Memory effect on the pressure-temperature condition and induction time of gas hydrate nucleation

The focus of this study is to investigate the influence of memory effect and the relation of its existence with the dissociation temperature,using gas hydrate formation and dissociation experiments.This is beneficial because memory effect is considered as an effective approach to promote the thermodynamic and dynamic conditions of gas hydrate nucleation.Seven experimental systems （twenty tests in total） were performed in a 1 L pressure cell.Three types of hydrate morphology,namely massive,whiskery and jelly crystals were present in the experiments.The pressures and temperatures at the time when visual hydrate crystals appeared were measured.Furthermore,the influence of memory effect was quantified in terms of pressure-temperature-time （p-T-t） relations.The results revealed that memory effect could promote the thermodynamic conditions and shorten the induction time when the dissociation temperature was not higher than 25℃.In this study,the nucleation superpressure and induction time decrease gradually with time of tests,when the earlier and the later tests are compared.It is assumed that the residual structure of hydrate dissociation,as the source of the memory effect,provides a site for mass transfer between host and guest molecules.Therefore,a driving force is created between the residual structures and its surrounding bulk phase to promote the hydrate nucleation.However,when the dissociation temperature was higher than 25 ℃,the memory effect vanished.These findings provide references for the application of memory effect in hydrate-based technology.

Effect of surfactant Tween on induction time of gas hydrate formation

Acceleration of gas hydrate formation is important in preventing coal and gas outbursts and is based on a hydration mechanism. It becomes therefore necessary to investigate the effect of surfactants, acting as accelerants for hydrate formation, on induction time. We experimented with three types of a Tween solution with equal concentrations of 0.001 mol/L (T40, T40/T80 (1:1), T40/T80 (4:1)). By means of visual experimental equipment, developed by us, we measured generalized induction time using a Direct Observation Method. The experimental data were analyzed combined with a mass transfer model and a hydrate crystal nuclei growth model. Our major conclusions are as follows: 1) solubilization of surfactants produces supersaturated gas molecules, which promotes the mass transfer from a bulk phase to hydrates and provides the driving force for the complexation between host molecules (water) and guest molecules in a gas hydrate formation process; 2) when the solution of the surfactant concentration exceeds the critical micelle concentration (CMC), the surfactant in an aqueous solution will transform to micelles. Most of the gas molecules are bound to form clusters with water molecules, which promotes the formation of crystal nuclei of gas hydrates; 3) the surfactant T40 proved to have more notable effects on the promotion of crystal nuclei formation and on shortening the induction time, compared with T40/T80 (1:1) and T40/T80 (4:1).

Reaction mechanism between“memory effect”and induction time of gas hydrate formation

Abstract Using visual experimental apparatus, one system （T40, 1×10^-3 mol/L, nonadded with coal） and another system （T40, 2×10^-3 mol/L, added with coal） were experimented with for three times and two times, respectively. Five groups of P-T experimental parameters were obtained using the data logger system and analyzed combined with the video information of the experiments. Major conclustions show that the induction time is shortened by 10-20 times in the experimental system containing residual pentahedral ring structures; ＂memory effect＂ can accelerate the dynamic progress and improve the thermodynamic conditions of gas hydrate formation.

EFFECT OF MAGNETIZATION OF WATER ON INDUCTION TIME AND GROWTH PERIOD OF NATURAL GAS HYDRATE

The effect of diluted solution's magnetization on induction time and growth period of natural gas hydrate (NGH) has been investigated in quiescent reaction system at pressure of 4. 5 MPa and temperature of 274 K with SDS as surfactant, by using volume fixed and pressure falling method. Experimental results show that magnetization will have effect on the induction time of NGH. After magnetization with magnetic field intensity of 0.33 T, the induction time of NGH has been reduced to 47 min (average) from 99 min (average) in which there is no magnetization. On the other hand, the induction time has been prolonged after magnetization of the diluted solution with magnetic field intensity of 0.05 T, 0. 11 T, 0.22 T, 0.44T. Especially with magnetic field intensity of 0.11 T, the induction time had even been prolonged to 431min (average). The effect of magnetization on the growth period of NGH has not been found at the experimental condition.

Experimental study of hydrogen sulfide hydrate formation: Induction time in the presence and absence of kinetic inhibitor

In this paper, the effect of adding different concentrations of kinetic inhibitors on the induction time of hydrogen sulfide hydrate formation in a reactor equipped with automatic adjustable temperature controller is studied. A novel method namely ＂sudden cooling＂ is used for performing the relevant measurements, in which the induction time of H2S hydrate in the presence/absence of PVP and L-tyrosine with different concentrations （100, 500, and 1000 ppm） is determined. As a result, PVP with the concentration of 1000 ppm in aqueous solution is detected as a more suitable material for increasing the induction time of H2S hydrate formation among the investigated kinetic hydrate inhibitors.

Insights into kinetic inhibition effects of MEG,PVP,and L-tyrosine aqueous solutions on natural gas hydrate formation

It is necessary to understand all the prerequisites, which result in gas hydrate formation for safe design and control of a variety of processes in petroleum industry. Thermodynamic hydrate inhibitors (THIs) are normally used to preclude gas hydrate formation by shifting hydrate stability region to lower temperatures and higher pressures. Sometimes, it is difficult to avoid hydrate formation and hydrates will form anyway. In this situation, kinetic hydrate inhibitors (KHIs) can be used to postpone formation of gas hydrates by retarding hydrate nucleation and growth rate. In this study, two kinetic parameters including natural gas hydrate formation induction time and the rate of gas consumption were experimentally investigated in the presence of monoethylene glycol (MEG), L-tyrosine, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) at various concentrations in aqueous solutions. Since hydrate formation is a stochastic phenomenon, the repeatability of each kinetic parameter was evaluated several times and the average values for the hydrate formation induction times and the rates of gas consumption are reported. The results indicate that from the view point of hydrate formation induction time, 2 wt% PVP and 20 wt% MEG aqueous solutions have the highest values and are the best choices. It is also interpreted from the results that from the view point of the rate of gas consumption, 20 wt% MEG aqueous solution yields the lowest value and is the best choice. Finally, it is concluded that the combination of PVP and MEG in an aqueous solution has a simultaneous synergistic impact on natural gas hydrate formation induction time and the rate of gas consumption. Furthermore, a semi-empirical model based on chemical kinetic theory is applied to evaluate the hydrate formation induction time data. A good agreement between the experimental and calculated hydrate formation induction time data is observed.

Experimental Investigation on Promoting Effect of Composite Promoting Agents on Natural Gas Hydrate Formation

An experiment on effects of composite promoting agents composed of surfactants and liquid hydrocarbons on hydrate formation was conducted and the hydrate formation temperature,pressure,induction time and rate in the presence of different composite promoting agent packages were measured.The surfactants used covered sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS),sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate(SDBS) and 2-octyl sodium dodecyl sulfate(GC20S),and the liquid hydrocarbon additives utilized included cyclopentane(CP) and methyl cyclohexane(MCH).It appeared that all these combinations of composite promoting agents could promote hydrate formation.The type II hydrate formation conditions using composite promoting agents composed of CP and GC20S were the mildest and the induction time was the shortest;whereas the type H hydrates formation conditions using composite promoting agents composed of MCH and GC20S were the mildest and the induction time was also the shortest.

Experiment on Gas Hydrates Formation by Water Spraying

An experimental investigation of natural gas hydrate formation has been conducted in a high-pressure water spraying reactor,which is cooled by the circulation water through an external cooling jacket.The results show that the morphology of hydrates formed by water spraying is like ice-slurry,which depends on the initial pressure and temperature.At a certain reaction pressure,the rate of hydrate formation is increasing with lower temperature.And also,the induction time of hydrate formation can be greatly shortened by water spraying compared to a quiescent system.Solution with appropriate surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is found to improve the formation rate obviously.

Influences of different types of magnetic fields on HCFC-141b gas hydrate formation processes

In this study, visualizations and experiments are carried out on the influence of static and rotating magnetic fields on the characteristics of HCFC-141b gas hydrate formation, such as crystallization form, formation temperature and induction time. It has been found that a proper rotating magnetic field can considerably improve the low-pressure gas hydrate formation process, especially in increasing the formation temperature and shortening the induction time. The mor- phology of the gas hydrate formation appears rather complex and compact. However, a proper static magnetic field can make the gas hydrate crystal more organized, which will be benefit to heat transfer.

Effects of magnetic fields on HCFC-141b refrigerant gas hydrate formation

Low-pressure refrigerant gas hydrates have brilliant prospects as a cool storage me-dium for air-conditioning systems. Intensive effects of some specific magnetic fields on the forma-tion process of HCFC-141b refrigerant gas hydrate are depicted experimentally. Under influence of these specific magnetic fields, the orientation and growth region of gas hydrate are altered; induc-tion time of hydrate crystallization can be shortened extremely, and it can be shortened to 40 min from 9 h; hydrate formation mass can be enhanced considerably, and hydration rate can arrive at 100% in some instances. Meanwhile, the relations of induction time and hydration rate changed with magnetic field intensity are depicted, and some elementary regulations are found.

Investigation on the effect of oxalic acid, succinic acid and aspartic acid on the gas hydrate formation kinetics

Gas hydrate reserves are potential source of clean energy having low molecular weight hydrocarbons trapped in water cages.In this work,we report how organic compounds of different chain lengths and hydrophilicities when used in small concentration may modify hydrate growth and either act as hydrate inhibitors or promoters.Hydrate promoters foster the hydrate growth kinetics and are used in novel applications such as methane storage as solidified natural gas,desalination of sea water and gas separation.On the other hand,gas hydrate inhibitors are used in oil and gas pipelines to alter the rate at which gas hydrate nucleates and grows.Inhibitors such as methanol and ethanol which form strong hydrogen bond with water have been traditionally used as hydrate inhibitors.However,due to relatively high volatility a significant portion of these inhibitors ends up in gas stream and brings further complexity to the safe transportation of natural gas.In this study,organic additives such as oxalic acid,succinic acid and L-aspartic acid(all three)having––COOH group(s)with aspartic acid having an additional––NH2 group,are investigated for gas hydrate promotion/inhibition behavior.These compounds are polar in nature and thus have significant solubility in liquid water;the presence of weak acidic and water loving(carboxylic/amine groups)moieties makes these organic acids an excellent candidate for further study.This study would pave ways to identify a novel(read better)promoter/inhibitor for gas hydrate formation.Suitable thermodynamic conditions were generated in a stirred tank reactor coupled with cooling system;comparison of gas hydrate formation kinetics with and without additives were carried out to identify the effect of these acids on the formation and growth of hydrates.The possible mechanisms by which these additives inhibit or promote the hydrate growth are also discussed.

航空瞬变电磁法对地下典型目标体的探测能力研究

航空电磁法的探测能力受飞行高度、发射波形、发射磁矩和发射基频等因素的影响,致使不同分量间的勘探能力存在差异.航空电磁如对所有磁场和磁感应分量、on-和off-time数据进行观测和解释,不仅数据量大、耗时长,而且出现大量冗余数据.目前国内针对此问题尚无系统解决方法.本文针对吊舱式直升机航空电磁系统,采用积分方程法求解频率域响应,经汉克尔变换转换到时间域,计算了地下三维目标体的B和dB/dt时间域响应.利用异常体响应与背景场响应作比值,并通过设定响应阀值定义最大勘探深度,进而分析不同发射波形、不同分量以及on-和off-time期间的航空电磁系统的探测能力.基于本文分析手段,可根据实际勘探目标,确定一套探测能力较强的航空电磁最佳参数组合,为野外测量和数据处理提供技术指导,高效完成勘探任务.

电感式角位移传感器技术综述

电感式角位移传感器具有良好的环境适应力、较高的测量精度和稳定性的优点,该类型的角位移传感器广泛应用于高端装备、电动汽车、机器人、飞行器、武器等领域。本文介绍了3种电感式角位移传感器,包括旋转变压器、感应同步器这两种典型的电感式角位移传感器以及我国学者自主研发的磁场式时栅位移传感器。对它们的测量原理及关键技术做了详尽的综述,并分析了这些技术的优点与局限性。根据近年来电感式角位移传感器的发展现状,详细论述了电感式角位移传感器在机械、汽车、工业机器人、航空、航天和国防等领域的应用情况。最后,分析得出电感式角位移传感器技术应往高精度、高可靠性、嵌入式测量、复合功能测量、智能化等方向发展。

高含碳煤气化细渣浮选行为研究

气化细渣是煤气化过程中产生的一种含碳量较高的固体废弃物,目前主要通过填埋方式处理,不仅占用大量土地,污染土壤和水体,同时造成能源浪费,气化细渣中的残碳与灰组分分离是实现其高值化、减量化、无害化利用的关键。以榆林地区高含碳煤气化细渣为研究对象,在分析样品基本特性基础上,采用浮选方法进行碳灰分离试验研究,当柴油用量12 kg/t、仲辛醇用量12 kg/t时,精矿产品灰分为35.74%,尾矿产品灰分为57.07%,可燃体回收率43.28%,药剂耗量大,分选指标较差。XPS分析表明浮选入料中氧元素含量较高,疏水基团含量低,亲水基团含量高;诱导时间随粒度级的减小而不断缩短,浮选过程中,粗颗粒物料不易与气泡黏附,且紊流条件下黏附后颗粒又易脱附而成为尾矿产品,细颗粒物料易与气泡黏附,且黏附过程中易“抱团”而夹杂大量细小灰颗粒,导致煤气化细渣碳灰组分浮选分离效果较差。低场核磁共振分析表明极性药剂与非极性药剂均可被吸附到煤气化细渣孔隙中,微孔、过渡孔、中孔、大孔中均存在油酸钠和正十六烷,导致浮选药剂消耗量大。

低场核磁共振技术在水泥基材料研究中的应用及展望

阐述了低场核磁共振技术在水泥基材料研究中的应用现状,认为现有的研究主要集中于水泥水化进程和水在硬化浆体中的扩散特征,也包括对硬化水泥浆体孔结构和比表面积的测试。分析了低场核磁共振技术在实际应用中面临的挑战,展望了该技术在新拌水泥浆体结构性能研究中的应用前景。

CM4模型数据与台站实测数据的对比研究

本文利用第四代地磁场综合模型(Comprehensive Model 4,CM4),计算了1982—2002年隆尧地磁台站的磁层源磁场及其感应场、电离层源磁场及其感应场的地磁北向分量X、东向分量Y、垂直分量Z,分析了各场源磁场随时间的变化特征。磁层源磁场及其感应场呈现出11年和27天的周期性变化,有些年的27天周期性变化显著,有些年则不太显著;电离层源磁场及其感应场具有明显的季节变化,不同年相同季节的变化形态一致但幅度不同;日变化分析显示,磁静日和磁扰日期间的模型数据与台站实测数据变化一致性较好,相关性较高。

脑MIT单通道测量的正弦时变电磁场特性

目的 :探讨脑磁感应断层成像 (MIT)单通道测量的正弦时变电磁场分布 .方法 :将头颅近似为一个双层的导电球体 ,脑MIT单通道测量系统近似为由测量、激励线圈和球体组成的轴对称模型 ,采用时谐电磁场分析方法 ,推导出轴对称模型的解析解 .结果 :获得了脑MIT单通道测量系统电磁场分布特性和求解表达式 .结论 :为脑MIT单通道测量的正弦时变电磁场的分析和计算提供了一种解析方法 .

In-situ observation for formation and dissociation of carbon dioxide hydrate in porous media by magnetic resonance imaging

The study of formation and dissociation of CO 2 hydrate in porous media was characterized by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system in in situ conditions. This work simulated porous media by using glass beads of uniform size. The growth and dissociation habit of CO2 hydrate was observed under different temperature and pressure conditions. The induction time and the hydrate saturation during the growth and dissociation process in different sizes of porous media were obtained by using the MRI signal intensity. The results indicate that hydrate growth rate and the induction time are affected by the size of porous media, pressure, and degree of supercooling. There are three hydrate growth stages, i.e., initial growth stage, rapid growth stage and steady stage. In this study,the CO2 hydrate forms preferentially at the surface of vessel and then gradually grows inward. The hydrate tends to cement the glass beads together and occupies the pore gradually. As the hydrate decomposes gradually, the dissociation rate increases to the maximum and then decreases to zero.

基于磁-结构耦合的电磁线圈发射器驱动线圈累积失效研究

实验中线圈发射器常在发射5-6次后驱动线圈出现破坏现象,为了设计出满足性能要求的线圈发射器,对破坏原因进行分析是十分必要的。以实验所用单级同轴感应线圈发射器为研究对象,通过电路-磁场-结构场耦合计算方法,求解出了线圈及其封装的应力分布。对于封装非金属材料,采取静强度评估方法进行失效判断,认为当封装所受最大应力超过其抗拉强度极限时发生失效。对线圈金属材料,除采取静强度评估方法外,还结合其材料应力-寿命曲线进行了疲劳寿命分析。结果显示:封装所受最大应力超过了其抗拉强度极限,在发射过程中,破坏区域逐渐扩大直至封装完全破坏;线圈所受最大应力小于其屈服强度,没有发生静强度失效,但在多次发射后会出现疲劳破坏。通过对封装进行材料改进,使得封装所受应力在许用范围内并且增加了驱动线圈的疲劳寿命。