Medical and surgical approach to ocular surface reconstruction

Ocular surface disease(OSD)can have a severe impact on patients as it can lead to visual impairment and persistent discomfort.Ocular surface reconstruction(OSR)is an approach to the management of ocular diseases that cause structural damage to the ocular surface.OSR encompasses both medical and surgical treatment options.In this review,we discuss the medical and surgical strategies used in OSR.Medical management often aims to treat tear insufficiency,inflammation,and keratinization.Surgical treatments may be employed for a variety of reasons,including failure of medical management.This may include improving the oculo-palpebral structures in order to improve lid positioning and tear film.Additional therapies focus on improving tear production,such as through salivary gland transplantation.In situations where the ocular surface is so severely damaged that there is loss of limbal stem cells,limbal stem cell transplant(LSCT)may be indicated.Other surgeries such as amniotic membrane transplant(AMT)and conjunctival flaps(CFs)can help promote corneal healing.Finally,in severe situations where the cornea is beyond salvage,corneal transplantation,such as a penetrating keratoplasty(PKP),can be considered.OSR often requires a combination of medical and surgical approaches targeted to each specific patient’s presentation in order to achieve optimal outcomes.

Subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap technique for microscopic reconstruction of eyelid defects

AIM:To describe the subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap technique for the microscopic reconstruction of eyelid defects and evaluate its outcomes.METHODS:The clinical data of 23 patients(23 eyes)who underwent microscopic reconstruction of eyelid defects with the subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap technique were retrospectively analyzed.All patients underwent eyelid tumor resection and one-stage microscopic reconstruction with the subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap for anterioror posterior-layer eyelid defects.The survival rate of the propeller flap,eyelid function and appearance,tumor recurrence rate,and patient satisfaction were evaluated after the surgery.RESULTS:The patients consisted of 12 men and 11 women,aged 31–82y(mean,58.9y).The longest followup time was 5y,and the shortest was 3mo.All the propeller flaps survived well.There was no significant difference in color and luster between the flap and adjacent tissues,and there was no dog ear phenomenon.No obvious scarring was observed.There were no obvious abnormalities of eyelid morphology or function,and no adverse complications such as exposure keratitis,entropion,ectropion,ptosis,and eyelid retraction.No tumor recurrence was found at the time of the last follow-up.All patients were satisfied with the surgical results.CONCLUSION:The subcutaneous pedicled propeller flap technique for the microscopic reconstruction of eyelid defects has satisfactor y outcomes in terms of eyelid function and esthetics,and merits clinical application.

Eyelid reconstruction methods:A 10-year review

In ophthalmological practice,eyelid reconstruction is often needed because of the presence of defects that arise after the excision of a tumor or after injuries.Various methods for reconstructing these defects have been previously described.However,it is important to understand the basic principles underlying these techniques and their advantages and disadvantages to ensure the choice of the optimal technique in a particular case.We have analyzed the recent literature on new methods or modifications of existing ones to provide a brief overview of the reconstructive methods of the century for comparison.We searched PubMed and CyberLeninka for articles on restoring eyelid defects reported in the literature over the past 10 years.Most techniques can be considered modified classical reconstruction methods.Postoperative complications included aesthetic defects,such as scarring of the upper or lower eyelid,trichiasis,entropion,and lagophthalmos.Surgeons continue to search for the best methods for complex reconstructive surgery to achieve good cosmetic and aesthetic outcomes.

Reconstruction of eyelid defects using the diplene adhesive membrane

Background The abundance of closely packed vital structures in the periocular and palpebral regions makes resection and subsequent reconstructive interventions extremely difficult.Methods In this novel article,we described a method for closing lower eyelid defects after tumor excision using a skin-muscle flap from the upper eyelid along with the use of an adhesive diplene biodegradable membrane.The membrane was used for seamless fixation of the flap and to prevent the development of lower eyelid deformity.Results The case presented herein demonstrated that using diplene adhesive biodegradable membranes has excellent functional and aesthetic results.Conclusion Our findings suggest that an adhesive biodegradable diplene membrane can be used for the reconstruction of the lower eyelid to prevent the occurrence of retraction,for the surgical treatment of ectropion including recurrent cases,and for seamless fixation of flaps to wound surfaces in patients with a tendency to form keloids and hypertrophic scars.

Palpebral Reconstruction in a Secondary Ophthalmology Center in Mali: About a Case

Introduction: Significant trauma to the periocular region can seriously damage ocular structures and their adnexa. The eyelids can be damaged during these traumas. The most frequent lesions are lacerations, the surgical treatment of which is generally simple. In some cases, there are complex traumas where there is a loss of tissue, which is difficult to treat. We report the case of a 26-year-old young man, farmer with no medical and surgical history, referred by the odontostomatology and maxillofacial surgery department for burns to the left hemi face by the exhaust pipe of his motorbike which occurred following a public road accident (AVP). Observation: A 26-year-old young man with no medical-surgical history, visual acuity was 5/10 with good mobility of the globe. In collaboration with the maxillofacial surgeon, a graft of the hemi face was performed using a flap from the inner side of the thigh first. In the second time we carried out a recovery by a flap which consisted in taking a supra-superciliary flap and suturing it at the level of the palpebral edges which, in spite of a fragile vitality of the tissues. Conclusion: The reconstruction of the eyelid is a real problem in our service because of the technical platform and the availability of consumables, which limits us in the choice of the operating technique.

How and when of eyelid reconstruction using autologous transplantation

Reconstructive surgery of the eyelid after tumor excision,trauma or other causes can be challenging,especially due to the complexities of the anatomic structures and to the necessity of both functional and aesthetic successful outcomes.The aim of this minireview was to investigate the use of tissue transplantation in eyelid reconstruction.Surgical procedures are various,based on the use of both flaps,pedicled or free,and grafts,in order to guarantee adequate tissue reconstruction and blood supply,which are necessary for correct healing.Common techniques normally include the use of local tissues,combining non-vascularized grafts with a vascularized flap for the two lamellae repair,to attempt a reconstruction similar to the original anatomy.When defects are too wide,vast,deep,and complex or when no adjacent healthy tissues are available,distant area tissues need to be recruited as free flaps or grafts and paired with mucosal layer reconstruction.With regards to the anterior lamella,full thickness skin grafts are commonly preferred.With regards to the reconstruction of posterior lamella,there are different graft options,which include conjunctival or tarsoconjunctival,mucosal or palatal or cartilaginous grafts usually combined with local flaps.Free flap transplantation,normally reserved for rare select cases,include the use of the radial forearm and anterolateral flaps combined with mucosal grafts,which are surgical options currently reported in the literature.

Reconstruction of total lower eyelid defect-a case series

Background:Total lower eyelid defect after eyelid malignancy excision poses a challenge in the surgical management of total lower eyelid reconstruction.We describe a technique of reconstructing total lower eyelid defect,using a skin flap and the residual lower forniceal conjunctiva.Methods:A retrospective case series review.Five patients had undergone lower eyelid basal cell carcinoma excision.A 3-4 mm margin excision was performed and specimens were sent for paraffin section histological examination.Reconstruction was performed at the same stage,using a skin flap and the residual lower forniceal conjunctiva.A full thickness skin flap is raised from the lateral cheek,with its base at the lateral canthus.Subcutaneous tissues are not included in the skin flap.The lower forniceal conjunctiva is released from the inferior retractors and advanced superiorly to cover the inner surface of the skin flap.The skin flap is transposed to cover the lower eyelid defect and sutured to the soft tissues at the medial end of the defect.The advanced forniceal conjunctiva is sutured to the superior edge of the skin flap forming the new mucocutaneous junction of the eyelid margin.Results:There were 4 females and 1 male,with a mean age of 74 years(range,68-80 years).Histological clearance was achieved in all cases.None of the patients developed lagophthalmos,symblepharon or dry eye symptoms.None of the patients required any further revision surgery.Conclusions:Total lower eyelid defects can be reconstructed using the residual lower fornix conjunctiva and a skin flap.

穿支皮瓣眼睑重建术对眼睑肿瘤术后患者眼睑修复和重建的疗效和安全性

目的探讨穿支皮瓣眼睑重建术对眼睑肿瘤术后患者眼睑修复和重建的疗效和安全性。方法选取2012年1月至2022年12月在我院收治的需行穿支皮瓣眼睑重建术的眼睑肿瘤术后患者80例80眼,均为早、中期眼睑肿瘤,且未发生局部眶内转移和全身转移。采用穿支皮瓣眼睑重建术治疗眼睑缺损。比较患者修复前后睑裂高度和长度差值,美观功能评分,抑郁、焦虑水平;评价患者的临床疗效、不良反应以及预后情况。结果本组80眼中,显效35眼,有效35眼,无效10眼,总有效率为87.5%。修复后患者睑裂高度和长度差值分别为(1.49±0.47)mm和(1.43±0.55)mm,均低于修复前[(2.55±0.35)mm和(2.38±0.49)mm],差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.01)。修复前患者的美观功能评分为(0.91±0.23)分,修复后患者美观功能评分为(1.87±0.19)分,患者修复后的评分高于修复前,差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。修复后患者的焦虑自评量表和抑郁自评量表评分分别为(40.14±6.54)分和(39.45±7.65)分,均低于修复前[(59.56±8.23)分和(57.93±8.19)分],差异均有统计学意义(均为P<0.01)。本组80眼患者中,并发症总发生率为27.5%(22/80)。所有患者进行6~36个月的随访,随访时间(12.39±6.17)个月,无肿瘤复发病例。所有复合皮瓣均成活,未发生感染、坏死或移位等。结论穿支皮瓣眼睑重建术对眼睑肿瘤术后患者全层眼睑缺损的修复疗效好且安全。

A型肉毒毒素联合眶隔膜张力重建术整复松弛型下睑袋

目的:探讨A型肉毒毒素(Botulinum toxin type A,BTX-A)联合眶隔膜张力重建术整复松弛型下睑袋临床效果。方法:选取2020年12月-2022年12月在笔者医院治疗的松弛型下睑袋就医者为研究对象,共87例。根据治疗方法分为实验组(n=47)和对照组(n=40),实验组行BTX-A联合眶隔膜张力重建术,对照组行眶隔膜张力重建术,术后对就医者进行随访,比较下睑袋术后效果、泪沟畸形(Barton分级)、术后外观满意度、手术并发症。结果:治疗后,实验组瘢痕宽度、VSS低于对照组(P<0.05),手术时间及切口恢复时间与对照组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组就医者Barton分级均有所改善,且实验组0级和1级(95.74%)高于对照组(82.50%)(P<0.05);治疗后,实验组满意度(95.74%)高于对照组(80.00%)(P<0.05);治疗后,实验组与对照组并发症发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:BTX-A联合眶隔膜张力重建术整复松弛型下睑袋,能够有效消除下睑袋,减少瘢痕增生,改善Barton分级构成,就医者外观满意度较高。

内眦开大术联合改良Park法重睑成形术在双侧单睑伴内眦赘皮患者中的应用效果观察

目的观察内眦开大术联合改良Park法重睑成形术在双侧单睑伴内眦赘皮患者中的应用效果。方法选取82例于2020年9月至2023年9月在贵州医科大学附属乌当医院就诊的有求美需求的双侧单睑伴内眦赘皮患者,均为女性,按照治疗方式不同分为研究组和对照组,各41例(82只眼)。对照组采取内眦开大术联合传统Park重睑成形术,研究组采取内眦开大术联合改良Park法重睑成形术。比较两组患者术中出血量、瘢痕消失时间、术后满意度和临床疗效。结果研究组术中出血量少于对照组,手术时间短于对照组,瘢痕消失时间早于对照组,术后总满意度高于对照组患者,术后7天眼睑宽度小于对照组,眼裂高度大于对照组,术后半年上睑提肌肌力大于对照组,临床疗效总有效率高于对照组,并发症总发生率小于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05)。结论内眦开大术联合改良Park法重睑成形术用于治疗双侧单睑伴内眦赘皮临床疗效较好,术中出血量少,术后并发症少,瘢痕消失时间早,恢复速度快,重睑形态对称自然,患者满意度高,值得临床应用。

Revisiting the upper eyelid blepharoplasty advancement flap:adaptation for the repair of full-thickness upper eyelid defects—a case series

A blepharoplasty flap has been previously reported as a useful reconstruction approach for anterior lamellar defects lying between the lash line and the eyelid crease.We herein describe a variation of the blepharoplasty flap and suggest its use as an adjunct in the reconstruction of full-thickness lateral upper eyelid defects.Technique description and retrospective interventional case series.The reconstruction technique was used by an experienced oculoplastics surgeon(ASL)in 3 adults with malignant lesions involving the lateral upper eyelid margin,resulting in a post-excision 50%full-thickness defect between November 2017 and June 2020.The posterior lamella was reconstructed using an ipsilateral free tarsal graft and an inferiorly hinged transposition periosteal flap.The anterior lamella reconstruction was then performed using a local advancement flap utilizing the principles of upper blepharoplasty and Burow’s triangle.Almost full eyelid excursion and full gentle closure were evident at 1–2 weeks follow-up in all three cases.One case later developed 1–2 mm of gentle closure lagophthalmos and was managed successfully with topical lubricants.In all patients,the final eyelid contour and symmetry were adequate,with only minimal scarring,evident already 3 to 4 months postoperative.There were no major complications or need for revisions.The technique described herein highlights the utility of the blepharoplasty flap for lateral,full-thickness upper eyelid defects.This logical variation enables the reconstruction of significant defects using only local tissue,obeying the“like with like”principle,and helps avoid the need for a bridging flap.We provide preliminary evidence of the potential of a good cosmetic outcome of upper lid appearance and contour,together with a fast recovery of appropriate eyelid function.

风筝皮瓣及旋转皮瓣在修复眉眼前层缺损中的应用

目的:探讨风筝皮瓣及旋转皮瓣在眼外伤或良性肿物切除术后造成眉眼前层缺损的疗效,评价其预后、修复效果以及美学评分改变。方法:收集2018年5月至2020年5月34例眉/眼外伤或因良性肿物行手术切除患者,其眉眼前层缺损最大直径不超过眼长度1/2,根据创面缺损位置、范围,设计沿皮纹方向的缺损邻接部位局部风筝皮瓣及旋转皮瓣,推进滑行局部转移皮瓣向缺损区移位一期修复缺损。随访6个月观察术后皮瓣愈合情况、缺损的修复效果、并发症、患者满意度,比较手术前后美学评分。结果:所有皮瓣全部成活,切口均为I期甲级愈合,局部皮瓣的皮肤色泽、厚薄、毛发情况、质地以及眉毛走行分布与未手术侧基本一致,皮瓣创周器官组织形态无明显改变,皮瓣上眉毛生长良好,手术切口隐蔽在肌肤纹路处、瘢痕增生不鲜明,所有患者无需再次手术。缺损部无臃肿,双侧连续性以及对称性良好,无眉眼变形、倒睫、睑内外翻、上睑下垂等出现,眉/眼组织形态美观、功能良好。患者对手术效果比较满意。患者术后1 d及1、3、6个月的美学评分分别为(73.50±7.79)、(76.97±6.84)、(82.21±6.11)和(87.06±6.07)分,均高于术前的(50.59±9.71)分,比较差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。结论:应用风筝皮瓣及旋转皮瓣I期修复眉/眼皮肤软组织缺损,可较好地恢复眉/眼形态和功能,患者对缺损修复效果满意度高,能取得较高的美学评分,操作简单易行,效果可靠,无明显并发症。

自体肌腱在眼睑原位重建中的应用

背景:寻找合适的睑板替代物是眼睑重建的关键,目前所用材料均存在不足之处。根据自体肌腱的生物特性,其具有作为睑板替代物的潜力。目的:观察应用自体肌腱行兔下眼睑原位重建术后的效果及组织转归。方法:取13只成年日本大耳白兔,制备双侧下眼睑缺损模型,一侧眼用自体肌腱行眼睑原位重建手术,另一侧用同种异体巩膜行眼睑原位重建手术,术每天观察移植物情况。术后4周,取双侧睑板复合体,分别进行生物力学测试、苏木精-伊红染色,观察纤维血管化和复合体转归情况。结果与结论:①术后兔双侧眼睑切口有轻微红肿、结膜充血,5 d左右消退;植入4周后切口愈合良好,植入物无明显排斥反应,无植片暴露,眼睑无闭合障碍,角膜完整,眼球活动度良好;②苏木精-伊红染色显示,肌腱组移植物边界清楚,周边由睑板腺体细胞包绕,移植物中央可见呈条索状平行排列的胶原纤维结构,肌腱边界处部分纤维结构不清,移植体周围可见散在分布的新生毛细血管,周围未见明显的炎症细胞浸润;异体巩膜组异体巩膜被胶原纤维替代,细胞排列紊乱;③肌腱组和异体巩膜组眼睑的最大载荷分别为(10.521±3.497),(9.450±4.032)N,最大载荷时的拉伸位移分别为(6.110±0.347),(4.590±0.732)mm,杨氏弹性模量分别为(5.562±1.156),(2.575±0.978)MPa,组间比较差异均有显著性意义(P<0.05);④结果表明,自体肌腱与睑板具有较好的组织相容性,可达到进行眼睑原位重建的物理特征及效果。

A tarsus construct of a novel branched polyethylene with good elasticity for eyelid reconstruction in vivo

Branched polyethylene(B-PE)elastomer was investigated for its potential medical application as a tarsus construct.The in vitro results showed that the B-PE and processed B-PE films or scaffolds did not exhibit noticeable cytotoxicity to the NIH3T3 fibroblasts and human vascular endothelial cells(ECs).The B-PE scaffolds with a pore size of 280–480 mm were prepared by using a gelatin porogen-leaching method.The porous scaffolds implanted subcutaneously in rats exhibited mild inflammatory response,collagen deposition and fast fibrovascularization,suggesting their good biocompatibility.Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed low expression of pro-inflammatory genes and up-regulated expressions of collagen deposition and vascularization-related genes,validating the results of historical evaluation in a molecular level.The B-PE scaffolds and Medpor controls were transplanted in rabbits with eyelid defects.The B-PE scaffolds exhibited a similar elastic modulus and provided desirable repair effects with mild fibrous capsulation,less eyelid deformities,and were well integrated with the fibrovascular tissue compared with the Medpor controls.

Eyelid defect reconstruction

Eyelid reconstruction remains one of the more challenging areas of the face to reconstruct due to its dynamic complexity.They play an essential role in protecting the globe,forming a barrier against trauma,excessive light,and pumping tears towards the nasolacrimal duct system.A critical understanding of the anatomy and soft tissue reconstructive options is essential to properly reconstruct the eyelid and maintain the functional and cosmetic components.

自体组织再造睑板联合颞区皮瓣修复下眼睑全层缺损

目的:总结和评价下眼睑全层缺损创伤后采用自体硬腭黏膜或耳软骨替代眼睑后层,联合眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣修复眼睑再造的临床效果。方法:对11例(11眼)下眼睑创伤后患者行自体硬腭黏膜或自体耳软骨联合眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣修复下眼睑全层缺损。11例均为重度眼睑缺损,其中眼睑75%以上全层缺损6例,50%缺损5例。结果:11眼睑术后功能及外观基本恢复正常,闭合完全,无内外翻。术后随访6个月~5年,平均3年4个月,眼睑功能及形态保持稳定,再造睑板无感染、外露及挛缩。结论:自体硬腭黏膜或耳软骨联合眼轮匝肌蒂颞区皮瓣下眼睑重建术是一种简便易行、取材方便、临床效果满意的眼睑再造术。

眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后自体硬腭黏膜移植眼睑再造

目的 眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后采用自体硬腭黏膜替代眼睑后层进行眼睑再造，并对其临床效果进行评价。方法1998年1月～2003年10月，对18例（18眼睑）患者行眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后，局部旋转移位皮瓣或游离皮瓣联合自体硬腭黏膜替代眼睑后层的眼睑再造术。其中男10例，女8例，年龄35～67岁。18例均为重度眼睑缺损，其中眼睑全部缺损12例，2／3眼睑缺损6例。眼睑基底细胞癌10例，睑板腺癌6例，眼睑鳞状细胞癌2例。结果18眼睑术后外观及功能基本恢复正常，闭合完全，无内外翻。术后随访6个月～4年，平均3年2个月，眼睑形态及功能保持稳定，无植片感染及挛缩，无免疫排斥反应，无肿瘤复发。结论自体硬腭黏膜代替眼睑后层作眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后的眼睑重建术，是一种简便易行、取材方便、术后并发症少、临床效果满意的眼睑再造术，硬腭黏膜优于传统的眼睑后层替代材料。

异体巩膜移植替代睑板重建眼睑

目的 探讨异体巩膜移植替代睑板重建眼睑的临床效果。 方法 1986年 5月～ 2 0 0 1年 1月对 4 5例部分眼睑缺损患者 ,采用异体巩膜替代睑板行眼睑重建。其中男 31例 ,女 14例。上睑 18例 ,下睑 2 7例 ;累及上或下眼睑内眦部 9例 ,外眦部 7例。眼外伤 2 2例 ,眼睑肿瘤 2 3例。眼睑缺损不超过眼睑总长度的 1/ 2。术后观察重建眼睑的外观、功能及并发症。 结果 4 5例移植异体巩膜行眼睑重建均获成功。术后随访 11～ 38个月 ,平均 19.7个月。重建的眼睑完整 ,双侧眼睑长度及高度差值均小于 2 mm。眼睑开闭及上提功能基本正常 ,对视功能无影响。 结论 异体巩膜是替代睑板行眼睑重建的理想材料。

眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后中重度眼睑缺损的Ⅰ期修复

目的:探讨眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后中重度眼睑缺损I期修复的手术方法和疗效。方法:2010-01/2011-10对11例11眼患者行眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后,利用硬腭黏膜移植联合眼周皮瓣或游离皮瓣修复眼睑全层缺损行眼睑再造术。其中男3例,女8例,年龄38～77岁,眼睑全部缺损4例,1/2～2/3眼睑缺损7例。眼睑基底细胞癌6例,睑板腺癌4例,眼睑鳞状细胞癌1例。结果:术后眼睑外观及功能恢复满意,随诊6～24mo无1例肿瘤复发。结论:硬腭黏膜移植联合眼周皮瓣或游离皮瓣修复眼睑恶性肿瘤切除术后中重度眼睑全层缺损,在眼睑外形和功能上可获得满意的效果,疗效肯定,具有较高的临床价值。

硬腭黏膜移植联合眉上转移皮瓣修复上睑全层缺损

目的探讨用硬腭黏膜植片替代缺损后层眼睑组织,同时转移眉上皮瓣修复缺损前层眼睑皮肤的临床疗效。方法对18例全层上眼睑缺损的患者,全部用口腔硬腭黏膜移植片替代睑板和结膜,再造后层眼睑;用眉上带蒂皮瓣转移覆盖于硬腭黏膜之上,代替缺损的眼睑皮肤,再造前层眼睑。术毕行睑缘缝合,半年后切开。术后对硬腭植片及其周围组织行病理学检查,观察植片的转归及其周围组织的情况。结果全部病例随访12个月以上,硬腭植片及转移皮瓣全部成活,无移位、感染或坏死等不良反应;眼睑外观及功能改善满意,获得良好疗效。病理检查硬腭黏膜胶原纤维仍然排列整齐,周围组织与其愈合良好。结论眉上转位皮瓣与眼睑皮肤薄厚色泽相近,由于有血液供应,易成活,且操作简单损伤小,易于被接受;硬腭黏膜植片的外形硬度与睑板近似,有良好的支撑作用,有柔软的黏膜表面,术后收缩少,取材方便,成活率高。硬腭黏膜移植联合眉上转移皮瓣修复上睑全层缺损,可以一次性修复缺损的皮肤、睑板、结膜,效果肯定,具有较高的临床价值。