Surface metal-matrix composites based on AZ91 magnesium alloy via friction stir processing:A review

This monograph presents an overview of friction stir processing(FSP)of surface metal-matrix composites(MMCs)using the AZ91 magnesium alloy.The reported results in relation to various reinforcing particles,including silicon carbide(SiC),alumina(Al_(2)O_(3)),quartz(SiO_(2)),boron carbide(B_(4)C),titanium carbide(TiC),carbon fiber,hydroxyapatite(HA),in-situ formed phases,and hybrid reinforcements are summarized.AZ91 composite fabricating methods based on FSP are explained,including groove filling(grooving),drilled hole filling,sandwich method,stir casting followed by FSP,and formation of in-situ particles.The effects of introducing second-phase particles and FSP process parameters(e.g.,tool rotation rate,traverse speed,and the number of passes)on the microstructural modification,grain refinement,homogeneity in the distribution of particles,inhibition of grain growth,mechanical properties,strength–ductility trade-off,wear/tribological behavior,and corrosion resistance are discussed.Finally,useful suggestions for future work are proposed,including focusing on the superplasticity and superplastic forming,metal additive manufacturing processes based on friction stir engineering(such as additive friction stir deposition),direct FSP,stationary shoulder FSP,correlation of the dynamic recrystallization(DRX)grain size with the Zener–Hollomon parameter similar to hot deformation studies,process parameters(such as the particle volume fraction and external cooling),and common reinforcing phases such as zirconia(ZrO_(2))and carbon nanotubes(CNTs).

Review on the effect of different processing techniques on the microstructure and mechanical behaviour of AZ31 Magnesium alloy

Magnesium(Mg)alloys despite being the ideal candidate for structural applications,owing to their high specific strength and low density,are not widely used due to lack of active slip systems at room temperature in their hexagonal close-packed crystal structure,eliciting poor ductility and formability.Amongst the various series of Mg alloys,the AZ and ZK series alloys have been standouts,as they inherit better room temperature strength and flow characteristics through their solute elements.Grain refinement,as well as eliminating casting defects through metal processing techniques are vital for the commercial viability of these alloys since they play a key role in controlling the mechanical behaviour.As such,this review highlights the effect of different Bulk-deformation and Severe Plastic Deformation techniques on the crystal orientation and the corresponding mechanical behaviours of the AZ31 alloy.However,every process parameter surrounding these techniques must be well thought of,as they require specially designed tools.With the advent of finite element analysis,these processes could be computationally realized for different parameters and optimized in an economically viable manner.Hence,this article also covers the developments made in finite element methods towards these techniques.

Application of novel constrained friction processing method to produce fine grained biomedical Mg-Zn-Ca alloy

In order to obtain Mg alloys with fine microstructures and high mechanical performances,a novel friction-based processing method,name as“constrained friction processing(CFP)”,was investigated.Via CFP,defect-free Mg-Zn-Ca rods with greatly refined grains and high mechanical properties were produced.Compared to the previous as-cast microstructure,the grain size was reduced from more than 1 mm to around 4μm within 3 s by a single process cycle.The compressive yield strength was increased by 350%while the ultimate compressive strength by 53%.According to the established material flow behaviors by“tracer material”,the plastic material was transported by shear deformation.From the base material to the rod,the material experienced three stages,i.e.deformation by the tool,upward flow with additional tilt,followed by upward transportation.The microstructural evolution was revealed by“stop-action”technique.The microstructural development at regions adjacent to the rod is mainly controlled by twinning,dynamic recrystallization(DRX)as well as particle stimulated nucleation,while that within the rod is related to DRX combined with grain growth.

Effect of microstructure on outer surface roughening of magnesium alloy tubes in die-less mandrel drawing

The crystal orientation and outer surface roughening of magnesium alloy tubes were evaluated to clarify the effect of the mandrel on the microstructure and outer surface roughness in die-less mandrel drawing. Locally heated ZM21 tubes with an outer diameter of 6.0 mm and an inner diameter of 3.8 mm were drawn with and without a mandrel. The outer surface roughness and crystal orientation were evaluated in the same measurement area. The results indicated that the outer surface becomes rougher in the die-less mandrel drawing than in die-less drawing for a given outer circumferential strain. The outer surface roughness developed when there was large difference in the pyramidal slip system Schmid factor. Therefore, the slip deformation of the pyramidal slip system seems to be mainly responsible for the outer surface roughening in the die-less mandrel drawing. Furthermore, the crystal grain with the {2110} crystal plane vertical to the normal direction of outer surface had a larger Schmid factor than the other crystal grains. The large number of crystal grains with the {2110} crystal plane in the die-less mandrel drawing is one of the reasons that the outer surface roughness develops more in the die-less mandrel drawing than in die-less drawing for a given outer circumferential strain. These results will contribute significantly to the development of fabrication process of the microtube with high surface quality, which prevents rapid corrosion of biomedical applications.

Consideration of Castability and Formability for New Magnesium Alloys

A comprehensive consideration based on castability or plastic formability, as well as mechanical properties for development of either cast magnesium alloys or wrought magnesium alloys is a very important issue. To develop new magnesium alloy sheets with high formability at room temperature, the microstructure, texture, ductility and anisotropy of rolled Mg-Zn-Gd alloy sheets were investigated. The sheets exhibit an excellent ultimate elongation of nearly 50% and an uniform elongation greater than 30% with a very low planar anisotropy. The new sheet has a random basal texture and the basal pole is tilted by maximum 40° from the normal direction towards the transverse direction. The majority of grains in the tilted texture have an orientation favorable for both basal slip and tensile twining because of their high Schmid factor. The low planar anisotropy, the large uniform elongations and the high strain hardening rate observed in the Mg-Zn-Gd sheets result in excellent room temperature formability, the Erichsen values reach ~8, well comparable with the conventional aluminum alloys sheets at room temperature. The solidification pathways and phase equilibria of Mg-Al-Ca alloys have been profoundly investigated by using thermal analysis and thermodynamic calculations. The relationship between hot tearing tendency and alloy compositions were discussed in terms of strength of the mushy zone, solidification pathways and feeding mechanisms, et al. Thixoforming refers to as that metal components are formed in their semi-solid state. Criteria for thixoforming are summarized and then the thixoformability of Mg-Al-Ca based alloys (AC alloys) are evaluated using the thermodynamic calculations based on the consideration of metallurgical parameters.

Recent advances of electromagnetic interference shielding Mg matrix materials and their processings:A review

In terms of lightweight electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding structural materials,Mg matrix materials have proven to be the best,due to their exciting properties(e.g.low density,high specific strength,good electrical conductivity and excellent EMI shielding properties)and their wide range of applications in lightweighting in electronics,automotive and aerospace industries.Through processing,such as alloying,heat treatment,plastic deformation and composite processing,Mg matrix materials can be obtained with tailorable properties which can play a key role in designing materials for EMI shielding.This work introduces an overview of the research on the EMI shielding properties of Mg matrix materials as well as their EMI shielding mechanisms over the past few decades,focused on the influence of alloying,heat treatment,plastic deformation and composite processing for the EMI shielding properties of Mg matrix materials.At the end,conclusions and future perspectives are provided.

Plastic deformation of magnesium alloy with different forming parameters during ultrasonic vibration-assisted single-point incremental forming

The research of forming parameters on the ultrasonic vibration single-point incremental forming of magnesium alloy plastic deformation can provide a theoretical basis for the establishment of the forming parameters.According to the forming characteristics of magnesium alloy sheet,a new method of ultrasonic vibration-as sis ted single-point incremental forming was proposed.The influence of forming parameters on the plastic deformation of magnesium alloy was studied by finite element simulation and experimentation.The influence of vibration frequency,amplitude,friction coefficient,and tool head size on stress and thinning rate of magnesium alloy during ultrasonic vibration-as sis ted single-point asymptotic forming was studied.The results show that the vibration frequency of 20 kHz and forming tool radius of about 5 mm are beneficial for plastic deformation magnesium alloy in ultrasonic vibration-assisted single-point incremental forming.With vibration amplitude increasing,the maximum shear stress tends to decrease as a whole,but at the amplitude of 0.16 mm,the thinning rate is large and fracture occurs easily.With friction coefficient increasing,the maximum shear stress tends to increase,and there is a good linear relationship between the maximum thinning rate and the friction coefficient.

A crystal plasticity based approach to establish role of grain size and crystallographic texture in the Tension–Compression yield asymmetry and strain hardening behavior of a Magnesium–Silver–Rare Earth alloy

Existence of tension–compression yield asymmetry is a serious limitation to the load bearing capablities of Magnesium alloys in a number of light weight structural applications.The present work is aimed at nullifying the tension to compression asymmetry problem and strain hardening anomalies in a Magnesium–Silver–Rare Earth alloy by engineering different levels of microstructural conditions via friction stir processing and post process annealing.The existence and extent of yield asymmetry ratio in the range of microstructural conditions was experimentally obtained through quasistatic tensile and compression tests.The yield asymmetry problem was profoundly present in specimens of coarse grained microstructures when compared to their fine grained and ultra fine grained counterparts.The impact of the microstructure and associated mechanisms of plasticity on the macroscopic strain hardening behavior was established by Kock–Mecking’s analysis.Crystal plasticity simulations using Viscoplastic Self Consistency approach revealed the consequential role of extension twinning mechanism for the existence of yield asymmetry and anomalies in strain hardening behavior.This was especially dominant with coarsening of grain size.Electron Microscopy and characterization were conducted thoroughly in partially deformed specimens to confirm the predictions of the above simulations.The role of crystallographic texture for inducing the polarity to Tension–Compression yield asymmetry was corroborated.A critical grain size in Magnesium–Silver–Rare earth alloy was hereby established which could nullify influences of extension twinning in yield asymmetry ratio.

GH4169合金塑性加工成形与组织调控方法综述

针对高温合金零部件的精密成形制造由于工艺复杂、成形效率和精度低,其微观组织、力学性能及成形精度难以协同控制的问题,采用组织调控和成形工艺优化作为实现高温合金零部件成形成性一体化制造的有效手段。作为一种高温稳定相,δ相常出现于塑性变形及热处理过程中,其析出量与形貌影响合金的微观组织及力学性能。因为零件结构及服役条件的差异,所要求的组织、性能和采取的制备工艺也不尽相同。介绍了环类、盘类及叶片类3类典型的GH4169合金零件的塑性加工技术,同时引出δ相在其中起到的作用,继而对δ相的析出、球化和溶解等演化行为及其对合金变形行为和力学性能的影响进行了阐述与总结。

铸造镁合金凝固过程数值模拟研究进展

镁合金以其轻量化、高比强度和良好的阻尼性能在汽车、航空航天等领域应用广泛。数值模拟通过再现铸造成形过程中的各类宏观和微观物理过程,可以调控组织、减少缺陷、提高力学性能和优化铸造工艺参数。本文综述了铸造镁合金在枝晶和共晶凝固组织模拟,偏析、气孔和热裂等缺陷模拟,以及力学性能预测等方面的研究现状,简要介绍了近两年在铸造镁合金成形工艺模拟方面的研究进展。最后,指出了当前铸造镁合金数值模拟研究存在的问题及发展方向。

镁合金电弧增材技术基本工艺及工艺因素影响综述

轻量化结构件是航空航天和交通运输领域的永恒追求,结构件的轻量化主要通过结构设计和材料选择实现。因此,具有自由成型大型复杂形状构件特点的电弧增材技术受到持续关注。镁合金密度约为1.8g/cm^(3),是实际工程应用中最轻的金属结构材料之一。这两点使电弧增材镁合金大型复杂构件的生产研究受到重视。然而,电弧增材涉及电磁、传热、流体等复杂物理变化,同时镁合金又存在易氧化、易挥发等问题,这对电弧增材的工艺控制提出严峻考验。为此本文归纳总结了镁合金电弧增材技术基本工艺类别,分析了主要工艺参数对电弧增材制造镁合金成型质量、微观组织、力学性能的影响规律和深层机理,指出了镁合金电弧增材技术的现有问题,最后对镁合金电弧增材技术的未来研究方向提出了一些建议和展望。

The hot compressive deformation behavior of cast Mg-Gd-Y-Zn-Zr alloys with and without LPSO phase in their initial microstructures

Samples of Mg-8.2Gd-3.8Y-1.1Zn-0.4Zr alloy with and without an intragranular lamellae-shaped long period stacking ordered(LPSO)phase were prepared through heat treatment and a series of hot compression tests on these materials were conducted to examine and evaluate the influence of LPSO on the hot compressive deformation behavior and deformation mechanisms at a given alloy composition.The values of activation energy for plastic flow(Qc)of the solution treated(without LPSO phase)and annealed alloys(with intragranular LPSO phase)were larger than that for pure Mg,indicating that the presence of a high amount of rare earth(RE)elements and LPSO in the Mg matrix significantly increases Qc.The Qcvalue of the annealed alloy was larger than that of the solution treated alloy at all the strain levels(223.3 vs.195.5 k J/mol in average)and the largest difference in Qcbetween the two alloys was recorded at the smallest strain of 0.1 where precipitation of LPSO during deformation was limited in the solution treated alloy.These observations imply that the formation of LPSO phase out of the RE-rich solid solution matrix during deformation increases Qc,but the increment is not so large.Analysis of the hot compressive data of the alloys with LPSO phase and the alloys with RE-rich solid solution matrix in literatures indicates the similarity of the effect of the LPSO and RE-rich solid solution matrix phases on Qcand high-temperature strength.

镁合金原位生长水滑石研究进展

镁合金是常见轻质金属结构材料,但易腐蚀的特性限制了其在工业中的广泛应用。水滑石具有超强的吸附能力和阴离子可交换性等特点,可为镁合金提供有效防护。文章综述了镁合金原位生长水滑石的研究进展,主要包括成膜工艺、成膜机理、防腐蚀机理及在镁合金防腐涂层中的应用。目前常用的制备方法包括原位直接生长法、两步法、阴离子置换法和电沉积法。原位生长法制备较为简单,但会出现较多的副产物;而两步法和阴离子置换法可以通过控制反应条件和调节溶液成分来实现水滑石的原位生长,能够得到较好的涂层质量和性能;电沉积法更为高效快速,但涂层结合力有待提高。现有的水滑石成膜机理大体可以分为4种成膜机理,而水滑石往往会在第二相附近和缺陷处优先形核。水滑石涂层防腐机理可以概括为涂层屏蔽、离子吸附和涂层自愈合。最后对水滑石未来的发展进行了展望。

TIG电弧增材制造AZ31镁合金成形尺寸控制研究

镁合金作为航天装备结构件轻量化和一体化制造的关键轻质结构金属材料,电弧增材制造镁合金过程中成形尺寸精确控制一直是研究的重点。基于二次回归通用旋转组合试验设计法,建立了电弧增材关键工艺参数(基值电流、送丝速度、运动速度)与成形尺寸特征参数间的回归模型,采用响应面法深入分析了单一参数及耦合作用对增材成形尺寸的影响规律。结果表明:在试验设计参数范围内,基值电流的增大对成形高度起抑制作用,对成形宽度起促进作用;随着送丝速度的增大,成形宽度略微减小,层高呈现增大趋势;运动速度的增大使得沉积层的层高和层宽均减小。各工艺参数对成形高度影响最大的是送丝速度,其次是基值电流,影响最小的是运动速度;基值电流对成形宽度影响最大,其次是运动速度,对成形宽度影响最小的是送丝速度。

5A06-O铝镁合金板材差温拉深凸耳行为研究

采用单向热拉伸试验测定了5A06-O铝镁合金在温热条件下(150~275℃)的流变应力曲线及厚向异性系数,通过扫描电镜对不同温度下单向拉伸试样颈缩断裂处的断口进行形貌观察分析。通过差温拉深试验研究了5A06-O铝镁合金在温热条件下的凸耳形成及演变规律。结果表明,拉深件的凸耳出现在与轧制方向成45°方向处,且平均凸耳率随着成形温度的升高先降低后增大,在250℃差温拉深条件下平均凸耳率最小,这与平面各向异性系数∆r有密切关系;在150、200、275℃,平均凸耳率随拉深比的增大呈现先增大后减小的趋势,而在250℃平均凸耳率随着拉深比的增大而增大;拉深件45°方向的减薄率与增厚率明显低于0°及90°方向,其原因在于该方向有着最大的塑性应变比r;250℃成形的零件三个方向均有着最低的减薄率与增厚率,壁厚分布最为均匀,其原因在于该温度有着最大的平均塑性应变比r。成形速度对5A06-O铝镁合金的成形性能有着显著影响,在室温及温热条件宜采用较快的拉深速度,本试验中5mm/s为最佳,但随着拉深速度的增加,平均凸耳率呈现上升趋势。

塑性成形方法对镁合金耐蚀性的影响及展望

随着镁合金产业的快速发展,如何通过塑性成形方法提高镁合金的耐蚀性成为了重要课题。镁及其合金因具有低密度、高比强度和较好的回收性等优点而受到广泛关注,然而室温变形能力和耐腐蚀性能差等缺点是其广泛应用的瓶颈。在总结镁合金腐蚀特点及面临问题的基础上,综合分析了国内外塑性成形方法对镁合金腐蚀领域的相关研究,综述了不同加工成形方法在提高镁合金耐蚀性应用方面的进展,从腐蚀机理和工艺参数2个方面进行了讨论。介绍了不同塑性成形方法对镁合金耐蚀性的影响机制,其中包括挤压-ECAP、超声滚压处理、等通道转角挤压、热轧处理、触变成形、板材挤压、板材轧制、交叉轧制、异步轧制和异步交叉轧制、压铸、快速凝固、搅拌摩擦焊、增材制造、喷丸等。从成分分布、析出相等微观角度阐述了影响镁合金腐蚀行为的机制,指出了塑性成形方法在提高镁合金耐蚀行为方面存在的问题,为提高镁合金的耐蚀性提出建议。

AA6061铝合金薄壁构件单点增量成形表面质量研究

目的得到表面质量良好的铝合金薄壁构件,研究不同工艺参数对表面质量的影响。方法对厚度为1.5 mm、径厚比为107︰1的AA6061铝合金板进行单点增量成形,利用正交实验与对照实验研究各工艺参数对表面质量的影响,并对实验过程中成形件起卷的现象进行分析与讨论,最后结合极差分析与方差分析结果,得到兼顾表面质量与成形效率的最佳工艺参数组合。结果各工艺参数按对表面质量的影响由大到小的顺序依次为:层进给量、润滑条件、成形轨迹、工具头半径、进给速率。与层进给量为2 mm相比,层进给量为0.5 mm时的成形件表面质量明显更优。当主轴转速降低至500 r/min时,可以避免表面起卷,使构件顺利成形。结论层进给量是影响表面质量的重要因素,层进给量越小,薄壁件表面质量与成形性能越好;降低主轴转速可以有效避免成形过程中板料起卷的现象;液体润滑剂的流动性较好,使用液体润滑剂可避免润滑失效,其润滑效果优于脂润滑的润滑效果;进给速率对表面质量的影响较小,适当提高进给速率可以有效提高成形效率。

基于层宽控制的AZ91镁合金TIG电弧增材工艺优化

针对镁合金电弧增材制造表面成形质量控制的难题,通过Design-Expert软件对AZ91镁合金TIG电弧增材的电流、送丝速度、增材速度等工艺参数和熔覆层层宽之间进行建模,探索了各工艺参数对增材层宽的影响规律,并利用增材主要工艺参数和尺寸的数学模型优化了增材电流,根据电流优化值来控制直壁构件层宽。结果表明,对层宽影响最大的是增材电流,其次是增材速度,影响最小的是送丝速度;采用优化后的工艺增材制备的单道多层构件自上至下的层宽波动起伏小,层宽偏差值由4.54 mm减小到0.94 mm,提高了AZ91镁合金增材成形质量。

超高强韧稀土镁合金直筒段锻造成形工艺

基于航天型号对超高强韧稀土镁合金构件产品的迫切需求,本文以航天器中的直筒段产品为研究对象,采用近等温锻造挤压成形工艺技术,开展VW84M高强韧稀土镁合金材料的锻造工艺性能研究,分析了直筒段的工艺结构特点,制定了直筒段的锻造成形工艺,通过三维建模、数值模拟技术和成形工艺试验,研究了直筒段的成形过程,分析了坯料的金属流动、温度变化特点,并通过成形工艺试验试制出锻件产品。结果表明,VW84M稀土镁合金在440℃的锻造温度时,在合适的挤压速度下具备良好的塑性成形性能,该材料具备实际工程应用能力;数值模拟得到的挤压载荷为64.72 MN,实际挤压载荷为60 MN,相差7.8%,数值模拟结果与工程试验有较高的结合度;工艺试验得到的直筒锻产品,切、轴向力学性能指标优于预期,抗拉强度不小于340 MPa、屈服强度不小于210 MPa、延伸率不小于6%的指标值。直筒段产品金属流线分布较为均匀,切向力学性能优于轴向。

可降解淀粉塑料的制作与加工成型工艺研究

随着社会经济的飞速发展,能源紧缺以及资源过度消耗、生态环境问题等逐渐引起了整个社会的关注和重视,依靠可降解材料取代石油基塑料逐渐成为近年来的热门研究课题。基于此,本文结合笔者实际工作研究,探讨了可降解淀粉塑料的制作及加工成型工艺。