Study on interaction between macrocell and microcell in the early corrosion process of reinforcing steel in concrete

An array electrode technique was developed as a novel electrochemical method for studying the interaction between macrocell and microcell in the early corrosion process of reinforcing steel in cement mortar.The corrosion potential and galvanic current of macrocell corrosion of the reinforcing steel in cement mortar were imaged by the array electrode technique during the corrosion initiation and propagation.It was certified that the corrosion macrocell current is closely related with the difference of corrosion potential between the anodic and cathodic areas.The corrosion macrocell and microcell always exist during the corrosion process.The interaction of corrosion macrocell and corrosion microcell of steel in concrete was directly sensed by the array electrode for the first time,and was discussed in terms of corrosion electrochemistry.

两层异构网络中femtocell研究进展与展望

对femtocell研究进展进行了细致分析和探讨,着重讨论两层异构网络中频率资源分配、干扰管理和接入控制3个主要议题,同时也分析回程链路、用户移动性和公平性等其他相关问题。最后论述femtocell应用前景和归纳未来研究方向。

LTE双层网中MIMO技术性能分析

Femtocell技术以其较好的热点覆盖、较高的传输速率以及较大的网络容量,成为LTE网络中补充覆盖的重要途径之一。但同时,也造成了网络中复杂的CCI,严重影响了异构网络的性能。为了减少LTE双层网络中的CCI,提高网路容量,将基于MIMO的本征波束赋形、正交空时编码、天线选择技术应用于LTE双层网络,详细给出了无Femtocell覆盖半径、Femtocell最优密度以及Macrocell覆盖半径的精确数学表达形式,并对其所带来的干扰抑制效果进行了分析。通过仿真发现,相对于SISO来说,本征波束赋形的干扰抑制效果最好,可以使网络性能有很大的提高,天线选择次之,正交空时编码所带来的增益最小,而当综合考虑性能增益以及复杂度的情况下,选择分集是一种比较合适的选择。

Corrosion risk assessment of chloride-contaminated concrete structures using embeddable multi-cell sensor system

Monitoring the service condition of concrete structures requires the quantitative assessment of properties and corrosion rate of structural steels surrounded by concrete.A multi-cell sensor system that included a reference electrode,a chloride content sensor,a macrocell current unit and an electrical resistance measurement unit was developed.This system provided the following important electrochemical data in the cover-zone concrete on site:open circuit potential,macrocell current from anodes to cathode,chloride profile,concrete resistance and corrosion rate of built-in anodes.The experimental results show that the macrocell current increases when the chloride content in concrete is higher.Thus,monitoring the chloride content is a good method for monitoring the corrosion state.The chloride ion content and cover depth are the key factors that affect the electrical resistance of concrete.Without considering the temperature and time,a simplified model of the instantaneous corrosion rate of steel rebar in a concrete structure based on the measured chloride contents and concrete resistance was proposed.The test results further prove the reliability of this simplified predicting model.

Interference management via access control and mobility prediction in two-tier heterogeneous networks

Abstract： Two-tier heterogeneous networks （HetNets）, where the current cellular networks, i.e., macrocells, are overlapped with a large number of randomly distributed femtocells, can potentially bring significant benefits to spectral utilization and system capacity. The interference management and access control for open and closed femtocells in two-tier HetNets were focused. The contributions consist of two parts. Firstly, in order to reduce the uplink interference caused by MUEs （macrocell user equipments） at closed femtocells, an incentive mechanism to implement interference mitigation was proposed. It encourages femtoeells that work with closed-subscriber-group （CSG） to allow the interfering MUEs access in but only via uplink, which can reduce the interference significantly and also benefit the marco-tier. The interference issue was then studied in open-subscriber-group （OSG） femtocells from the perspective of handover and mobility prediction. Inbound handover provides an alternative solution for open femtocells when interference turns up, while this accompanies with PCI （physical cell identity） confusion during inbound handover. To reduce the PCI confusion, a dynamic PCI allocation scheme was proposed, by which the high handin femtocells have the dedicated PCI while the others share the reuse PCIs. A Markov chain based mobility prediction algorithm was designed to decide whether the femtoeell status is with high handover requests. Numerical analysis reveals that the UL interference is managed well for the CSG femtocell and the PCI confusion issue is mitigated greatly in OSG femtocell compared to the conventional approaches.

Hybrid spectrum access model for cognitive femtocell networks

In order to mitigate the interference for macrocell users caused by deploying femtocells （home base-station） in a long term evolution （LTE） system, a hybrid spectrum access model is proposed by means of applying the cognitive radio technology to the femtocell. The femtocell periodically senses the radio environment and opportunistically accesses the usable frequency band so that the frequency spectrum resource is used intelligently. The sensing process is performed in two stages, which are principal sensing in the downlink and assisted sensing in the uplink, respectively. Based on the information obtained from the sensing results, the frequency spectrum can be used flexibly in underlay or overlay modes in the femtocell. Simulation results show that by using the proposed model, the throughput of a femtocell is greatly improved with tolerable interference to macrocell users.

On Two-Tier Femtocell over Fading Environments

In this paper the system performance of an MC-CDMA (multi-carrier coded-division multiple-access) system operating over single-cell with two-tier femtocell environment is analyzed. Consider two-tier scenario is deployed with a macrocell site in which is being surrounded several femtocells, which are designed to serve a group of subscribers locate in a small coverage area such as small office, home office or a house. The coverage area is typically up to 100 meters in radius. Mostly, the femtocell is applied to serve indoor subscribers, thus, the Rayleigh fading is adopted to characterize the propagation channel. The technique of TH-MC- CDMA (time-hopped multi-carrier coded-division multiple-access) technique is supposed to transmit each symbol alternatively with fair time (slotting)/frequency (coding) for each user in the hotspots (the area around 0th femtocell). The intensity of signals estimated at a mobile unit located in the second tie, i.e., the femtocell coverage area, is an important issue. The contribution of the paper is mainly to evaluate the system performance with both the BER (bit error rate) and OP (outage probability) according to the most important parameters, for example, the activating user number, the hopping number provided by TH-MC-CDMA system and the subcarrier number. Furthermore, the discussion of interference avoidance is also discussed with non-analytically.

Group handoff management in low power microcell-femtocell network

This paper presents an analytical model of group based hand-off management based on bird flocking behavior. In the proposed scheme, a number of mobile devices form a group if these devices move together for a long time duration. Although call delivery or call generation are performed individually, hand-off is performed in a group. Dynamic group formation, group division and group merging methods are proposed in this paper. From the simulation results it is demonstrated that approximately 75%, 65% and 90% reduction in power, cost and latency consumption can be obtained respectively using group hand-off management. Thus the proposed scheme is referred as green, economic and fast hand-off strategy. In this paper instead of a macrocell network, a microcell-femtocell network is considered as the transmission power of a microcell or a femtoeell base station is much less than a macrocell base station. Simulation results present that the microcell-femtocell network achieves approximately 25-55% and 35-55% reduction in power transmission, and 50-65% and 15-45% reduction in path loss than only a macrocell network and macrocell-femtocell network respectively. Thus mierocell-femtocell network is a power-efficient network.

Geometrical statistical channel model arisen from scatterers around the mobile with an inverted-parabolic spatial distribution

In this paper, firstly presented a geometrically based statistical channel model with scatterers that are with an inverted parabolic spatial distribution around mobile station （MS） within a circle wherein the base station （BS） and MS are included. This paper proposed a technique to simply derive probability density functions （PDFs） of angle of arrival （AOA）, time of arrival （TOA） and Doppler spectra to characterize the outdoor macrocell and microcell environments by employing various distances between BS and MS, or different size of circular region. Employing this channel model, we analyze the impacts of a directional antenna at BS with the main-lobe width 2~z on the fading and the Doppler spectra.

Priority-Based Resource Scheduling in Hybrid-Access LTE Femtocell

Femtocell technology is an emerging solution that is promising for improving indoor coverage problems and enhancing cell capacity.In a femtocell network,the overall system performance depends on the access method utilized,which specifies whether a specific user equipment can connect to the femtocell network.Three access meth-ods are defined for long-term evolution(LTE)femtocell networks:open access,closed access and hybrid access.For fair and effective use of resources,hybrid access is preferred.Because some of the resources are shared among nonregistered users,it is essential to regulate their scheduling schemes.This study investigates resource scheduling for femtocell networks in hybrid access mode,which gives preferential access to the high-priority traffic of nonsubscribers.High-priority traffic metric(THP)is calculated for high-priority users,and low-priority traffic metric(TLP)is calculated for low-priority users.Then,individual sorted lists are formed for(THP)and(TLP).Nonsubscribers from the(THP)list are allocated initially,after which UEs from the(TLP)list are chosen for allocation based on resource availability,thereby increasing the overall average throughput of high-priority users in a network.