Heterogeneous catalytic activation of peroxymonosulfate for efficient degradation of organic pollutants by magnetic Cu^0/Fe_3O_4 submicron composites

Magnetic Cu^0/Fe3O4 submicron composites were prepared using a hydrothermal method and used as heterogeneous catalysts for the activation of peroxymonosulfate（PMS） and the degradation of organic pollutants.The as-prepared magnetic Cu^0/Fe3O4 submicron composites were composed of Cu^0 and Fe3O4 crystals and had an average size of approximately 220 nm.The Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites could efficiently catalyze the activation of PMS to generate singlet oxygen,and thus induced the rapid degradation of rhodamine B,methylene blue,orange Ⅱ,phenol and 4-chlorophenol.The use of0.1 g/L of the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites induced the complete removal of rhodamine B（20 μmol/L） in15 min,methylene blue（20 μmol/L） in 5 min,orange Ⅱ（20 μmol/L） in 10 min,phenol（0.1mmol/L） in 30 min and 4-chlorophenol（0.1 mmol/L） in 15 min with an initial pH value of 7.0 and a PMS concentration of 0.5 mmol/L.The total organic carbon（TOC） removal higher than 85%for all of these five pollutants was obtained in 30 min when the PMS concentration was 2.5 mmol/L.The rate of degradation was considerably higher than that obtained with Cu^0 or Fe3O4 particles alone.The enhanced catalytic activity of the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites in the activation of PMS was attributed to the synergistic effect of the Cu^0 and Fe3O4 crystals in the composites.Singlet oxygen was identified as the primary reactive oxygen species responsible for pollutant degradation by electron spin resonance and radical quenching experiments.A possible mechanism for the activation of PMS by Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites is proposed as electron transfer from the organic pollutants to PMS induces the activation of PMS to generate ^1O2,which induces the degradation of the organic pollutants.As a magnetic catalyst,the Cu^0/Fe3O4 composites were easily recovered by magnetic separation,and exhibited excellent stability over five successive degradation cycles.The present study provides a facile and green heterogeneous catalysis method for the oxidative removal of organic pollutants.

Preparation and Analysis of Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Used as Targeted-drug Carriers

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by the aqueous co-precipitation of FeCl3-6H2O and FeCl2-4H2O with addition of ammonium hydroxide. The conditions for the preparation of Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were optimized, and Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles obtained were characterized systematically by means of transmission electron microscope （TEM）, dynamic laser scattering analyzer （DLS） and X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The results revealed that the magnetic nanoparticles were cubic shaped and dispersive, with narrow size distribution and average diameter of 11.4 nm. It was found that the homogeneous variation of pH value in the solution via the control on the dropping rate of aqueous ammonia played a critical role in size distribution. The magnetic response of the product in the magnetic field was also analyzed and evaluated carefully. A 32.6 mT magnetic field which is produced by four ferromagnets was found to be sufficient to excite the dipole moments of 0.05 g Fe3O4 powder 2 cm far away from the ferromagnets. In conclusion, the Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with excellent properties were competent for the magnetic carders of targeted-drug in future application.

RhB Adsorption Performance of Magnetic Adsorbent Fe_3O_4/RGO Composite and Its Regeneration through A Fenton-like Reaction

Adsorption is one of the most effective technologies in the treatment of colored matter containing wastewater. Graphene related composites display potential to be an effective adsorbent. However, the adsorption mechanism and their regeneration approach are still demanding more efforts. An effective magnetically separable absorbent, Fe3O4 and reduced graphene oxide(RGO) composite has been prepared by an in situ coprecipitation and reduction method. According to the characterizations of TEM, XRD, XPS, Raman spectra and BET analyses, Fe3O4 nanoparticles in sizes of 10-20 nm are well dispersed over the RGO nanosheets, resulting in a highest specific area of 296.2 m2/g. The rhodamine B adsorption mechanism on the composites was investigated by the adsorption kinetics and isotherms. The isotherms are fitting better by Langmuir model, and the adsorption kinetic rates depend much on the chemical components of RGO. Compared to active carbon, the composite shows 3.7 times higher adsorption capacity and thirty times faster adsorption rates. Furthermore,with Fe3O4 nanoparticles as the in situ catalysts, the adsorption performance of composites can be restored by carrying out a Fenton-like reaction, which could be a promising regeneration way for the adsorbents in the organic pollutant removal of wastewater.

Magnetic Fe_3O_4-Reduced Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites-Based Electrochemical Biosensing

An electrochemical biosensing platform was developed based on glucose oxidase(GOx)/Fe3O4-reduced graphene oxide(Fe3O4-RGO) nanosheets loaded on the magnetic glassy carbon electrode(MGCE).With the advantages of the magnetism, conductivity and biocompatibility of the Fe3O4-RGO nanosheets, the nanocomposites could be facilely adhered to the electrode surface by magnetically controllable assembling and beneficial to achieve the direct redox reactions and electrocatalytic behaviors of GOx immobilized into the nanocomposites. The biosensor exhibited good electrocatalytic activity, high sensitivity and stability. The current response is linear over glucose concentration ranging from 0.05 to 1.5 m M with a low detection limit of0.15 μM. Meanwhile, validation of the applicability of the biosensor was carried out by determining glucose in serum samples. The proposed protocol is simple, inexpensive and convenient, which shows great potential in biosensing application.

Preparation and properties of a nano TiO_2/Fe_3O_4 composite superparamagnetic photocatalyst

Nano TiO2/Fe3O4 composite particles with different molar ratios of TiO2 to Fe3O4 were prepared via sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and vibration sample magnetometry were used to characterize the TiO2/Fe3O4 particles. The photocatalytic activity of the particles was tested by degrading methyl blue solution under UV illumination （254 nm）. The results indicate that with the content of TiO2 increasing, the photocatalytic activity of the composite particles enhances, while the magnetism of the particles decreases. When the molar ratio of TiO2 to Fe3O4 is about 8, both the photocatalytic activity and magnetism of the TiO2/Fe3O4 particles are relatively high, and their photocatalytic activity remains well after repeated use.

Absorption performance of DMSA modified Fe_3O_4@SiO_2 core/shell magnetic nanocomposite for Pb^(2+) removal

The purpose of this study is to explore the adsorption performance of meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid(DMSA)modified Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanocomposite(Fe3O4@SiO2@DMSA)for Pb2+ions removal from aqueous solutions.The effects of solution pH,initial concentration of Pb2+ions,contact time,and temperature on the amount of Pb2+adsorbed were investigated.Adsorption isotherms,adsorption kinetics,and thermodynamic analysis were also studied.The results showed that the maximum adsorption capacity of the Fe3O4@SiO2@DMSA composite is 50.5 mg/g at 298 K,which is higher than that of Fe3O4 and Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles.The adsorption process agreed well with Langmuir adsorption isotherm models and pseudo second-order kinetics.The thermodynamic analysis revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous,endothermic and energetically driven in nature.

Fabrication of Poly（y-glutamic acid）-coated Fe3O4 Magnetic Nanoparticles and Their Application in Heavy Metal Removal

In this study, poly（y-glutamic acid）-coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles （y-PGA/Fe304 MNPs） were successfully fabricated using the co-precipitation method. Fe3O4 MNPs were also prepared for comparison. The av erage size and specific surface area results reveal that 7-PGA/Fe304 MNPs （52.4 nm, 88.41 m2.g-1） have smaller particle size and larger specific surface area_ than Fe3O4 MNPs （62.0 nm, 76.83 mLg-1）. The y-PGA/Fe3O4 MNPs

Surface Organic Modification of Fe_3O_4 Magnetic Nanoparticles

The surface organic modification of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with silane coupling reagent KH570 was studied. The modified and unmodified nanoparticles were characterized by FT-IR, XPS and TEM. The spectra of FT-IR and XPS revealed that KH570 was coated onto the surface of Fe3O4 nanoparticles to get Fe-O- Si bond and an organic coating layer also was formed. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were spheres partly with mean size of 18,8 nm studied by TEM, which was consistent with the result 17.9 nm calculated by Scherrer＇s equation. KH570 was adsorbed on surface and formed chemistry bond to be steric hindrance repulsion which prevented nanoparticles from reuniting. Then glycol-based Fe3O4 magnetic liquids dispersed stably was gained.

Intensification of levofloxacin sono-degradation in a US/H_2O_2 system with Fe_3O_4 magnetic nanoparticles

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles(MNPs) were synthesised, characterised, and used as a peroxidase mimetic to accelerate levofloxacin sono-degradation in an ultrasound(US)/H2O2 system. The Fe3O4 MNPs were in nanometre scale with an average diameter of approximately 12 to 18 nm. The introduction of Fe3O4 MNPs increased levofloxacin sono-degradation in the US/H2O2 system. Experimental parameters, such as Fe3O4 MNP dose, initial solution p H, and H2O2 concentration, were investigated by a one-factor-at-a-time approach. The results showed that Fe3O4 MNPs enhanced levofloxacin removal in the p H range from 4.0 to 9.0. Levofloxacin removal ratio increased with Fe3O4 MNP dose up to 1.0 g·L-1and with H2O2 concentration until reaching the maximum. Moreover, three main intermediate compounds were identified by HPLC with electrospray ionisation tandem mass spectrometry, and a possible degradation pathway was proposed. This study suggests that combination of H2O2, Fe3O4 MNPs and US is a good way to improve the degradation efficiency of antibiotics.

Facile Synthesis of the Magnetic Metal Organic Framework Fe_3O_4@UiO-66-NH_2 for Separation of Strontium

A magnetic metal organic framework（MMOF） was synthesized and used to separate Sr^2＋ in aqueous solution. The shape and structure of prepared Fe3O4@UiO-66-NH2 were characterized, and the absorbed concentration of strontium was determined through inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The results indicated that Fe3O4 and UiO-66-NH2 combined through chemical bonding. The experimental adsorption results for separation of Sr^2＋ in aqueous solution indicated that the adsorption of Sr^2＋ to Fe3O4@UiO-66-NH2 increased drastically from pH 11 to pH 13. The adsorption isotherm model indicated that the adsorption of Sr^2＋ conformed to the Freundlich isotherm model（R2 = 0.9919）. The MMOF thus inherited the superior qualities of magnetic composites and metal organic frameworks, and can easily be separated under an external magnetic field. This MMOF thus has potential applications as a magnetic adsorbent for low level radionuclide （90）Sr.

Preparation and Characterization of Superparamagnetic Fe_3O_4/CNTs Nanocomposites Dual-drug Carrier

Fe3O4/carbon nanotubes（Fe3O4/CNTs） nanocomposites were prepared by polylol hightemperature decomposition of the precursor ferric chloride and CNTs in liquid triethylene glycol.After surface modification with hexanediamine,folate was covalently linked to the amine group of magnetic Fe3O4/CNTs nanocomposites.The products were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy,transmission electron microscopy,and vibrating sample magnetometry.Then Fe3O4/CNTs were used as a dual-drug carrier to co-delivery of the hydrophilic drug epirubicin hydrochloride and hydrophobic drug paclitaxel.The results indicated that the Fe3O4/CNTs had a favorable release property for epirubicin and paclitaxel,and thus had potential application in tumor-targeted combination chemotherapy.

Structures and magnetic properties of nanocomposite CoFe_2O_4-BaTiO_3 fibers by organic gel-thermal decomposition process

The nanocomposite xCoFe2O4-(1-x)BaTiO3(x=0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5,molar fraction) fibers with fine diameters and high aspect ratios(length to diameter ratios) were prepared by the organic gel-thermal decomposition process from citric acid and metal salts.The structures and morphologies of gel precursors and fibers derived from thermal decomposition of the gel precursors were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,X-ray diffractometry and scanning electron microscopy.The magnetic properties of the nanocomposite fibers were measured by vibrating sample magnetometer.The nanocomposite fibers consisting of ferrite(CoFe2O4) and perovskite(BaTiO3) are formed at the calcination temperature of 900 ℃ for 2 h.The average grain sizes of CoFe2O4 and BaTiO3 in the nanocomposite fibers increase from 25 to 65 nm with the calcination temperature from 900 to 1 180 ℃.The single fiber constructed from these nanograins of CoFe2O4 and BaTiO3 has a necklace-like morphology.The saturation magnetization of the nanocomposite 0.4CoFe2O4-0.6BaTiO3 fibers increases with the increase of CoFe2O4 grain size,while the coercivity reaches a maximum value when the average grain size of CoFe2O4 is around the critical single-domain size of 45 nm obtained at 1 000 ℃.The saturation magnetization and remanence of the nanocomposite xCoFe2O4-(1-x)BaTiO3(x=0.2,0.3,0.4,0.5) fibers almost exhibit a linear relationship with the molar fraction of CoFe2O4 in the nanocomposites.

Deposition and Magnetic Properties of Fe_3O_4/Fe/Fe_3O_4 Tri-layer Films

The Fe_3O_4/Fe/Fe_3O_4 (MIM) tri-layer films (200 nm/12-93 nm/200 um) were prepared on Si(100) by DC-magnetron reactive-sputtering followed by air- or vacuum-annealing at 280-400℃ for 1.5 h, respectively. Magnetic properties and phases under different sandwich and annealing conditions were studied. In MIM structure, the incorporation of the interlayer iron does increase the magnetization measured under 8 kOe (M_8K), but reduce coercivity (H_c). The H_c of asdeposited films decreases from 354 Oe to 74 Oe; while M_8K increases from 254 to 392 emu/cc. By annealing in air, the whole MIM tri-layer film becomes γ-F_e2O_3, H_c is about 550 O_e and M_8K is around 250 emu/cc. The coercivity mechanism of as-deposited and annealed MIM trilayer films belongs to domain-wall pinning type. δM plots show that when the interlayer Fe thickness is 12 um, the Fe and Fe_3O_4 layers are decoupled in the as-deposited and annealed states; while it is coupled in the as deposited state when the Fe thickness increases to 23 um. Vacuum annealing of the MIM films leads to increase in both coercivity and magnetization, and to enhance the exchange coupling between layers.

Characteristics of magnetic Fe_3O_4 nanoparticles encapsulated with human serum albumin

Magnetic nanoparticles （Fe304） were prepared by chemical precipitation method using Fe^2＋ and Fe^3＋ salts with sodium hydroxide in the nitrogen atmosphere. Fe3O4 nanoparticles were coated with human serum albumin（HSA） for magnetic resonance imaging as contrast agent. Characteristics of magnetic particles coated or uncoated were carried out using scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Zeta potentials, package effects and distributions of colloid particles were measured to confirm the attachment of HSA on magnetic particles. Effects of Fe3O4 nanoparticles coated with HSA on magnetic resonance imaging were investigated with rats. The experimental results show that the adsorption of HSA on magnetic particles is very favorable to dispersing of magnetic Fe3O4 particles, while the sizes of Fe3O4 particles coated are related to the molar ratio of Fe3O4 to HSA. The diameters of the majority of particles coated are less than 100 nm. Fe3O4 nanoparticle coated with HSA has a good biocompatibility and low toxicity. This new contrast agent has some effects on the nuclear magnetic resonance imaging of liver and the lowest dosage is 20μmol/kg for the demands of diagnosis.

Modification of Fe_3O_4 Magnetic Nanoparticles by L-dopa or Dopamine as an Enzyme Support

Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were prepared by co-precipitation of Fe^2＋ and Fe^3＋ in an ammonia solution, and its size was about 36 nm measured by an atomic force microscope. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles were modified by L-dopa or dopamine using sonication method. The analysis of FTIR clearly indicated the formation of Fe-O-C bond. Direct immobilization of trypsin （EC： 3.4.21.4） on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles with L-dopa and dopamine spacer was investigated using glutaraldehyde as a coupling agent. No significant changes in the size and magnetic property of the three kinds of magnetic nanoparticles linked with or without trypsin were observed. The existence of the spacer molecule on magnetic nanoparticles could greatly improve the activity and the storage stability of bound trypsin through increasing the flexibility of enzyme and changing the microenvironment on nanoparticles surface compared to the naked magnetic nanoparticles.

Synthesis of Fe_3O_4 Magnetic Powder from Spent Pickling Liquors

Spent pickling liquors pose a serious environmental problem in most industrialized countries, mainly owing to their corrosive properties and their ferrous iron and hydrochloric acid content. In this paper, spent pickling liquor was used as an inexpensive raw material to prepare Fe304 magnetic powder via an oxidation method. Being able to recover the dissolved iron from spent pickling liquors would not only salvage a valuable material but also render the effluent environmentally benign. The structure of the Fe_3O_4 magnetic powder was characterized by X-ray diffraction. The morphology and size were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. Their magnetic properties were tested at room temperature by a vibrating sample magnetometer. In addition, the saturation magnetization of Fe_3 O_4 products can be further enhanced to 96.1 emu/g after purification.

Synthesis, Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Fe304 Doped by Dy^3＋

The Dy^3＋ -doped Fe3O4 samples were synthesized by sol-gel method, and the effects of dopant on the electrical and magnetic properties were investigated. According to XRD analysis, the high concentration doping of dysprosium ions in Fe3O4 can not be obtained due to the difference of ionic radius, and Fe^3 ＋ ions are replaced by only a small amount of dysprosium ions. The magnetic property was characterized by VSM. The substitution results in the change of saturation magnetization, which may be due to the complex effects of increasing magnetization resulted from Dy^3＋ substitution and decreasing magnetization resulted from the impurity. The electrical property was characterized by four-probe method. With the increasing eoped content, magnetoresistance also increases, then decreases, and increases again. The spin-polarization of doped samples is lower than that of Fe3O4. Lower spin-polarization results in lower tunneling magnetoresistance. Fortunately, barrier was obtained by the second phase at the same time when sample was synthesized. The increase of appropriate barrier height leads to the change of tunneling magnetoresistance.

Growth of High Magnetic a-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 Nanowires via an Oxide Assisted Vapor-Solid Process

We describes a controllable synthesis procedure for growing a-Ee2O3 and Ee3O4 nanowires. High magnetic hematite a-Fe2O3 nanowires are successfully grown on Fe0.5Ni0.5 alloy substrates via an oxide assisted vapor-solid process. Experimental results also indicate that previous immersion of the substrates in a solution of oxalic acid causes the grown nanowires to convert gradually into magnetite （Fe3O4） nanowires. Additionally, the saturated state of Fe3O4 nanowires is achieved as the oxalic acid concentration reaches 0.75 mol/L. The average diameter and length of nanowires expands with an increasing operation temperature and the growth density of nanowires accumulates with an increasing gas flux in the vapor-solid process. The growth mechanism of a-Fe2O3 and Fe3O4 nanowires is also discussed. The results demonstrate that the entire synthesis of nanowires can be completed within 2 h.

Magnetically Recoverable PEI/Titanate@Fe_3O_4 Photocatalysts: Fabrication and Photocatalytic Properties

The magnetically separable ternary polyetherimide/titanate@Fe3O4(PTF) photocatalysts of special heterostructure between magnetite(Fe3O4) microspheres and titanates nanosheets modified by polyetherimide(PEI) were successfully fabricated via a simple facile hydrothermal deposition method. The as-prepared photocatalysts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Transmission electron microscopy and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy etc. The results showed that the as-fabricated material had a structure of Fe3O4microspheres coated with titanates nanosheets modified by PEI. The special interfacial contact between 3 D microsphere and 2 D nanosheets in the nanoarchitectures was formed via electrostatic attraction. Furthermore, the resulted photocatalysts were tested by degradation reaction of methylene blue under visible light irradiation and demonstrated an enhanced performance than the pure Fe3O4microspheres, and the photocatalytic activity enhanced with the molar ratio of Fe3O4microspheres and modified titanate gradually, which was attributed to the expansion of the surface area and the different electrostatic contact between the Fe3O4microspheres and titanate nanosheets. Moreover, the obtained results revealed the high yield magnetic separation and efficient reusability of PTF-5(96.7%) over 3 times reuse.

Fe_3O_4 Magnetic Nanoparticles Modified Electrode as a Sensor for Determination of Nimesulide

A novel type of Fe3O4 nanoparticles modified glass carbon electrode（Fe3O4/GCE） was constructed and the electrochemical properties of N-（4-nitro-2-phenoxyphenyl）methanesulfonamide（nimesulide） were studied on the Fe3O4/GCE.In 0.4mol/L HAc-NaAc buffer solution（pH=5.0）,the electrode process of nimesulide was irreversible at bare GCE and Fe3O4/GCE.The Fe3O4/GCE exhibited a remarkable catalytic and enhancement effect on the reduction of nimesulide.The reduction peak potential of nimesulide shifted positively from-0.683 V at bare GCE to-0.625 V at Fe3O4/GCE,and the sensitivity was increased by ca.3 times.Some experimental conditions were optimized.The linear range between the peak current and the concentration of nimesulide was 2.6×10-6 ＂1.0×10-4mol/L（R=0.993） with a detection limit of 1.3×10-7mol/L.This method has been used to determine the content of nimesulide in medical tablets.The recovery was determined to be 96.9% ＂101.9% by means of standard addition method.The method is comparable to UV-Vis spectrometry.