Die structure optimization of equal channel angular extrusion for AZ31 magnesium alloy based on finite element method

Three-dimensional(3D)geometric models with different corner angles(90°and 120°)and with or without inner round fillets in the bottom die were designed.Some important process parameters were regarded as the calculation conditions used in DEFORMT M-3D software,such as stress—strain data of compression test for AZ31 magnesium,temperatures of die and billet,and friction coefficient.Influence of friction coefficient on deformation process was discussed.The results show that reasonable lubrication condition is important to plastic deformation.The change characteristics for distributions of effective stress and strain during an equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE)process with inner angle of 90°and without fillets at outer corner were described. Inhomogeneity index(C)was defined and deformation heterogeneity of ECAE was analyzed from the simulation and experiment results.The deformation homogeneity caused by fillets at outer corner increased compared with the die without fillets.The cumulated maximum strains decrease with increasing the fillets of outer corner in ECAE die and the inner corner angle.The analysis results show that better structures of ECAE die including appropriate outer corner fillet and the inner corner angle of 90°for the die can improve the strain and ensure plastic deformation homogenization to a certain extent.The required extrusion force drops with increasing the fillet made at outer corner in ECAE die.It is demonstrated that the prediction results are in good agreement with experiments and the theoretical calculation and the research conclusions in literatures.

Mechanical properties and damping capacities of magnesium alloys processed by equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE)

Equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) was applied to commercial pure magnesium and AZ91D alloy. Microstructures of these magnesium alloys before and after ECAE process were observed by optical microscopy (OM). The ultimate tensile strength of pure magnesium and AZ91D alloy processed by ECAE is about 130 and 260MPa, respectively, and it is much higher than that of the as cast alloys. The elongation of them is increased from about 2% to 8%. The strain amplitude dependence damping capacities of these magnesium alloys were investigated by dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). ECAE process largely decreases the damping capacities of pure magnesium from 0.033 to about 0.012 (ε=1×10 -4), but does not show obvious influence on that of AZ91D alloy, which is about 0.0015.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of ZE10 magnesium alloy prepared by equal channel angular pressing

ZE10 magnesium alloy was subjected to equal-channel angular pressing （ECAP） up to 12 passes in a die with an angle of 120° between the two channels at 250-300℃. An inhomogeneous microstructure of bimodal grains including fine grains of 1-2 μm as well as coarse grains of about 20μm was obtained after the initial 1-4 ECAP passes. The grain size became increasingly homogeneous with further ECAP processing and the grains were significantly refined to 1-2 ktm after 8 passes and further refined to 0.5-1 μm after 12 passes. The alloy＇s yield strength changed slightly but the ductility improved greatly initially up to 4-6 passes corresponding to the bimodal grain microstructure. And after the subsequent pressing of more than 8 passes, the tensile strength including yield strength improved while the elongation decreased gradually.

The Stamping Formability of AZ31 Magnesium Alloy Sheet Improved by Equal-channel Angular Pressing

Equal channel angular pressing （ECAP） processing and annealing were applied to the AZ31 magnesium alloy sheets to evaluate the potential improvement in the mechanical properties and formability. The ECAP experiment was conducted at 300 ℃ in a die having an included angle of 90o between two channels by the BCZ route with the sheets rotated by 90°about the normal axis of plate plane. The tensile tests and conical cup tests were conducted at various temperatures from 20 to 250 ℃. The experimental results indicated that improving the working temperatures could lead to the soft in the material and the enhancement of ductility. Comparatively, the ECAPed AZ31 alloy sheets showed the lower yield strength and smaller conical cup value （CCV） than the unECAPed counterpart in the room temperature. The difference in yield strength between them became small in the elevated temperature, but the ECAPed samples still had the smaller CCV value, implying the improved formability. The texture of the AZ31 alloy sheets could be modified by ECAP and the decrease in the yield strength and more uniform deformation realized in the material, so the formability of AZ31 alloy sheets was improved.

Magnesium permeation through mechanosensitive channels:single-current measurements

引人注目的证据显示出那细胞内部的免费的镁[Mg (2+)](i) 可以是在优核质的房间活动的一个批评管理者。然而，在哺乳动物的房间的膜运输机制调停 Mg (2+) 流入糟糕被理解。这里，我们证明离子的隧道由段激活的那只 mechanosensitive (MS ) 猫为在包括生理的不同细胞外的集中的 Mg (2+) 离子是可渗透的。单个隧道的水流被记录从依附房间并且当 Mg (2+) 是里面的水流的唯一的可得到的搬运人时，在内外面在 MgCl (2 ) 的各种各样的集中在 K562 白血球过多症房间上修正。在 2 公里 Mg (2+) ，通过 MS 隧道代表 Mg (2+) 流入的里面的 mechanogated 水流对应于大约 5 pS 的单一的传导力。在更高的 Mg (2+) 层次，单个隧道的水流和传导力的仅仅细微的增加发生了，暗示通过 MS 隧道的 Mg (2+) 浸透被强壮的浸透描绘。在 20 和 90 公里 Mg (2+) ，为里面的水流的吝啬的传导力价值由 Mg (2+) 带了是相当类似的，等于 6.8 +/- 0.5 和 6.4 +/- 0.5 pS 分别地。隧道选择的渗透的评价显然由于浸透效果根据经常的地方程被限制。我们断定单个水流的察觉是为通过段激活的膜隧道的 Mg (2+) 浸透的主要证据。我们通过在白血球过多症房间的血浆膜的 MS 隧道的单个水流的大小文件 Mg (2+) 流入。房间研究(2006 ) 16：723-730。doi:10.1038/sj.cr.7310084；出版联机 2006 年 7 月 25 日。

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Medical Magnesium Alloy Fabricated by Unequal Channel Angular Pressing

A new unequal channel angular pressing (UCAP) procedure is proposed for ultrafine-grained metals and alloys. The microstructures and mechanical properties of Mg-5.8Zn-1.2Y-0.7Zr alloys subjected to unequal channel angular pressing (UCAP) are investigated. It is found that the optimum condition in UCAPed alloy is obtained at 523 K with a largest elongation to failure of 13.1% and ultimate tensile strength of ~400 MPa. Microstructural observations show that the grain size is refined to ~1.0 μm during UCAP. The probable mechanisms for these high mechanical properties are attributed to grain size and destroyed secondary phase strengthening effects and fine precipitates formed during pressing at high temperature by severe shear and plastic deformation.

Friction stir welding of AZ31 magnesium alloys processed by equal channel angular pressing

Equal channel angular pressing （ECAP） is an effective thermo-mechanical process to make ultrafine grains. An investigation was carried out on the friction stir welding （FSW） of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys with a thickness of 15 mm. For different process parameters, the optimum FSW conditions of ECAPed AZ31 magnesium alloys were examined. The basic characterization of weld formation and the mechanical properties of the joints were discussed. The results show that the effect of welding parameters on welding quality was evident and welding quality was sensitive to welding speed. Sound joints could be obtained when the welding speed was 37.5 mm/min and the rotation speed of the stir tool was 750 r/min. The maximum tensile strength （270 MPa） of FSW was 91% that of the base materials. The value of microhardness varied between advancing side and retreating side because of the speed field near the pin of the stir tool, which weakened the deformed stress field. The value of microhardness of the welding zone was lower than that of the base materials. The maximum value was located near the heat-affected zone （HAZ）. Remarkable ductile character was observed from the fracture morphologies of welded joints.

MLKL forms cation channels

OBJECTIVE To investigate how MLKL functions on the membrane and explore its electrophysiological characters and structure.METHODS The full-length human MLKL were expressed in SF21 cells and purified using glutathione-sepharose affinity chromatography.The currents of purified MLKL proteins were recorded in avoltage-clamp mode using a Warner BC-535 bilayer clamp amplifier.The currents were digitized using p CLAMP 10.2 software.HEK293 cells were cultured and transfected with MLKL plasmid.Cell viability was examined using the Cell Titer-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay kit.RESULT MLKL forms cation channels that are permeable preferentially to Mg2+rather than Ca2+in the presence of Na+and K+.Moreover,each MLKL monomer contains five transmembrane helices:H1,H2,H3,H5 and H6 of the N-terminal domain which is sufficient to form channels.Finally,MLKL-induced membrane depolarization and cell death exhibit a positive correlation to its channel activity.

磁控溅射镀铝AZ31镁合金等离子体电解氧化揭示的放电通道结构及其腐蚀行为

在硅酸盐-六偏磷酸盐电解液中对覆盖薄磁控溅射铝层的AZ31镁合金进行等离子体电解氧化(PEO),以研究PEO机理并提高合金的耐腐蚀性。使用SEM和EDS检测涂层形貌并追踪涂层中Mg和Al元素的分布。新的涂层主要在靠近涂层/金属基体界面的放电通道下部形成。在放电通道上部先前形成的氧化物大部分以固态形式保留在原先的位置,只有少部分熔融氧化物通过涂层的微孔流出,到达表层。阴离子可以通过涂层充满电解液的孔传输,自由地进入涂层的最深部位。在3.5%NaCl (质量分数)中进行开路电位、极化曲线和EIS测试。结果表明,致密的磁控溅射Al层可以显着提高AZ31镁合金的耐腐蚀性,其耐腐蚀性甚至优于PEO处理后的样品。

Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and its thixoforming

Preparation of semi-solid billet of magnesium alloy and thixoforming was investigated by applying equal channel angularextrusion to magnesium alloy.The results show that mechanical properties of AZ91D alloy at room temperature,such as yieldstrength(YS),ultimate tensile strength(UTS)and elongation,are enhanced greatly by four-pass equal channel angularextrusion(ECAE)at 573 K and microstructure of AZ91D alloy is refined to the average grain size of 20μm.Through using ECAE asstrain induced step in SIMA and completing melt activated step by semi-solid isothermal treatment,semi-solid billet with finespheroidal grains of 25μm can be prepared successfully.Compared with common SIMA,thixoformed satellite angle framecomponents using semi-solid billet prepared by new SIMA have higher mechanical properties at room temperature and hightemperature of 373 K.

Improving corrosion resistance of RE-containing magnesium alloy ZE41A through ECAP

Significant grain refinement was achieved in rare earth (RE) containing aeronautic magnesium alloy ZE41A through equal-channel angular pressing (ECAP) using rotary die at 603 K. Influence of ECAP pass number on its microstructure change and corrosion behavior was investigated by optical microscope (OM)/scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation and potentiostatic polarization tests in aqueous solution of NaCl, respectively. The results showed that ultrafine equiaxial grains (about 2.5 μm) were obtained over 16 passes due to plastic-induced grain refinement accommodated by dynamic recrystallization. The lower corrosion current density and nobler corrosion potential correlated with large number of pressing passes were attributed to the low tendency toward localized corrosion with broken secondary phase after homogenization on ultrafine-grained Mg matrix. The multi-pass ECAP method made the ZE41A aeronautic magnesium alloy more attractive since severe plastic deformation may significantly improve its corrosion resistance besides superior mechanical properties.

Bonding interface zone of Mg-Gd-Y/Mg-Zn-Gd laminated composite fabricated by equal channel angular extrusion

In order to improve the mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Mg alloys,the equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE)was employed to fabricate the Mg-5Gd-5Y/Mg-2Zn-1Gd(GW55/ZG21)laminated composites.After fabrication and annealing treatment,the microstructural evolution,phase constitution,microhardness,and bonding strength were investigated on the bonding interface zone of GW55/ZG21 laminated composites.The bonding interface zone of GW55/ZG21 laminated composites comprises a lot of Mg3(Y,Gd)2Zn3 particles along the bonding interface,some rod Mg24(Y,Gd)5 phases on GW55 side,and a precipitation free zone(PFZ)on ZG21 side.After annealing treatment,Mg3(Y,Gd)2Zn3 particles along the bonding interface increase, rod Mg24(Y,Gd)5 phases on GW55 side decrease,and PFZ is broadened.Meanwhile,the hardness on the bonding interface zone decreases and the bonding strength increases from 126 MPa to 162 MPa.

Microstructure evolution of processed Mg-Al-Zn alloy by equal channel angular extrusion in semi-solid isothermal treatment

Microstructure evolution of processed Mg-Al-Zn alloy by equal channel angular extrusion(ECAE)in semi-solid isothermal treatment was investigated.The results show that with increasing semi-solid isothermal treatment temperature,the α phase solid grain size of processed Mg-Al-Zn alloy by ECAE increases firstly due to coarsening of α phase solid grains,then decreases due to melting of α phase solid grains.With the increase of extrusion passes during ECAE,the α phase solid grain size in the following semi-solid isothermal treatment decreases.The α phase solid grain size of processed Mg-Al-Zn alloy by ECAE under route BC is the smallest,while the α phase solid grain size of processed material by ECAE under route A is the largest.The primary mechanism of spheroid formation depends on the melting of recrystallizing boundaries and diffusion of solute atoms in the semi-solid state.

预置初始孪晶对ECAP变形纯镁组织和性能的影响

对预置孪晶后的纯镁进行等通道挤压(ECAP),利用光学显微镜、电子万能试验机研究1、2、4道次后组织和力学性能的变化。结果表明在250℃等通道挤压下,预压缩5%的试样比原始试样具有更细的晶粒。2道次挤压后,预孪晶的样品相较于没有预压缩的样品动态再结晶晶粒更多。4道次挤压后晶粒尺寸变得更加均匀。ECAP和预孪晶均能提高纯镁的伸长率。预孪晶4道次挤压后样品的伸长率比原始样品挤压的伸长率提高较大,说明了孪晶在纯镁ECAP变形中起着重要的作用。

水杨酸镁对脑缺血再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的：观察水杨酸镁对缺血再灌注造成的脑损伤的保护作用。方法：采用四动脉结扎法，制作大鼠全脑缺血再灌注模型。动物随机分成伪手术、再灌注、尼莫地平２ｍｇ／ｋｇ、水杨酸镁５ｍｇ／ｋｇ及１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ组共５组，于缺血前，再灌注前及再灌注过程中各ｉｖ给药１次。结果：缺血４０ｍｉｎ再灌注１ｈ后，脑水份从７９．０％升到８３．２％，脑钙含量由１７３升到２３９μｇ／ｇｄｗ，丙二醛含量从１５．６升到２４．６μｍｏｌ／ｇ蛋白质，乳酸脱氢酶含量由２０．７降到１１．２ＫＵ／ｇ蛋白质。尼莫地平和水杨酸镁均能减弱上述改变，并改善再灌注期间脑电图的改变。结论：水杨酸镁保护脑组织。

双相合金Mg-8Li-1Al的等通道转角挤压 Ⅱ.挤压后合金的室温拉伸性能

随着等通道转角挤压(ECAP)次数的增加,Mg-8Li-1Al(质量分数,％)合金的室温拉伸强度和塑性同时增加,对应1,2,3,4次ECAP,合金的屈服强度分别为169,185,196和198 MPa,延伸率分别为12％,14％,25％和27％.微观组织分析表明, ECAP方法在细化两相组织、提高合金强度的同时,还改善了α相组织的均匀性和等轴性,并使各晶粒间的取向差逐渐增大.这种处在非平衡状态的、具有较大取向差的晶界结构,在室温拉伸变形过程中可激活晶界滑移或晶粒转动等变形方式,进而使材料的塑性随道次增加而得到提高.

等通道角度挤压对两种镁合金拉伸性能的影响

对两种广泛应用的镁合金ZK60和WE43进行了等通道角度挤压(ECAP),获得了具有细小晶粒的合金组织.对挤压后的两种镁合金分别在24～450℃的温度范围和5×10-2～5×10-5/s的初始应变速率范围进行了拉伸试验,确定了两种镁合金的拉伸性能指标与等通道角度挤压工艺参数、试验温度和应变速率之间的关系.结果表明,等通道角度挤压加工能显著改善两种镁合金的塑性.

变形温度对AZ31镁合金等通道转角挤压变形行为的影响

通过建立镁合金等通道转角挤压过程的热力耦合有限元分析模型,对其变形过程中的温度场分布进行分析,并通过微观组织观察和XRD分析,获取变形温度对镁合金变形行为的影响规律。结果表明:等通道挤压过程中试件温度分布不均匀,在模具转角剪切部位温度显著升高,且存在明显的温度梯度。XRD分析和微观组织观察显示,AZ31镁合金变形后,锥面衍射强度显著增强,且镁合金的再结晶速度随着变形温度的升高而显著加快。结合变形过程中温度场的分布状况,建议AZ31镁合金等通道转角挤压的合理变形温度设定为250℃。

等通道角挤压制备细晶ZK60镁合金的组织与力学性能

利用两种等通道角挤压(ECAP)方法(普通单步ECAP和两步ECAP)制备细晶ZK60合金。采用金相显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜和X射线衍射仪对合金的组织和织构进行观察,通过拉伸试验研究不同ECAP方法对合金力学性能的影响。结果表明:与单步ECAP变形相比,两步ECAP变形,由于降低了变形温度,晶粒细化效果更好;经过(240℃,4道次)+(180℃,4道次)两步ECAP变形后,合金晶粒细化至约0.8μm;合金的力学性能与材料的织构密切相关,由于存在织构软化效应,与挤压态相比,经单步ECAP变形后合金的强度有所降低,而伸长率明显提高;但经两步ECAP变形后,由于细晶强化和亚结构强化的作用,合金的强度得到提高。

热加工对铸造AM50镁合金显微结构和力学性能的影响

采用锻造和等通道转角挤压(ECAP)等技术研究了热加工对铸造AM50镁合金显微结构和力学性能的影响,以改善该合金的力学性能。结果发现,ECAP对铸造AM50镁合金和锻造AM50镁合金两种显微结构的影响不同,这是由于两种状态初始晶粒尺寸不同引起的。铸态AM50镁合金晶粒尺寸粗大,经过ECAP工艺后,晶界上出现大量平直滑移线;而锻态AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后,晶粒进一步细化,滑移线痕迹不明显。铸态AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后显微硬度从54.5提高到72.3,锻造AM50镁合金经过ECAP工艺后显微硬度从60.3提高到81.9。铸造AM50镁合金经过锻造及ECAP工艺热加工后力学性能抗拉强度提高到320 MPa,同时延伸率保持在35%以上。