Maggot homogenate is associated with neural regeneration and wound healing in the rat

BACKGROUND：Live delivery limits the clinical application of maggot therapy. To date in China, there are no in vivo reports regarding wound healing mechanisms of maggot therapy or the effects of maggot homogenate on wound nerve regeneration.OBJECTIVE：To avoid complications due to the use of live maggots, an aseptic maggot homogenate was applied. Substance P （SP） and gene protein product 9.5 expression in a cutaneous wound was analyzed to explore possible mechanisms of neural regeneration and wound healing in the rat.DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING：A random grouping and controlled animal study was performed at the laboratory of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University from August 2008 to April 2009.MATERIALS：Live maggots were cultured and provided by the laboratory of the Department of Orthopedic Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, China.METHODS：A total of 48 adult rats were selected and two acute, full-thickness wounds （round, 1.5 cm diameter） were created on the back of each rat. The two wounds were randomly assigned to homogenate product and control groups. Following two-step disinfection of maggots, a homogenate was produced from 10 maggots and applied to the wound area in the homogenate product group, while the wounds in the control group were treated with normal saline alone.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES：On days 1,3, 7, 10, 14, and 21 following injury, the wound tissue was excised. Histological examination of the wound was observed by hematoxylin and eosin staining or Masson＇s Trichrome staining. SP and protein gene product 9.5 expressions were examined by immunohistochemistry to evaluate wound neural regeneration.RESULTS：On days 7, 10, and 14, the rate of wound healing was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）, and homogenate healing was better than that seen in the control group. On days 3, 7, and 10, SP expression in cells and regenerative nerves was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）. On days 7 and 10, protein gene product 9.5 expression was detected in the regenerative nerve, and expression level was significantly greater in the homogenate product group compared with the control group （P 〈 0.05）.CONCLUSION：Maggot homogenate resulted in upregulated SP and protein gene product 9.5 expressions, thereby promoting neural regeneration and wound healing.

Crude extract of maggots:Antibacterial effects against Escherichia coli,underlying mechanisms,separation and purification

AIM:To investigate the antibacterial effects of a crude extract of maggots against Escherichia coli(E.coli) and the underlying mechanisms,and to separate and purifythe crude extract of maggots to assess the antibacterial effects of the active ingredients in the crude extract.METHODS:Different concentrations of the crude extract of maggots were incubated with E.coli(O157:H7) and cultured.The optical density(OD) was measured at different time points to plot the OD-T curve.The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on bacterial membrane permeability were determined by fluorescence probe technique.The effects of different concentrations of the crude extract on plasmid DNA replication were determined by agarose gel electrophoresis.DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography and Sephacryls-200 HR gel filtration chromatography were used to separate and purify the crude extract of maggots.The molecular weight of proteins in the purified crude extract was determined by SDS-PAGD electrophoresis,and its antibacterial effects were determined by turbidimetric method.RESULTS:The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots at concentrations > 0.5 mg/m L were significant.The antibacterial effects of the crude extract at concentrations of 1.0,1.5 and 2.0 mg/m L did not differ significantly.Fluorescence probe analysis showed that the rate of membrane permeability change was 1223.1% in bacteria incubated with 2 mg/m L of the crude extract,and 1300.0% in those incubated with 80 mg/m L of the crude extract.Plasmid DNA was undetectable in E.coli incubated with 2 and 80 mg/m L of the crude extract.A low molecular weight protein band(about 15 k Da) was detected in the crude extract of maggots and eluent,but not in eluant,from DEAE-Sepharose ion exchange chromatography.The antibacterial effects of the crude extract of maggots and eluent were superior to those of eluant,with the antibacterial effects of eluents being better than those of the crude extract of maggots.Of 24 tubes offiltrates,the antibacterial effects of filtrates in tubes 4,5 and 11 were significantly higher than those of the control.The molecular weight of the protein in filtrates in tubes 4,5 and 11 was about 15 k Da.CONCLUSION:The crude extract of maggots exhibits obvious,dose-dependent antibacterial effects.The crude extract exerts antibacterial effects by changing the bacterial membrane permeability and inhibiting plasmid DNA replication.The prote in that has antibacterial effects in the crude extract of maggots has a molecular weight of about 15 k Da.

Effect of Fish Meal Replacement with Maggot Meal on the Growth Performance of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus

Maggot meal was used to replace 0, 20% , 40% , 60% , 80% , 100% of the fish meal in the hasal feed, getting 6 kinds of feed with the same nitrogen content and equal energy （marked as group H0, H20, H40, H60, H80, H100）, which were used to feed the Misgurnus anguillicaudatus （loach） for60 d. The effects of the fish meal replacement by maggot meal on the growth performance of M. anguiUicaudatus were studied by comparing the growth performances and body indica- tors of M. anguillicaudatus fed with different feed groups. The results showed that the final weight, weight gain rate, specific growth rate of the M. anguillicaudatus in group H40 showed no significant difference with the control P 〉0.05 ）, but was significantly higher than that of other groups P 〈0.05 ）. Moreover, except group H40, the feed coefficients of all other groups were significantly higher than that in control group （P 〈0.05 ）. The M. anguillicaudatus in group 1-140 had the highest condition factor and COR and the lowest viscera index, all of which showed significant differences with the other replacement groups （P 〈0.05） but the difference with the control group was not significant （P 〉 0.05）. Thus, a proportion of 40% of the fish meal replaced with maggot meal in the mixed feed for the M. anguilli- caudatus could improve the growth performance and physique indexes of M. anguillicaudatus.

Effect of Feeding on Fresh(wet)Housefly Maggots(Musca domestica)with or without Artificial Diet on Water Quality and Growth Rates of African Catfish(Clarias gariepinus Burchell,1822)Fry under Laboratory Conditions

No or little information on the use fresh(wet)housefly maggots(Musca domestica)in African catfish(Clarias gariepinus)fry feeding.Therefore,this study was conducted to investigate the effect of feeding on fresh(wet)housefly maggots with or without artificial diet on water quality,growth performance,survival percentage and feed utilization of African catfish fry under laboratory conditions.Housefly maggots produced from a mixture of poultry droppings and foods wastes,it was used to replace artificial feed at 0,50 and 100% levels.Catfish were fed artificial diet alone(Feed 1),fresh(wet)housefly maggots alone(Feed 2),and 50% fresh housefly maggots with 50% artificial diet(Feed 3)were prepared and tested on triplicate groups of African catfish fry(initial weight of 0.25±0.02 g)for 60 days.Results showed that final weight(g/fish)was significantly(P≤0.05)higher in fish fed on feed 3(6.03±0.08),followed by fish fed feed 2(4.62±0.27),followed by fish fed feed 1(3.15±0.68).Specific growth rate(%/day)was also significantly higher in fish fed on feed 3(5.31±0.10),followed by fish fed feed 2(4.86±0.03),followed by fish fed feed 1(4.18±0.24).The same trend was observed with total weight gain,percentage weight gain,daily growth rate and relative growth rate.Feed intake and protein intake were significantly(P≤0.05)higher in fish fed on feed 3 and fish fed on feed 2,followed by fish fed feed 1.While,feed conversion ratio(FCR)and protein efficiency ratio were not significantly(P>0.05),but the improvement in FCR recorded in catfish fry fed feed 3 and feed 2 under the experimental conditions.Survival percentage was within the range 55-75%,with insignificant differences(P>0.05)among treatments.The water quality parameters such as temperature,pH,dissolved oxygen,total ammonia,nitrite and nitrate were not significantly(P>0.05)between the treatments and were tolerable for Catfish culture.Accordingly,use of the 50% fresh(wet)housefly maggots with 50% artificial diet in African catfish fry feeding had positive effect on growth performance and reduce of the feed cost.

Cutaneous Myiasis: Is <i>Lucilia cuprina</i>Safe and Acceptable for Maggot Debridement Therapy?

Preservation of viable tissue is important in wound management. It is achieved by small, incremental removal of devitalised, necrotic and infected tissues. Maggot debridement therapy (MDT) is used in septic necrotic wounds that fail to respond to conventional modalities. MDT has relied on Lucilia cuprina, which consumes only necrotic tissues, as opposed to Lucilia cuprina, which devours both flesh and necrotic tissues. Recent findings have shown that L. cuprina consumes mainly necrotic and very small amounts of viable tissues and may be used in MDT where L. sericata is very rare or absent. Here we describe wound healing in a patient from rural South Africa with cutaneous myiasis. Our findings agree with workers who indicated that L. cuprina could be used in MDT.

Effect of New Fly Maggot Protein Feed on mRNA Expression of TOR Signaling Pathway-related Genes in Loaches (Misgurnus anguillicaudatus)

[Objectives] This study was conducted to explore the effects of new fly maggot protein feed on the mRNA expression of genes related to the TOR signaling pathway in loaches(Misgurnus anguillicaudatus). [Methods] Two kinds of test feed with equal nitrogen and energy were prepared by replacing 60% of the fish meal in the control group with the new fly maggot protein feed, i.e., Diet1(control group) and Diet2(60% fish meal replacement group). The feeding experiment was carried out in an indoor circulating water system, and the breeding period was 60 d. [Results] For the livers, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly higher than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while the expression of 4 EBP2 was lower than in the Diet1 group(P<0.05);and as to the muscles, the mRNA levels of TOR and 4EBP1 in the Diet2 group were significantly lower than those in the Diet1 group(P<0.05), while there was no significant change in the mRNA level of 4EBP2 between the two groups. [Conclusions] The replacement of fish meal by fly maggot cultures affected the mRNA expression of TOR, 4EBP1 and 4EBP2 in loach livers and muscles.

Biological Value of Maggot Meal as a Replacement for Fishmeal in the Diets of African Giant Snail （Achatina spp.） Hatchings

Poverty, inadequate dietary intake, and diseases are the major causes of malnutrition in Nigeria. Averagely, Nigerians consume about 5.5 g of animal protein per day which is low compared to the minimum of 30 g per person per day as recommended by Food and Agricultural Organization. The concept of household food security ensures that adequate food can be obtained, either through home production or purchases. Snail production is one of the means through which these ills could be eliminated. Protein deficiency that is endemic in developing nations can be reduced through the domestication of micro-livestock like snail which is rich in protein and iron. Sixty Achatina achatina hatchlings were used in a 90 days feeding trial. The hatchlings were assigned to four treatments in a Completely Randomized Design with three replicates each. Maggot meal was incorporated at the levels of 0.6, 1.4, and 2 kg per 100 kg of feed in treatments 2, 3 and 4, respectively. Treatment 1 had no maggot meal and served as the control. Results showed that snail weight, shell length and shell width increased with increase in the levels of maggot meal. Hatchlings on T3 and T4 had statistically similar values （P 〉 0.01） which were significantly （P 〈 0.01） higher than values obtained for hatchlings on T1 and T2 .Weight gain and feed conversion values of hatchlings on T3 and T4 were also significantly higher than values observed for hatchlings on T1 and T2. Therefore, maggot meal could effectively replace fishmeal in the diet of African giant snail hatchlings.

Effect of Maggot Production Residue on Amaranth Growth Parameters

Amaranth is one of the most consumed vegetables in Niger Republic because of its nutritional values. However, the production of this plant requires nutrient-rich soils that are becoming scarce in most agricultural soils in Niger. This study aims to evaluate the fertilizing potential of the maggot production residue of Musca domestica L. 1758 and bovine excrement on the agronomic parameters of Amaranthus cruentus L., 1759. To do this, four densities (50, 100, 150, 200 g) of maggot production residue and bovine excrement were tested. Stem length, neck diameter and leaf number were strongly influenced by the interaction of the type of treatment (maggot production residue and bovine excrement) and dose. Dose 50 and dose 150 gave the best performance in length and diameter respectively for residue (length = 42.24 ± 8.98 cm;diameter = 0.88 ± 0.17 cm) and bovine droppings (length = 39.29 ± 8.10;diameter = 0.98 ± 0.77). On the leaf number side, no significant differences were observed between the doses for the residue. For bovine excrement, this number was higher at the 150 g dose (28.12 ± 4.98). The effect of the residue and bovine excrement on each corresponding dose shows that, for the stem length, only the 50 g dose was statistically influenced by the latter (P < 0.001). On the neck diameter side, only the 50 g and 100 g doses were statistically influenced by bovine residue and excrement (dose 50 g: P < 0.001;dose 100 g: P < 0.001). For each of these doses, the residue recorded the best performance both for the length of the rod and for the diameter at the collar. On the leaf number side, only the dose 50 g and 150 g varied statistically according to the type of fertilizer. At the 50 g dose, the residue recorded the largest number of leaves (27.10 ± 11.15), but the residue recorded the lowest number of leaves at the 100 g dose (21.01 ± 5.99). Foliar and root biomass varied statistically according to the dose within each fertilizer (foliar biomass: residue: P = 0.040;bovine excrement: P < 0.001;root biomass: residue: P < 0.001;bovine excrement: P < 0.001). The highest leaf biomass was obtained with doses 50 and 150 respectively for residue (155.00 ± 33.91 g) and bovine excrement (123.20 ± 20.57 g). The 150 g dose gave the best root biomass performance for the residue. For bovine excrement, the dose of 150 g and 200 g gave (without any significant difference between them) the best performance in root biomass with 21.80 ± 5.48 g and 21.50 ± 4.74 g respectively. The effect of residue and bovine excrement on each corresponding dose shows that, for foliar biomass, dose 50 and 100 g were statistically influenced by the latter (dose 50: P < 0.001;dose 100: P < 0.001). At each of these doses, the residue recorded the highest leaf biomass. For root biomass, each dose was statistically influenced by the type of fertilizer except dose 200 (P = 0.616). For each of these doses, maggot production residue gave better root biomass performance than bovine excrement except for dose 200 where no difference between the two fertilizers was observed (residue = 20.50 ± 3.97 g and dung = 21.50 ± 4.74 g). It appeared from this that the 50 g dose was to be the optimal dose of maggot production residue to bring for a better growth of amaranth plants. Whereas, this optimal dose is 150 g for the bovine droppings used in the present study.

Review on Using of Housefly Maggots(Musca domestica)in Fish Diets

The main animal protein ingredient in fish diets is most often fishmeal because of its nutritional quality.However,the limited availability and increasingly cost of fishmeal has lead to investigations of either lowering or replacing the fishmeal content with more economic protein sources of animal and/or plant origin.The research for appropriate and cheap cost alternative sources of protein to use in commercial fish diets will be the most important factor in intensive fish culture development.Insect meals are healthy and nutritious alternatives to fish meal due to their rich nutritional values,particularly protein,fat and minerals.Housefly maggots(Musca domestica)meal is also rich in B complex vitamins,trace elements and phosphorus.From the results of previous studies,Housefly maggots meal can be used successfully to replace the fish meal portion partially or completely in the fish diets.Also,the results observed that not physiological stressful was introduced in the fish by feeding Housefly maggots meal diets.This indicates that Housefly maggots meal were well utilized by the fish thus resulting in good growth of fish.In other study,observed a best growth performance with fish feeding on diets containing maggot’s meal compared with fish feeding on fishmeal diet.This indicates the high nutritional quality and fish acceptance of maggot’s meal.

西藏牦牛皮蝇蛆病防治的SWOT分析

文章旨在深入了解西藏牦牛牛皮蝇蛆病的防治形势,运用系统全面的理念进行牛皮蝇蛆病防治,完善西藏地区动物疫病防控和公共卫生体系。运用动态分析法,根据SWOT分析框架,对西藏牦牛皮蝇蛆病防治工作具备的优势、劣势、机遇和挑战进行全面分析,并提出相应的对策。结果显示,在西藏地区,包括牛皮蝇蛆病在内的寄生虫病防治得到了重视和支持,建立了相对完善的防控体系,积极开展了以“春防”“秋防”为主的防治工作,但仍然存在牛皮蝇蛆病综合防治难度大、媒介控制困难等挑战。应继续发挥政府主导作用,加强制度建设,引导市场积极参与,提升广大农牧民防病治病意识,做到群防群控,为牦牛牛皮蝇蛆病防治建立可持续机制。

蝇蛆预处理及辅料添加对鸡粪堆肥氨挥发和温室气体排放的影响

为明确蝇蛆预处理及辅料添加对鸡粪堆肥过程中NH3挥发及温室气体排放的影响,本研究分别将风化褐煤、厨余垃圾、蘑菇渣与鸡粪混合,在进行蝇蛆预处理后堆肥,研究试验过程中NH3挥发和温室气体的排放规律。试验设置8个处理,分别为对照组(无蝇蛆预处理):纯鸡粪(CK1)、30%风化褐煤+70%鸡粪(CK2)、30%厨余垃圾+70%鸡粪(CK3)、30%蘑菇渣+70%鸡粪(CK4);试验组(蝇蛆预处理):纯鸡粪(T1)、30%风化褐煤+70%鸡粪(T2)、30%厨余垃圾+70%鸡粪(T3)、30%蘑菇渣+70%鸡粪(T4)。结果表明:蝇蛆预处理能够延长堆肥高温期,≥50℃天数均达到10 d以上,相比CK1增加5~9 d;在整个试验期间试验组NH3挥发集中在堆肥第2天,试验组NH3累积排放量显著低于对照组,降幅达到42.7%~61.1%,菇渣添加处理的NH3累积排放量在对照组中最低;风化褐煤的添加能够显著降低N2O排放,T2相比于T1降低84.2%,CK2相比于CK1降低51.7%。蝇蛆预处理能够显著降低CO_(2)排放当量,相比CK1降低32.1%~73.2%,其中,T4的CO_(2)排放当量最低。研究表明,蝇蛆预处理能够提高堆肥温度、延长堆肥高温期、显著降低NH3排放和CO_(2)排放当量,若从堆肥温度及CO_(2)排放当量方面考虑蝇蛆预处理和菇渣组合为最优处理。

棕色绿僵菌最适培养基和杀蝇蛆分生孢子浓度探究

为了研究昆虫寄生性真菌—棕色绿僵菌(Metarhizium brunneum)的最适培养基和杀蝇蛆分生孢子浓度,试验对棕色绿僵菌在不同固体培养基、液体培养基、氯化钠浓度和pH值条件下的生长特征和产孢能力进行了测定,并分别统计不同浓度(1×10^(4)个/mL、1×10^(5)个/mL、1×10^(6)个/mL、1×10^(7)个/mL和1×10^(8)个/mL)分生孢子悬液处理后第3,5,7天的蝇蛆累计死亡率。结果表明:棕色绿僵菌在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基上培养第21天时的菌落直径最大(8.40 cm),然后从大到小依次为PPDA固体培养基(8.20 cm)、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基(8.10 cm)、枸橼酸固体培养基(7.20 cm)、大豆蛋白胨固体培养基(4.90 cm)、玉米粉琼脂培养基(4.70 cm);在马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基上培养第21天时的分生孢子产量最高(4.830×10^(7)个/mL),然后从高到低依次为PPDA固体培养基(3.070×10^(7)个/mL)、沙氏葡萄糖琼脂培养基(1.770×10^(7)个/mL)、枸橼酸固体培养基(1.580×10^(7)个/mL)、大豆蛋白胨固体培养基(0.260×10^(7)个/mL)、玉米粉琼脂培养基(0.053×10^(7)个/mL);在萨氏液体培养基中培养第7天时的菌丝干重最高(10.6 mg/mL),然后从高到低依次为马铃薯液体培养基(8.0 mg/mL)、沙氏葡萄糖液体培养基(7.1 mg/mL)、玉米浸液液体培养基(0.2 mg/mL);在萨氏液体培养基中培养第7天时的分生孢子产量最高(5.29×10^(7)个/mL),然后从高到低依次为马铃薯液体培养基(2.86×10^(7)个/mL)、沙氏葡萄糖液体培养基(2.71×10^(7)个/mL)、玉米浸液液体培养基(1.53×10^(7)个/mL)。棕色绿僵菌在氯化钠浓度为0.15 mol/L或pH值为8的马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基上培养第21天时的菌落直径最大,分生孢子产量最高。用棕色绿僵菌分生孢子悬液(浓度分别为1×10^(4)个/mL、1×10^(5)个/mL、1×10^(6)个/mL、1×10^(7)个/mL和1×10^(8)个/mL)处理第3天,家蝇三期幼虫的累计死亡率为13.3%~40.0%;处理第5天,家蝇三期幼虫的累计死亡率为26.7%~66.7%;处理第7天,家蝇三期幼虫的累计死亡率为40.0%~90.0%。浓度为1×10^(6)个/mL、1×10^(7)个/mL和1×10^(8)个/mL的分生孢子悬液处理第7天时家蝇三期幼虫的累计死亡率显著高于浓度为1×10^(4)个/mL、1×10^(5)个/mL的分生孢子悬液(P<0.05),且浓度为1×10^(6)个/mL、1×10^(7)个/mL和1×10^(8)个/mL的分生孢子悬液处理第7天时家蝇三期幼虫的累计死亡率之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。说明棕色绿僵菌的最适培养基为马铃薯葡萄糖琼脂培养基和萨氏液体培养基,培养基最适氯化钠浓度为0.15 mol/L、pH值为8;棕色绿僵菌分生孢子悬液对蝇蛆有较强的侵染杀灭作用,推荐的杀蝇蛆浓度为1×10^(6)个/mL。

棕色绿僵菌与高效氯氰菊酯复配杀蝇蛆的增效作用

为了研究棕色绿僵菌(Metarhizium brunneum)与高效氯氰菊酯(beta-cypermethrin)复配在蝇蛆防控中的应用,试验测定了高效氯氰菊酯和棕色绿僵菌的相容性,以及单一棕色绿僵菌组、棕色绿僵菌与高效氯氰菊酯复配制剂组杀蝇蛆毒性试验。结果表明,即使在较高浓度的下,高效氯氰菊酯对棕色绿僵菌的菌丝生长情况、孢子萌发率和孢子产量等无显著影响;高效氯氰菊酯与棕色绿僵菌联合使用确实可以增加棕色绿僵菌对蝇蛆的致死率,其中孢子浓度为1×10^(8)个/mL、1×10^(7)个/mL对蝇蛆的累计死亡率分别从90.0%、86.7%提高到100%;孢子浓度为1×10^(6)个/mL、1×10^(5)个/mL、1×10^(4)个/mL的累计死亡率分别从86.7%、50%和36.7%提高到93.3%、70%和63.3%。说明棕色绿僵菌与高效氯氰菊酯相容性良好,可以一起使用。低剂量的高效氯氰菊酯与棕色绿僵菌联用应用可以降低高效氯氰菊酯的使用量并提高生物防治效果。

棕色绿僵菌胞外酶的诱导及发酵液生化特性研究

为了研究不同液体培养基及诱导物对棕色绿僵菌作用过程中胞外酶的最佳诱导条件和发酵液的生化性质,从而在对家畜外寄生虫进行防治过程中更好地利用该菌,在前期研究基础上,试验使用培养效果较好的3种液体培养基加入不同诱导物对棕色绿僵菌进行液体发酵培养,检测发酵液的蛋白质含量、蛋白酶活性、磷酸酶活性以及杀蝇蛆效力等,确定该菌产生胞外酶和杀虫作用最适的培养基与诱导物。结果表明,蝇蛆三期幼虫诱导的枸橼酸培养基发酵液蛋白质浓度较高达404.45 mg/L、蛋白酶活性42.28 U/mL、酸性磷酸酶活性37.06 U/L、碱性磷酸酶11.04 U/L,同时杀蝇蛆效力也是最高的,达60%。因此,枸橼酸液体培养基是产生胞外蛋白质最佳培养基,较好的诱导物为蝇蛆三期幼虫。说明不同培养基及诱导物对棕色绿僵菌的代谢进程会产生显著影响,导致其代谢过程中分泌的蛋白质含量、蛋白酶和磷酸酶的活性产生明显差异,对杀蝇蛆效率产生影响。

五谷虫通过抑制免疫应激-补体活化缓解咪喹莫特诱导的小鼠银屑病样皮肤损伤

目的研究五谷虫通过免疫应激-补体活化途径治疗C57BL/6银屑病样小鼠的药效学及作用机制。方法取36只SPF级雄性C57BL/6小鼠,随机分为正常组、模型组、五谷虫(1.25%,2.5%,5%剂量)组、本维莫德(1%)组,6只/组,咪喹莫特乳膏涂抹造模。MPASI评分检测小鼠皮损的严重程度;游标卡尺检测小鼠耳廓肿胀厚度;HE染色检测小鼠背部皮肤及右耳组织病理学变化;观察小鼠抓挠行为学;称重计算小鼠脾脏指数;甲苯胺蓝染色检测小鼠背部皮肤组织肥大细胞数量;ELISA法检测免疫应激(IgG、IgM)、补体活化(CH50、C1s、C3、C3a、C5、C5a)、炎症反应(IL-23、IL-17A、TNF-α)相关因子水平。结果与正常组相比,模型组小鼠MPASI评分、耳廓肿胀厚度均升高(P<0.001);背部皮肤及右耳组织病理损伤加重;抓挠行为次数,脾脏指数,肥大细胞数量,血清IgG、C1s、C3a、C5a、IL-23、IL-17A、TNF-α,组织C1s、C3、C3a、C5、C5a水平均升高(P<0.05),血清CH50、C3、C5水平降低(P<0.001),血清IgM水平有升高趋势,但差异无统计学意义。与模型组相比,五谷虫低、中、高剂量组小鼠MPASI评分、耳廓肿胀厚度降低(P<0.05);背部皮肤及右耳组织病理损伤减弱;抓挠行为次数、脾脏指数、肥大细胞数量降低(P<0.01),五谷虫高剂量组血清IgG、C1s、C3a、C5a、IL-23、IL-17A、TNF-α,组织C1s、C3、C3a、C5、C5a水平降低(P<0.05),血清CH50、C3、C5水平升高(P<0.01)。五谷虫疗效呈现剂量-效应依赖关系。结论五谷虫通过调控免疫应激-补体活化途径发挥治疗银屑病作用。

Transcriptome analysis of sugar beet root maggot （Tetanops myopaeformis） genes modulated by the Beta vulgaris host

Sugar beet root maggot （SBRM, Tetanops myopaeformis von R6der） is a major but poorly understood insect pest of sugar beet （Beta vulgaris L.）. The molecular mecha- nisms underlying plant defense responses are well documented, however, little information is available about complementary mechanisms for insect adaptive responses to overcome host resistance. To date, no studies have been published on SBRM gene expression pro- filing. Suppressive subtractive hybridization （SSH） generated more than 300 SBRM ESTs differentially expressed in the interaction of the pest with a moderately resistant （F1016） and a susceptible （F1010） sugar beet line. Blast2GO v. 3.2 search indicated that over 40% of the differentially expressed genes had known functions, primarily driven by fruit fly D. melanogaster genes. Expression patterns of 18 selected EST clones were confirmed by RT-PCR analysis. Gene Ontology （GO） analysis predicted a dominance of metabolic and catalytic genes involved in the interaction of SBRM with its host. SBRM genes function- ing during development, regulation, cellular process, signaling and under stress conditions were annotated. SBRM genes that were common or unique in response to resistant or susceptible interactions with the host were identified and their possible roles in insect responses to the host are discussed.

Metabolic responses of indigenous bacteria in chicken faeces and maggots to multiple antibiotics via heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectroscopy

The use of maggots derived from chicken faeces as fish diets might serve as a vehicle for the widespread of multiple antibiotic resistant bacteria(ARB) in the environment. Heavy water labeled single-cell Raman spectroscopy(D_(2)O-Raman) was applied to detect the metabolic responses of indigenous bacteria in chicken faeces and maggots to different concentrations of combined colistin, kanamycin, and vancomycin. By incubating the samples with D_(2)O and antibiotics, metabolically active bacterial cells to antibiotics were distinguished from those inactive by the exhibition of C-D Raman band. Using the C-D band as a universal metabolic biomarker, 96% and 100% of cells in chicken faeces and maggots were revealed to be metabolically active to 1 × minimum inhibition concentration(MIC) of the aforementioned antibiotics. A noticeable decrease in the percentage of active cells from 96% to 76% in faeces and 100% to 93% in maggots was observed at 5 × MIC of antibiotics. However, these ratios were still far above that obtained from the same faeces(1.84%) and maggots(0.51%) samples using a cultivation method, indicating the wide presence of nongrowing but metabolically active bacterial cells under antibiotic treatment. Conclusively, the cultureindependent D_(2)O-Raman approach detected and quantified a large portion of metabolically active indigenous bacteria to multiple antibiotics in their native environments, illustrating the great potential risks of these active cells to spread antibiotic resistance via food chain.

蛆虫清创在1例老年骶尾部Ⅳ期压疮患者创面治疗中的应用

给予2019年7月大连医科大学附属第一医院收治的1例老年骶尾部Ⅳ期压疮患者在抗感染、纠正水电解质紊乱、营养支持等对症支持治疗的基础上,局部创面于保守锐器清创后采用碘伏常规换药治疗。治疗10 d后,创面无明显变化,遂改为蛆虫清创治疗,13 d后创面肉芽组织生长良好,再次改为负压封闭引流联合表皮生长因子换药治疗,53 d后创面完全愈合,愈后皮肤轻度瘢痕增生。

蝇蛆抗氧化肽对IPEC-J2细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用

【目的】以蝇蛆抗氧化肽(FTP)为研究对象,利用体外化学和细胞试验,探究FTP对DPPH和ABTS+·自由基清除能力以及对IPEC-J2细胞氧化应激损伤的保护作用。【方法】通过测定不同浓度(500、1000、2000、3000、4000μg/mL)FTP对DPPH、ABTS+·自由基的清除率检测FTP的体外抗氧化能力;将IPEC-J2细胞用不同浓度(0、100、250、500、1000、2000μg/mL)FTP培养,利用MTT法测定孵育24 h后各组细胞的存活率;利用MTT法筛选出适宜的过氧化氢(H 2O 2)浓度构建氧化应激模型;根据构建的氧化应激模型和FTP适宜的浓度梯度,将IPEC-J2细胞随机分为空白组、模型组、试验组(100、250、500、1000μg/mL),分别测定各组细胞存活率、活性氧(ROS)水平以及细胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性和丙二醛(MDA)水平。【结果】当FTP浓度为4000μg/mL时DPPH和ABTS+·自由基的清除率分别达到了54.82%和81.90%;不同浓度FTP对IPEC-J2细胞均无生长抑制作用,细胞存活率均高于100%,呈浓度梯度性增长,且FTP浓度为2000μg/mL的细胞存活率是空白组的1.22倍;H 2O 2构建细胞氧化应激模型的适宜浓度为1000μmol/L。与空白组相比,模型组细胞存活率极显著降低,ROS和MDA水平极显著提高,SOD和CAT活性极显著降低(P<0.01);与模型组相比,4个试验组细胞存活率均极显著增高(P<0.01),500μg/mL FTP组细胞存活率是模型组的2.37倍,500和1000μg/mL FTP组的ROS和MDA水平极显著降低(P<0.05),SOD和CAT活性极显著或显著升高(P<0.01;P<0.05),且均呈剂量效应关系。【结论】FTP对IPEC-J2细胞氧化应激损伤有显著的保护作用,且呈剂量效应。

蝇蛆蛋白混合物对美洲鳗鲡非特异性免疫功能的影响

蝇蛆既是优质饲料蛋白质又是新型免疫增强剂。为探明蝇蛆蛋白混合物对美洲鳗鲡非特异性免疫功能的影响,水温为25~28℃时,将750尾初始体质量(95.0±5.0)g的美洲鳗鲡随机分为5组,每组3个平行,每个平行50尾鱼,分别投喂在基础饲料中添加质量分数为0%(对照组)、5%、10%、15%和20%蝇蛆蛋白(由蝇蛆蛋白混合物折算而来)的饲料,投喂养殖60 d后,测定美洲鳗鲡血清中溶菌酶、补体3、补体4、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶、超氧化物歧化酶、谷丙转氨酶和谷草转氨酶等免疫指标的变动情况及嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后美洲鳗鲡的死亡率。试验结果显示:美洲鳗鲡血清中补体3、补体4含量随蝇蛆蛋白混合物添加比例增加而显著提高(P<0.05),其中补体3以15%添加组含量最高,补体4以20%添加组含量最高;血清中溶菌酶、酸性磷酸酶、碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶活性均随蝇蛆蛋白混合物添加量的增加先升后降,除5%添加组碱性磷酸酶活性与对照组差异不显著外,其余均显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其中溶菌酶、酸性磷酸酶和超氧化物歧化酶均以15%添加组活性最高,碱性磷酸酶以10%添加组最高;谷丙转氨酶活性也随蝇蛆蛋白混合物添加量的增加先升后降,但蝇蛆蛋白添加量低于20%的处理组与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);谷草转氨酶活性则随蝇蛆蛋白混合物添加量的增加逐渐下降,但只有蝇蛆蛋白添加水平超过15%后才显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。攻毒试验结果表明,15%添加组的美洲鳗鲡累积死亡率最低,与对照组差异显著,相对免疫保护率最高。综上所述,在饲料中添加蝇蛆蛋白混合物能显著提高美洲鳗鲡非特异性免疫功能和抗病力,最佳添加量为15%蝇蛆蛋白。