Permeability tensors of both macrofracture and microfracture Systems weremeasured progressively along the depth of limestone formations at severed sites. It was found thatthe principal permeability values K_x, K_y and...Permeability tensors of both macrofracture and microfracture Systems weremeasured progressively along the depth of limestone formations at severed sites. It was found thatthe principal permeability values K_x, K_y and K_z in these permeability tensors all decreasesimultaneously and logarithmically with depth. However, the limestone aquifers are composed of anupper region where the larger permeability ellipsoid is upright or prolate and characterized byK_z>K_x and K_z>K_y, a transitional zone, and a lower zone whose smaller permeability ellipsoid ishorizontal or oblate and characterized by K_z>K_x and K_z>K_y. The inversion of the permeabilityellipsoids in direction indicates that the anisotropy of rock permeability with the depth oflimestone formations has evidently changed. The anisotropic variation law of permeability tensors ina macrofracture system displays a similar pattern with that in a microfracture system. It is nextto impossible to examine the rock permeability tensor of the aquifer just by measuring the hydraulicparameters of macrofracture system directly, unless the limestone aquifer is exposed on or near theearth's surface. Therefore, the permeability tensors of a macrofracture system at any depth may beindirectly and roughly determined from the gaugeable permeability tensors of the microfracturesystem by conversion. This anisotropic variation law of rock permeability with depth is of greatsignificance in the study of three-dimensional fracture water flow the huge carbonate formations andin the research on the conditions of karst development and karst distribution.展开更多
The use of mechanical drilling in accessing energy resources stored in deep and hard rock formations is becoming increasingly challenging.Thus,laser irradiation has emerged as a novel drilling method with considerable...The use of mechanical drilling in accessing energy resources stored in deep and hard rock formations is becoming increasingly challenging.Thus,laser irradiation has emerged as a novel drilling method with considerable in this context.This study examines the variation of rock fracture length,fracture tortuosity,hole size,and rock breaking efficiency for a different number of holes and laser power,based on the constant total energy of laser irradiation.As indicated by the results,increasing the laser power increases the laser intensity,which helps increase the hole diameter and depth.Moreover,for the same laser power,increasing the number of irradiated holes reduces the laser energy absorbed by each hole,which is not conducive to increasing the hole depth.As the number of holes increases,the mass loss of the rock also increases,while both specific energy(SE)and modified specific energy(MSE)decrease.When the number of holes remains the same,the mass of the shale removed by low power is less than that removed by high power,while SE and MSE have an inverse relation with power.Therefore,high laser power and multiple-hole irradiation are more conducive to rock breaking.Besides,the fracture length and fracture tortuosity of the rock irradiated by the low laser power will increase first and then decrease with the increase in the number of holes,and reach the peak value when the irradiation takes place through three holes.When a high-power laser irradiates the rock,the fracture length and tortuosity will increase with the increase in the number of irradiation holes.This is because a rock irradiated by low power dissipates more energy,with the result that the energy absorbed by the sample with four irradiation holes is not enough to break the rock quickly.This study is expected to provide some guidance to break rock for drilling deep reservoirs and hard rock formations using laser irradiation.展开更多
文摘Permeability tensors of both macrofracture and microfracture Systems weremeasured progressively along the depth of limestone formations at severed sites. It was found thatthe principal permeability values K_x, K_y and K_z in these permeability tensors all decreasesimultaneously and logarithmically with depth. However, the limestone aquifers are composed of anupper region where the larger permeability ellipsoid is upright or prolate and characterized byK_z>K_x and K_z>K_y, a transitional zone, and a lower zone whose smaller permeability ellipsoid ishorizontal or oblate and characterized by K_z>K_x and K_z>K_y. The inversion of the permeabilityellipsoids in direction indicates that the anisotropy of rock permeability with the depth oflimestone formations has evidently changed. The anisotropic variation law of permeability tensors ina macrofracture system displays a similar pattern with that in a microfracture system. It is nextto impossible to examine the rock permeability tensor of the aquifer just by measuring the hydraulicparameters of macrofracture system directly, unless the limestone aquifer is exposed on or near theearth's surface. Therefore, the permeability tensors of a macrofracture system at any depth may beindirectly and roughly determined from the gaugeable permeability tensors of the microfracturesystem by conversion. This anisotropic variation law of rock permeability with depth is of greatsignificance in the study of three-dimensional fracture water flow the huge carbonate formations andin the research on the conditions of karst development and karst distribution.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.52174004 and No.51804318)the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2018YFC0808401)
文摘The use of mechanical drilling in accessing energy resources stored in deep and hard rock formations is becoming increasingly challenging.Thus,laser irradiation has emerged as a novel drilling method with considerable in this context.This study examines the variation of rock fracture length,fracture tortuosity,hole size,and rock breaking efficiency for a different number of holes and laser power,based on the constant total energy of laser irradiation.As indicated by the results,increasing the laser power increases the laser intensity,which helps increase the hole diameter and depth.Moreover,for the same laser power,increasing the number of irradiated holes reduces the laser energy absorbed by each hole,which is not conducive to increasing the hole depth.As the number of holes increases,the mass loss of the rock also increases,while both specific energy(SE)and modified specific energy(MSE)decrease.When the number of holes remains the same,the mass of the shale removed by low power is less than that removed by high power,while SE and MSE have an inverse relation with power.Therefore,high laser power and multiple-hole irradiation are more conducive to rock breaking.Besides,the fracture length and fracture tortuosity of the rock irradiated by the low laser power will increase first and then decrease with the increase in the number of holes,and reach the peak value when the irradiation takes place through three holes.When a high-power laser irradiates the rock,the fracture length and tortuosity will increase with the increase in the number of irradiation holes.This is because a rock irradiated by low power dissipates more energy,with the result that the energy absorbed by the sample with four irradiation holes is not enough to break the rock quickly.This study is expected to provide some guidance to break rock for drilling deep reservoirs and hard rock formations using laser irradiation.
