Isozyme Phenotypic Difference of Varicorhinus macrolepis Malic Enzyme

By using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and biochemical straining method, malic enzyme isozyme in 10 organs of male or female Varicorhinus macrolepis were analyzed. The results showed that malic enzyme exists in heart, gonads, eyes and gills tissues in both female and male V. macrolepis. There was only one ME-2 in heart and ME-1 in eye of female fish, while there were ME-1 and ME-2 in heart and ME-2 in eyes of male fish. Ovary contained ME-1 and ME-2, while spermary only contained ME-1. In kidney and spleen tissues, malic enzyme was found only in female fish, while in muscle, malic enzyme existed only in male fish. The phenotypic of malic enzyme had obvious differences no matter in the same organ of different sexes in V. macrolepis or different organs in the same sex. But there were no differences among different individuals of the same sex. The results will provide basic data for developmental genetics, breed improvement and directed breeding of V. macrolepis, and lay a foundation for its development and protection.

Research on Sex and Tissue Differences in Isozymic Phenotype of Varicorhinus macrolepis through Isozyme Electrophoresis

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and biochemical staining method were used in this study for the analysis on malate dehydrogenase (MDH,E.C. 1.1.1.37) isozymes zymogram in 11 different types of tissues of male and female Varicorhinus macrolepis. It had been found for the first time that the phenotype of malate dehydrogenase (MDH),acid phosphatase (ACP) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) showed difference between male and female V. macrolepis,and there was no difference among different individuals in the same sex. Therefore,the electrophoresis band of malate dehydrogenase,acid phosphatase and superoxide dismutase could be used as an indicator for the identification of gender and tissues of V. macrolepis,which would provide basic data for the developmental genetics,variety improvement and directed breeding of V. macrolepis groups,thus facilitating the development and protection of this valuable fish species.

Research on the Lectin in Muscle Tissue of Varicorhinus macrolepis

[Objective] The paper aimed at researching lectins in muscles of Varicorhinus macrolepis and providing scientific basis for researching the adaptation mechanism and immune response of V.macrolepis to environment,which were advantageous for the protection and reproduction of V.macrolepis.[Method] V.macrolepis was used as test materials for the hemagglutination test by dialdehyde fixation to prove the existence of lectins in muscle crude homogenate of Varicorhinus macrolepis and study the physical and chemical characters.[Result] Lectins in muscle crude homogenate of V.macrolepis had shown hemagglutination effects on erythrocytes of six types of animals and had the maximum hemagglutination activity against rabbit erythrocytes,which belonged to the S-type lectins with optimal pH ranged from 4 to 8 and optimal temperature at 60 ℃.Results from the saccharide inhibition test had indicated that the sucrose was the only kind of saccharide which had inhibited the hemagglutination,suggesting that sucrose had played an important role in the process of recognition and aggregation of lectins.[Conclusion] It had been speculated that the optimal pH ranges for thermal sensitivity and hemagglutination activity of lectins in different types of aquatic organisms were similar.

The Karyotype of Chi-lin Fish(Varicorhinus macrolepis) from Taishan Mountain

[Objective] The paper was to study the karyotype of Chi-lin fish （Varicorhi- nus macrolepis） from Taishan mountain. [Method] The chromosome number and karyotype of an endemic Chi-lin fish were studied using the head kidney cells. [Re- sult] The diploid chromosome number （2n） of Chi-lin fish was 50, and the karyotype of V. macrolepis was 2n=50,16m＋14sm＋20t, NF =80. No sex-chromosome was found in Chi-lin fish. [Conclusion] A detailed karyotype of this endemic cyprinid fish of Taishan Mountain was established for the first time in this study.

Research on Activity and Expression of Tyrosinase in Varicorhinus macrolepis

[Objective] This study aimed to analyze tyrosinase activity and its expression in Varicorhinus macrolepis. [Method] V. macrolepis was used as experimental material for the analysis and research of tyrosinase in nine kinds of organs and tissues of male and female V. macrolepis individuals by using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and biochemical staining method, spectrophotometry and enzyme histochemical technology. [Result] Tyrosinase exists in the liver and pancreas, intestine and spleen of female and male V. macrolepis and in the gallbladder of male V. macrolepis. Tyrosinase activities in various tissues of V. macrolepis varied largely. Specifically, tyrosinase activities in the spleen was the maximum, which was higher in female V. macrolepis than in males. According to the enzyme histochemistry results, strong positive signals of tyrosinase existed in the spleen, intestine, liver and pancreas and gallbladder of V. macrolepis, which was the strongest in the spleen. [Conclusion] In this paper, research on tissue localization of tyrosinase in V. macrolepis had been first reported, which provided theoretical basis for further exploring the functions of tyrosinase in V. macrolepis.

Protection and Development of Varicorhinus macrolepis Germplasm Resources

Varicorhinus macrolepis is a unique rare fish in the Mount Tai area and belongs to the national second-class protected animals. Due to the development of Mount Tai area and the impact of human activities, the amount of wild V. macrolepis resources has been reduced sharply and is about to go extinct. In order to protect this rare freshwater fish, various protection policies have been promulgat- ed by various levels of government and various protection measures have been im- plemented, a number of studies have been conducted by all levels of scientific re- search institutes, and local enterprises, farmers and social groups are also actively involved in the protection activities. The protective measures and the achieved re- sults were summed up in this paper. It is believed that with the active participation of government at all levels, scientific research institutes at all levels, breeding units and social groups, significant results have been obtained after years of implementa- tion of the protection-development pattern, the amount of V. macrolepis germplasm resources has been recovered significantly, and V. macrolepis has been utilized suc- cessfully in the nutrition, health care, tourism, culture and other areas. The protec- tion model for V. macrolepis has a certain reference value for germplasm resources protection, propagation and development of other rare species.

秦巴山区多鳞铲颌鱼种质资源调查及保护对策研究

秦巴山区多鳞铲颌鱼主要分布在汉水水系的中上游高海拔水域,对秦巴山区多鳞铲颌鱼(Varicorhinus macrolepis)的生境、分布区、生物学特性、繁殖特性进行了调查。结果表明,安康地区各主要河流建有大量水利工程及拦河坝,已建小水电站86座(含2座已废弃),在建11座,规划待建42座,建有拦河坝及水库72座。多鳞铲颌鱼属冷水性、杂食性鱼类,性别比接近1∶1,分批产卵。紫阳、平利、镇坪、宁陕等县多鳞铲颌鱼分布较多。紫阳县任河干流及其支流中的麻柳河、盘厢河、朱溪河、绕溪河等水域内该种群属优势种群,镇坪县南江河、岚河支流正阳河也有分布,而白河县白石河、冷水河,旬阳县,汉滨区分布较少。人类破坏、生境破碎化、生境退化和污染、过度利用是多鳞铲颌鱼濒危的主要原因,可采取原地保护、迁地保护、宣传教育、加强渔政执法、加强研究等措施来保护和恢复种群数量,达到永续利用的目的。

多鳞白甲鱼早期发育特征观察

为了探究多鳞白甲鱼(Varicorhinus macrolepis)早期发育特征规律,对2019年3月采集于大宁河的多鳞白甲鱼亲鱼进行人工催产和授精,并观察和描述多鳞白甲鱼胚胎和仔鱼发育的形态特征和时序。结果显示:多鳞白甲鱼受精卵为卵圆形沉性卵,具粘性;一般呈金黄色或白色,相对透明;卵径为(2.46±0.12)mm。在水温为(17.2±0.5)℃的条件下,多鳞白甲鱼胚胎耗时147 h 30 min出膜,有效积温达到2582.56℃·h。整个胚胎发育过程大致可分分为7个阶段:受精卵形成期(0~1 h 48 min)、卵裂期(3 h 38 min~7 h 38 min)、囊胚期(9 h 32 min~22 h 2 min)、原肠胚期(33 h 15 min~45 h 19 min)、神经胚形成期(50 h 24 min~53 h 55 min)、器官形成期(56 h~95 h 55 min)、出膜期(103 h 31 min~147 h 30 min)共7个阶段。初孵仔鱼全长(8.86±0.52)mm,心率114~128次/min。眼色素于2日龄开始出现并逐渐加深;6日龄时卵黄囊耗竭,进入外源性营养阶段;8日龄仔鱼腹腔出现鳔一室;20日龄仔鱼出现背鳍鳍条,腹部鳍褶延伸至胸鳍后缘,臀鳍开始分化;21日龄出现鳔二室;34日龄开始出现鳞片,进入稚鱼期;70日龄鳞片遍布全身,体型和体色与成鱼相近,进入幼鱼阶段。

泰山螭霖鱼线粒体16S rRNA基因片段序列及分子系统发育分析

以泰山螭霖鱼(Varicorhinus macrolepis)30个个体为材料,对其线粒体16SrRNA基因片段进行了PCR扩增和序列对比,检测了泰山螭霖鱼的遗传多样性;结合从GenBank中下载的同源性较高的鲤科7属部分鱼类的同源序列,利用MGEA软件计算遗传距离,采用聚类分析方法,构建了NJ和UPGMA系统进化树。结果显示:30个体泰山螭霖鱼线粒体16SrRNA基因片段长度为468bp,无碱基的插入和缺失,共检测到1个多态位点,存在2种单倍型,其单倍型多样性(Hd)为0.067,核苷酸多样性(Pi)为0.00015,平均核苷酸差异数(K)0.067。遗传距离和NJ、UPGMA系统进化树表明,泰山螭霖鱼与多鳞白甲鱼的16SrRNA序列一致,泰山螭霖鱼所在的突吻鱼属与光唇鱼属的亲缘关系最近,与扁吻鱼属遗传距离最远。