be attributed to different sedimentation environments.

Recent Advances in Computational Simulation of Macro-,Meso-,and Micro-Scale Biomimetics Related Fluid Flow Problems

Over the last decade, computational methods have been intensively applied to a variety of scientific researches and engineering designs. Although the computational fluid dynamics （CFD） method has played a dominant role in studying and simulating transport phenomena involving fluid flow and heat and mass transfers, in recent years, other numerical methods for the simulations at meso- and micro-scales have also been actively applied to solve the physics of complex flow and fluid-interface interactions. This paper presents a review of recent advances in multi-scale computational simulation of biomimetics related fluid flow problems. The state-of-the-art numerical techniques, such as lattice Boltzmann method （LBM）, molecular dynamics （MD）, and conventional CFD, applied to different problems such as fish flow, electro-osmosis effect of earthworm motion, and self-cleaning hydrophobic surface, and the numerical approaches are introduced. The new challenging of modelling biomimetics problems in developing the physical conditions of self-clean hydrophobic surfaces is discussed.

Numerical Simulation of Macro-and Micro-structures of Intense Convective Clouds with a Spectral Bin Microphysics Model

By use of a three-dimensional compressible non-hydrostatic convective cloud model with detailed microphysics featuring spectral bins of cloud condensation nuclei （CCN）, liquid droplets, ice crystals, snow and graupel particles, the spatial and temporal distributions of hydrometeors in a supercell observed by the （Severe Thunderstorm Electrification and Precipitation Study） STEPS triple-radar network are simulated and analyzed. The bin model is also employed to study the effect of CCN concentration on the evolution characteristics of the supercell. It is found that the CCN concentration not only affects the concentration and spectral distribution of water droplets, but also influences the characteristics of ice crystals and graupel particles. With a larger number of CCN, more water droplets and ice crystals are produced and the growth of graupel is restrained. With a small quantity of CCN the production of large size water droplets are promoted by initially small concentrations of water droplets and ice crystals, leading to earlier formation of small size graupel and restraining the recycling growth of graupel, and thus inhibiting the formation of large size graupel （or small size hail）. It can be concluded that both the macroscopic airflow and microphysical processes influence the formation and growth of large size graupel （or small size hail）. In regions with heavy pollution, a high concentration of CCN may restrain the formation of graupel and hail, and in extremely clean regions, excessively low concentrations of CCN may also limit the formation of large size graupel （hail）.

Sedimentary Micro-facies and Macro Heterogeneity of Reservoir Beds in the Third Member of the Qingshankou Formation,Qian'an Area,Songliao Basin

An analysis of drill cores and well logs shows that the main micro-facies of the third member sand bodies of the Qingshankou Formation in Qian＇an are subaqueous distributary channel facies, sheet sand facies and subaqueous fan facies （olistostrome）. Maps showing the distribution of these micro-facies together with inter-channel bay and prodelta mocro-facies are presented for different time-slices （lower, middle and upper parts of the Qingshankou Formation）. These maps reveal the instability and change of sediment transport in the Baokang sedimentary system during the depositional period. Sediment transport was from the west in the early stage, from the south in the middle stage and from the northwest in the late stage. Values of thickness, porosity and permeability of the sand bodies in the third member of the Qingshankou Formation show that they have low to medium porosity and low permeability, and are characterized by serious reservoir heterogeneity. The joints between micro-facies and subaqueous fan micro-facies are characterized by the highest heterogeneity, the sheet sand and distal sand bar subfacies come next, and the heterogeneity of the subaqueous distributary channel sand bodies is relatively weak.

Power Supply of Macro-Micro Driven Linear Piezoelectric Motor

To investigate a novel macro and micro driven linear piezoelectric motor composed of an ultrasonic motor with macro movement and a piezoelectric actuator with micro movement,a digital signal processing(DSP)based macro and micro power supply is designed,which fits the new linear piezoelectric motor.The power supply comprises a control circuit,a voltage conversion circuit,an amplifier circuit,a half-bridge module,an optical isolatorsdrive circuit,etc,where the DSP of TMS320F28335 is used as the controller.When the linear piezoelectric motor working in a macro driven state,the power supply outputs alternating currents with high frequency and high voltage,which drives the linear piezoelectric motor dynamically at an ultrasonic frequency;while working in the micro driven state,the power supply outputs direct currents with high voltage,which drives the linear piezoelectric motor in micro driven statically.Here a prototype of the macro-micro power supply is designed.After a series of experiments on the power supply with and without loads,the results show that the power supply can drive and control the macro micro driven linear piezoelectric motor,and realizes quick and seamless switch between macro and micro drive.In addition,the power supply can drive and control the ultrasonic motor or piezoelectric ceramic micro actuator individually.The power supply achieves the multiple parameters of output signals adjustable simultaneously and exhibits good control characteristics.

Macro-Micro-Anatomy of the Lingual Artery

The macro-micro-anatomy of the lingual artery of 25 adult cadavers wasstudied.The origin of the artery is rather concentrated and the greater cornu of thehyoid bone can be used as the indicator.The entrance of the artery into the hyoglossusmuscle is almost constantly along the posterior border of the muscle,where the artery issuperficially located and easily to be exposed,and has a constant relationship with thevein and hypoglossal nerve.Thus the lingual artery can be used as the artery of a recipientarea in case of tongue reconstruction.The deep lingual artery has two types ofbranches;the short ones mainly supply the muscles of tongue while the long ones mainlysupply the mucosa by forming a submucosal network.In the muscles of tongue,minutearterioles run tortuously along the muscular fibers with abundant anastomoses betweeneach other,but no anastomosis is found to cross over the rnidline of the tongue.Be-neath the mucosa,there is an arterial network spreading all over the whole tongue notlimited to one side.The relationship of the arterial architecture to the structure and thefunctions of the tongue and its clinical significance were discussed.

超薄磨耗层抗滑性能的衰变规律及其影响因素

为了精确评价沥青超薄磨耗层开放交通后抗滑性能衰变过程、机理及影响因素,首先利用弧形模具及其配套的轮碾机来制备弧形超薄磨耗层试件;然后通过驱动轮式加速加载系统对4种级配类型和3个沥青胶结料等级的沥青超薄磨耗层试件进行加速加载试验;最后借助激光纹理扫描仪对一定轮载次数作用后的试件分别进行扫描。结合试验数据分别建立了基于S型函数的沥青超薄磨耗层宏观和微观构造深度衰变模型,以及基于灰色关联分析方法来分析各空隙率和沥青胶结料对抗滑性能的独立和耦合作用。试验研究结果显示:采用驱动轮式加速加载系统结合S型函数模型可以定量地评价和预测沥青超薄磨耗层性能的演变过程;空隙率影响超薄磨耗层宏观和微观构造深度的前期衰减速率,空隙率越大,则超薄磨耗层的宏观和微观构造深度的前期衰减速率越大;宏观构造深度的中后期衰减速率受沥青胶结料等级影响更大,沥青胶结料性能等级越高,则宏观构造深度的中后期衰减速率越慢;空隙率和沥青胶结料等级对超薄磨耗层微观构造深度中后期衰减速率的影响相当。因此,在进行超薄磨耗层抗滑性能设计时,选择大空隙率的开级配超薄磨耗层混合料级配对路面抗滑耐久性是有益的,而沥青胶结料的性能等级则可以根据交通量的大小合理选择。

新-旧沥青混融行为机制分析及融合程度量化表征

为促进新沥青与老化沥青(新-旧沥青)的有效融合,提升再生沥青混合料的路用性能,从新-旧沥青混融行为理论解析、老化沥青转移特性、混融程度表征等方面,系统地回顾与梳理了混融过程的理论模型、影响要素、测试手段及评价方法.新-旧沥青混融行为理论方面,归纳了Fick定律、对流传质理论、分子动力学理论的分析原理、模型构建及应用实效;老化沥青转移特性方面,凝练了老化沥青在不同拌合条件下的转移特性及变化规律,阐明了间接评价老化沥青转移程度的分析方法;新-旧沥青混融程度量化表征方面,探讨了利用微宏观性能测试指标揭示混融扩散影响区域和扩散途径的适用性,阐述了基于不同测试方法对融合程度的量化表达过程.实践表明:形成完整的新-旧沥青混融行为理论体系,揭示混融扩散全过程的演化机制,构建混融程度的多尺度表征方法,有助于强化对新-旧沥青混融行为的理解与表达,为有效提升再生沥青混合料路用性能提供理论支撑和实践依据.

论新质生产力研究的经济学思维

“新质生产力”思维概念,基于历史唯物主义发展观的理论范式,将马克思主义的“生产力-生产关系”理论范式,运用于对新时代新现象的观察和研究。在新质生产力的经济学理论范式中,对于“人”的概化具有特别重要的认识论和逻辑自洽性意义。“人”的概化,不仅包含人与自然的关系,也包含人与人的关系,即马克思所说的人的本质是“社会关系的总和”。新质生产力经济学思维所概化的“人”,从“经济人”“组织人”演化产生了“智能机器人”。当新质生产力研究接受数字化人工智能的经济学思维时,主流经济学将发生颠覆性的范式变革。对生产力的“质态”关切,超越对生产力的“量态”关切,是新质生产力重要的经济学属性。经济学的范式变革,须将长期性、未来性、存量性、多元性等因素也纳入观察研究体系,这是域观经济学与新质生产力相契合的逻辑基础,可以引导现代经济学的“微观-宏观”范式体系,更科学地研究新时代、新世界所产生的新现象。

岩石化学风化力学特性的宏微观定量关联

为了分析化学风化对岩石力学性能的影响机制,采用密集排列的颗粒集合体模拟岩石材料,将与化学风化时间相关的质量损失率引入颗粒刚度和胶结模型。基于均匀化方法和格构模型,推导获得了风化岩石弹性阶段应力‒应变关系和强度准则以及宏观弹性和强度参数与微观参数(颗粒接触响应特性、风化损伤参数等)的定量关联,并探究了化学风化及其时效性对岩石力学性能的影响规律。结果表明,随着质量损失率的增大以及反应时间的增加,风化岩石的刚度和强度均呈负指数减小;当环境pH值较低时,岩石的峰值黏聚力和峰值内摩擦角随着反应时间的增大均显著降低;当环境pH值较高时,开始阶段岩石的峰值黏聚力显著降低,而峰值内摩擦角变化不大,峰值内摩擦角的显著降低需要更长的风化时间。

柔顺宏微操作系统动力学建模及振动抑制研究

针对高速大范围宏运动时柔顺微操作器的微纳振动问题,建立系统动力学模型并设计改进离散滑模控制策略对微观弹性振动进行抑制。首先以气浮宏动平台和压电纤维微操作器构成的宏微操作系统为对象,结合假设模态法、拉格朗日方程和非对称迟滞模型,建立系统综合机电动力学模型。然后,在所建模型基础上设计变速趋近律调节切换增益,从而实现非线性离散滑模控制。最终搭建宏微操作系统测控平台,并进行轨迹跟踪和振动抑制试验。在轨迹跟踪时,对于不同频率的正弦参考轨迹,所设计的控制策略均能精确跟踪给定信号且误差较小;在振动抑制时,当宏动平台沿梯形与S轨迹运动时,微操作器残余振动稳定时间比改进前分别减少26.1%和50.0%,比无控制时分别缩短53.6%和53.3%。验证了动力学模型与离散滑模控制的有效性,提高了系统控制精度与效率。

考虑材料参数空间变异性的SBFEM开裂模拟

论文建立了基于比例边界有限元法(scaled boundary finite element methods,SBFEM)框架的非局部宏微观损伤模型,考虑材料细观物理参数的空间变异性,探讨了材料参数的空间变异性对结构开裂过程的影响。结果表明:考虑材料参数空间变异性后,裂纹扩展路径具有不确定性,建议的模型能够很好地反应材料内在的随机性;随着结构受力情况的复杂化和结构本体缺陷的增多,裂纹开裂模式的变异性也会增大。自相关长度和参数变异系数对结构开裂分析结果有重要影响。

基于改进灰狼算法的宏微复合驱动器磁滞模型的参数辨识

精确辨识磁滞模型参数是保证宏微复合驱动器位移跟踪精度的关键,针对传统灰狼算法(GWO)存在局部最小值和求解精度不高的缺陷,文章提出一种改进的灰狼算法(TGWO)。通过Singer混沌映射优化了灰狼个体的初始位置,以增加种群多样性;采用非线性收敛因子策略提高了局部开发度和全局搜索度;在种群位置迭代更新中引入动态权重更新和自适应更新策略。通过仿真和实验表明:该算法能有效可靠地辨识宏微复合驱动器磁滞模型的参数,平均相对误差为4.6%,拥有更高的精度和收敛性。

磷石膏矿山充填材料研发与性能试验研究

为了研究固废磷石膏制备矿山充填材料的可行性,以磷石膏为骨料,添加电石渣、矿渣制备充填材料。采用单因素试验和正交试验法研究了电石渣质量分数、矿渣质量分数、物料质量分数,以及烘干温度对充填材料抗压强度的影响规律,并利用SEM分析了样品的微观形貌特征。试验结果表明:当磷石膏、电石渣、矿渣质量分数分别为65%、5%、30%时,物料质量分数为65%充填材料的强度及初始流动度满足充填要求。在130℃烘干8 h条件下,充填材料峰值强度最高。电石渣激发了矿渣活性,磷石膏与矿渣形成了针状钙矾石及水化铝酸钙和水化硅酸钙凝胶,增强了充填材料强度。

基于嫦娥五号月壤粒形特征的离散元模拟方法

为满足当前中国探月任务中的“堪测、采、建”战略规划,获取更加贴近真实的月壤物理力学特性,考虑月壤颗粒形状的影响,结合嫦娥五号探月任务中的月壤颗粒图像,将月壤粒形特征与颗粒级配联系起来,提出考虑中国月壤粒形特征的离散元数值模拟方法。首先,基于嫦娥五号探月任务获取的部分月壤颗粒图像,对颗粒的形状特征及尺寸信息进行提取,依据其球度特征将月壤的颗粒形态分为6类,并同月壤颗粒的粒形特征与颗粒尺寸建立对应关系;其次,结合本团队开发的三维离散元月壤接触模型,引入形状参数用以表征月壤颗粒的抗转动能力,进而在离散元中考虑月壤颗粒的粒形特征,最终建立考虑中国月壤粒形特征的离散元数值模型;通过与已知月壤试验结果的对比表明,该方法可将月壤颗粒形状的可变性直接映射到离散元中。在此基础上,通过与不考虑粒形特征的数值样进行对比,探究考虑月壤粒形特征的优势。结果表明:含嫦娥五号月壤粒形特征的离散元数值模型可以有效捕捉月壤力学行为的主要特征,为开展月球资源勘探及开发利用研究提供基础。

基于声光锁模全固态660 nm激光器

脉冲宽度为皮秒的红光激光器,具有脉冲宽度窄,峰值功率高的优点,使其在工业、医疗、科研和信息存储等方面具有广泛的应用。本文采用声光锁模(AOML)的方式设计了一款具有窄线宽、高转换效率,输出波长为660 nm的全固态皮秒激光器。该激光器采用半导体侧面泵浦的方式,通过优化谐振腔型,并使用两块LiB3O5(LBO)晶体进行腔外倍频,最终获得最大输出功率为8.6 W的660 nm激光输出。激光器采用脉冲侧面泵浦的模式,获得的锁模脉冲频率为100 MHz,脉冲宽度为887 ps。1319 nm至660 nm激光的倍频转换效率可达41%。

基于分数阶PID的宏微复合驱动器宏动控制策略

针对宏微复合驱动器控制系统中存在定位误差大和调节时间长的问题,提出了一种基于次最优分数阶PID的控制策略。简述了宏微复合驱动器结构及工作原理,并基于电磁驱动原理建立了宏动部分数学模型;设计了分数阶PID控制器,并采用遗传算法和次最优的方法对控制器进行参数整定;通过数值仿真和实验验证了分数阶PID控制器的有效性。结果显示,采用分数阶PID控制器相较于传统PID控制器在5 mm以及更大定位行程中位移超调量下降超过57%,调节时间减少超过24%,且行程越大驱动器采用分数阶PID控制器控制效果越明显。研究结果表明,分数阶PID控制器在宏微复合驱动器宏动系统中的控制效果明显优于传统PID控制器。