Investigation of the Behavior of a Photovoltaic Cell under Concentration as a Function of the Temperature of the Base and a Variable External Magnetic Field in 3D Approximation

The photovoltaic (PV) cell performances are connected to the base photogenerated carriers charge. Some studies showed that the quantity of the photogenerated carriers charge increases with the increase of the solar illumination. This situation explains the choice of concentration PV cell (C = 50 suns) in this study. However, the strong photogeneration of the carriers charge causes a high heat production by thermalization, collision and carriers charge braking due to the electric field induced by concentration gradient. This heat brings the heating of the PV cell base. That imposes the taking into account of the temperature influence in the concentrator PV cell operation. Moreover, with the proliferation of the magnetic field sources in the life space, it is important to consider its effect on the PV cell performances. Thus, when magnetic field and base temperature increase simultaneously, we observe a deterioration of the photovoltage, the electric power, the space charge region capacity, the fill factor and the conversion efficiency. However the photocurrent increases when the base temperature increases and the magnetic field strength decreases. It appears an inversion phenomenon in the evolution of the electrical parameters as a function of magnetic field for the values of magnetic field B> 4×10-4 T.

Automatic compensation of magnetic field for a rubidium space cold atom clock

When the cold atom clock operates in microgravity around the near-earth orbit, its performance will be affected by the fluctuation of magnetic field. A strategy is proposed to suppress the fluctuation of magnetic field by additional coils, whose current is changed accordingly to compensate the magnetic fluctuation by the linear and incremental compensation. The flight model of the cold atom clock is tested in a simulated orbital magnetic environment and the magnetic field fluctuation in the Ramsey cavity is reduced from 17 nT to 2 nT, which implied the uncertainty due to the second order Zeeman shift is reduced to be less than 2×10^（-16）. In addition, utilizing the compensation, the magnetic field in the trapping zone can be suppressed from 7.5 μT to less than 0.3 μT to meet the magnetic field requirement of polarization gradients cooling of atoms.

Influence of magnetic field on free vibrations in elastodynamic problem of orthotropic hollow sphere

The effect of magnetic field on the plane vibrations for an elastodynamic orthotropic sphere is studied. Equations of elastodynamic problems of the orthotropic hollow sphere in terms of displacement are solved. The numerical results of the frequency equations in the presence of magnetic field are discussed and shown graphically. Compar-isons are made with the result in the presence and absence of magnetic field in the case of orthotropic sphere. The results show that the effect of magnetic field is very pronounced.

Axial magnetic field effect in numerical analysis of high power Cherenkov free electron laser

Cherenkov free electron laser(CFEL) is simulated numerically by using the single particle method to optimize the electron beam. The electron beam is assumed to be moving near the surface of a flat dielectric slab along a growing radiation. The set of coupled nonlinear differential equations of motion is solved to study the electron dynamics. For three sets of parameters, in high power CFEL, it is found that an axial magnetic field is always necessary to keep the electron beam in the interaction region and its optimal strength is reported for each case. At the injection point, the electron beam’s distance above the dielectric surface is kept at a minimum value so that the electrons neither hit the dielectric nor move away from it to the weaker radiation fields and out of the interaction region. The optimal electron beam radius and current are thereby calculated. This analysis is in agreement with two previous numerical studies for a cylindrical waveguide but is at odds with analytical treatments of a flat dielectric that does not use an axial magnetic field. This is backed by an interesting physical reasoning.

Influence of Fast Global Variations of Solar Magnetic Fields on Space Weather in Cycle 23

It is established that the large-scale and global magnetic fields in the Sun's atmosphere do not change smoothly, and long-lasting periods of gradual variations are superseded by fast structural changes of the global magnetic field. Periods of fast global changes on the Sun are accompanied by anomalous manifestations in the interplanetary space and in the geomagnetic field. There is a regular recurrence of these periods in each cycle of solar activity, and the periods are characterized by enhanced flaring activity that reflects fast changes in magnetic structures. Is demonstrated, that the fast changes have essential influencing on a condition of space weather, as most strong geophysical disturbances are connected to sporadic phenomena on the Sun. An explanation has been offered for the origin of anomalous geomagnetic disturbances that are unidentifiable in traditionally used solar activity indices. Is shown, main physical mechanism that leads to fast variations of the magnetic fields in the Sun's atmosphere is the reconnection process.

KINEMATICAL FORCE-FREE FIELDS OF A MAGNETIC ARCH

Basic equations are derived for kinematical force-free fields of a magnetic arch in a perfect conducting fluid, and the stationary and unsteady similarity solutions are discussed in this paper.

In-situ measurement of magnetic field gradient in a magnetic shield by a spin-exchange relaxation-free magnetometer

A method of measuring in-situ magnetic field gradient is proposed in this paper. The magnetic shield is widely used in the atomic magnetometer. However, there is magnetic field gradient in the magnetic shield, which would lead to additional gradient broadening. It is impossible to use an ex-situ magnetometer to measure magnetic field gradient in the region of a cell, whose length of side is several centimeters. The method demonstrated in this paper can realize the in-situ measurement of the magnetic field gradient inside the cell, which is significant for the spin relaxation study. The magnetic field gradients along the longitudinal axis of the magnetic shield are measured by a spin-exchange relaxation-free （SERF） magnetometer by adding a magnetic field modulation in the probe beam＇s direction. The transmissivity of the cell for the probe beam is always inhomogeneous along the pump beam direction, and the method proposed in this paper is independent of the intensity of the probe beam, which means that the method is independent of the cell＇s transmissivity. This feature makes the method more practical experimentally. Moreover, the AC-Stark shift can seriously degrade and affect the precision of the magnetic field gradient measurement. The AC-Stark shift is suppressed by locking the pump beam to the resonance of potassium＇s D1 line. Furthermore, the residual magnetic fields are measured with σ＋- and σ--polarized pump beams, which can further suppress the effect of the AC-Stark shift. The method of measuring in-situ magnetic field gradient has achieved a magnetic field gradient precision of better than 30 pT/mm.

Response optimization of a three-axis sensitive SERF magnetometer for closed-loop operation

Most triaxial-vectorial magnetic field measurements with spin-exchange relaxation free(SERF)atomic magnetometer(AM)are based on the quasi-steady-state solution of the Bloch equation.However,the responding speed of these methods is greatly limited because the frequency of the modulation signal should be slow enough to ensure the validity of the quasi-steady-state solution.In this work,a new model to describe the response of the three-axis sensitive SERF AM with high modulation frequency is presented and verified.The response of alkali-atomic spin to high-frequency modulation field is further investigated by solving the Bloch equation in a modulation-frequency-dependence manner.This solution is well verified by our experiments and can offer a reference for selection of modulation frequencies.The result shows a potential to achieve a SERF AM operating in a geomagnetic field without heavy aluminum shielding when the modulation frequencies are selected properly.

Explanation of Magnetic Destruction of Superconductor Using Schrodinger Equation in the Energy Space

The Wave function of Schrodinger Equation is expressed in terms of time dependent energy eigen function and spatial dependent wave function in the energy space, which gives spatial energy probability. This equation is utilized to find quantum momentum dependent on temperature. This in turn is used to find quantum complex resistance. This expression shows that the superconducting resistance vanishes for temperatures less than a certain critical value. This result conforms to superconductor conventional theory and empirical relations. The application of external magnetic field destroys superconductivity when its strength exceeds a certain critical value. The expression of the relationship between the critical magnetic field and the critical temperature is typical to the conventional one. This is the first time to obtain the conventional relationship for the superconductor’s resistance and critical magnetic field in one model in the energy space.

A Simulation Study on the Specific Loss Power in Magnetic Hyperthermia in the Presence of a Static Magnetic Field

Our purpose in this study was to present a method for estimating the specific loss power (SLP) in magnetic hyperthermia in the presence of an external static magnetic field (SMF) and to investigate the SLP values estimated by this method under various diameters (D) of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) and amplitudes (H0) and frequencies (f) of an alternating magnetic field (AMF). In our method, the SLP was calculated by solving the magnetization relaxation equation of Shliomis numerically, in which the magnetic field strength at time t (H(t)) was assumed to be given by , with Hs being the strength of the SMF. We also investigated the SLP values in the case when the SMF with a field-free point (FFP) generated by two solenoid coils was used. The SLP value in the quasi steady state (SLPqss) decreased with increasing Hs. The plot of the SLPqss values against the position from the FFP became narrow as the gradient strength of the SMF (Gs) increased. Conversely, it became broad as Gs decreased. These results suggest that the temperature rise and the area of local heating in magnetic hyperthermia can be controlled by varying the Hs and Gs values, respectively. In conclusion, our method will be useful for estimating the SLP in the presence of both the AMF and SMF and for designing an effective local heating system for magnetic hyperthermia in order to reduce the risk of overheating surrounding healthy tissues.

ULF electric and magnetic anomalies accompanying the cracking of rock sample

The anomalies of electric-magnetic field and self-potential before earthquakes are important precursory phenom-ena. A simulating experiment study on the variations in ultra-low frequency (ULF) magnetic field and self-poten-tial during rock cracking was carried out in a magnetic field-free space. The results revealing in detail the whole process of the occurrences of electric and magnetic anomalies are significant for understanding the microscopic mechanism of ULF electric and magnetic signals. The experiment indicated that at the initial stage the slow changes in strain, self-potential and magnetic field with small amounts appeared firstly near the source of initial cracking, and then extended as the crack developed on. In the time domain, the self-potential anomaly emerged first and ULF magnetic field changes arose then. The shape of the ULF electric and magnetic anomaly varied ob-viously in early-, mid- and late-term of the test. The authors attributed the pulse-like changes of self-potential to the generation and movement of the accumulated electric charges during the cracking caused by charge separation on the crack tips within the sample. While the magnetic pulses of shorter-period at the last stage of the test, may be induced by instantaneous electric current of the accumulated charge during the cracking acceleration. The technical method and the observational results of this experiment are given in detail and the microscopic mechanism of elec-tric and magnetic precursors before earthquake are discussed in the present paper as well.

Multi-objective optimization of gradient coil for benchtop magnetic resonance imaging system with high-resolution

Significant high magnetic gradient field strength is essential to obtaining high-resolution images in a benchtop mag- netic resonance imaging （BT-MRI） system with permanent magnet. Extending minimum wire spacing and maximum wire width of gradient coils is one of the key solutions to minimize the maximum current density so as to reduce the local heating and generate higher magnetic field gradient strength. However, maximum current density is hard to optimize together with field linearity, stored magnetic energy, and power dissipation by the traditional target field method. In this paper, a new multi-objective method is proposed to optimize the maximum current density, field linearity, stored magnetic energy, and power dissipation in MRI gradient coils. The simulation and experimental results show that the minimum wire spacings are improved by 159% and 62% for the transverse and longitudinal gradient coil respectively. The maximum wire width increases from 0.5 mm to 1.5 mm. Maximum gradient field strengths of 157 mT/m and 405 mT/m for transverse and lon- gitudinal coil are achieved, respectively. The experimental results in BT-MRI instrument demonstrate that the MRI images with in-plane resolution of 50 ~tm can be obtained by using the designed coils.

A Nonlinear Autoregressive Approach to Statistical Prediction of Disturbance Storm Time Geomagnetic Fluctuations Using Solar Data

A nonlinear autoregressive approach with exogenous input is used as a novel method for statistical forecasting of the disturbance storm time index, a measure of space weather related to the ring current which surrounds the Earth, and fluctuations in disturbance storm time field strength as a result of incoming solar particles. This ring current produces a magnetic field which opposes the planetary geomagnetic field. Given the occurrence of solar activity hours or days before subsequent geomagnetic fluctuations and the potential effects that geomagnetic storms have on terrestrial systems, it would be useful to be able to predict geophysical parameters in advance using both historical disturbance storm time indices and external input of solar winds and the interplanetary magnetic field. By assessing various statistical techniques it is determined that artificial neural networks may be ideal for the prediction of disturbance storm time index values which may in turn be used to forecast geomagnetic storms. Furthermore, it is found that a Bayesian regularization neural network algorithm may be the most accurate model compared to both other forms of artificial neural network used and the linear models employing regression analyses.

Electronic Properties of Nanopore Edges of Ferromagnetic Graphene Nanomeshes at High Carrier Densities under Ionic-Liquid Gating

Graphene edges with a zigzag-type atomic structure can theoretically produce spontaneous spin polarization despite being a critical-metal-free material. We have demonstrated this in graphene nanomeshes (GNMs) with honeycomb-like arrays of low-defect hexagonal nanopores by observing room-temperature ferromagnetism and spin-based phenomena arising from the zigzag-pore edges. Here, we apply extremely high electric fields to the ferromagnetic (FM) GNMs using an ionic-liquid gate. A large on/off-ratio for hole current is observed for even small applied ionic-liquid gate voltages (Vig). Observations of the magnetoresistance behavior reveal high carrier densities of ~1013 cm-2 at large Vig values. We find a maximum conductance peak in the high -Vig region and its separation into two peaks upon applying a side-gate (in-plane external) voltage (Vex). It is discussed that localized edge-π band with excess-density electrons induced by Vig and its spin splitting for majority and minority of spins by Vex (half-metallicity model) lead to these phenomena. The results must realize critical-element-free novel spintronic devices.

Novel concept of tailorable magnetic field and electron pressure distribution in a magnetic nozzle for effective space propulsion

Magnetic nozzle appears to be a practical solution for prolonged space missions.For efficient handling of the spaceship,an in-flight solution to customize the thrust from the magnetic nozzle is essential.Here a new concept of three-thick coils system is proposed for tailoring the magnetic field in-flight in accordance with electron pressure distribution.The role of peak position of the pressure and its axial gradient is also uncovered for realizing higher thrust.About three-fold increase in thrust is observed when the electron temperature is raised to w2.5 times of its original value at the exit plane.The set-up is optimized for its best performance and efficient use in the electric space propulsion sector with thrust approaching 5 mN.In particular,this can contribute to the attitude control or the precision pointing of the spacecraft,the technology for removal of space debris and manipulating the ion momentum flux lost to a wall or unsteady laser produced plasma flow in a magnetic nozzle.

苜蓿抗寒突变体生理生化及性状指标分析

为选育在黑龙江省可越冬的理想紫花苜蓿品种。以‘龙牧806’零磁空间诱变处理后二代群体中获得的lm1609、lm1625、lm1704三个抗寒突变体为实验材料,通过测定发芽指标、越冬率、产量特性指标及根系生理生化指标,进行抗寒性能鉴定。3个突变体发芽指数与对照差异不显著;发芽势、简化活力指数lm1609显著高于lm1625、lm1704,分别为82.05%、469.82(P<0.05);3个突变体的越冬率都显著低于对照组;突变体和对照6月6日起始株高差异不显著,随着植株生长,7月6日和8月6日lm1609、lm1704显著高于lm1625和对照;突变体lm1609、lm1625、lm1704三者鲜草产量差异不显著,但显著高于对照(P<0.05);三个苜蓿突变体植株根系过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶均显著高于对照,并且突变体lm1609 POD、SOD最高,分别达到304.85 OD470/(min·g)、208.41 U/g(P<0.05)。lm1609突变体具有较高的抗寒特性及产量特性,是为理想的抗寒突变体材料。

基于改进目标场法梯度线圈的感应式磁声磁粒子浓度成像研究

感应式磁声磁粒子浓度成像(MACT-MI)是一种基于磁声耦合效应的磁性纳米粒子(MNPs)浓度成像新方法。由于其磁声信号的信噪比低,导致系统成像质量不佳,该文提出一种改善MACT-MI信噪比的新思路:首先,基于经典目标场法(TFM)设计梯度线圈的思路,将最小化磁场相对误差定义为适应度函数,并采用鲸鱼优化算法对电流密度系数进行优化,设计了一种结构灵活、激励简单的高质量梯度磁场线圈;其次,为研究梯度磁场空间分布特征对MACT-MI的影响,该文构建不同的MNPs分布模型,并利用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL对MACT-MI的物理过程进行数值求解,得到成像区域的磁力和声压分布。仿真结果表明,磁力和声压的有效波动范围与梯度磁场均匀空间的大小成正比,且随着均匀空间的缩小,磁力和声压的峰值也随之衰减,通过提高磁场的均匀度可以有效提高磁声信号的信噪比,改善系统成像质量。研究结果可为成像装备的设计以及MACT-MI的后续实验应用提供研究基础。

一种基于线性零磁场的动脉血管扫描成像方法仿真

基于磁电耦合效应的血流检测及血管成像是实现心血管疾病早期诊疗的有效方法之一。该文基于磁场与血流耦合电效应,设计一种用于动脉血管扫描成像的组合线圈结构,产生带有零磁场线(FFL)区域的线性梯度磁场;在此结构的基础上,通过控制激励电流驱动FFL实现成像区域双向扫描;结合卷积神经网络(CNN)实现磁电耦合信号与血管信息的非线性映射,进而提出一种基于线性零磁场的动脉血管扫描成像新方法。采用多物理场仿真软件COMSOL对基于线性零磁场的血管扫描成像方法进行建模,求解磁电耦合信号,验证了所提出方法的合理性和有效性。结果表明,线性梯度磁场模式下的磁电耦合信号含有血管位置、半径等信息;CNN重建血管位置误差平均值为1.5694 mm,重建血管半径的方均误差(MSE)和相关系数(CC)平均值分别为0.0548和0.9870。研究结果可用于血管成像装置设计及后续相关临床应用提供研究支撑。

风云三号E星空间环境载荷综合探测技术

针对中国风云三号卫星运行的低地球太阳同步轨道,开展空间环境及粒子辐射效应监测,提出基于空间环境监测器Ⅱ型载荷的综合探测技术。在各载荷技术指标的地面研制过程中,通过标准放射源、等效信号源、粒子加速器和标准磁场等不同方式进行标定和实验验证。结果表明,多方向全能谱粒子探测的能量范围为30 keV~300 MeV,精度优于10%;磁场强度测量范围为-65023~+65023 nT,精度优于0.73 nT;电位探测范围为-32.4~+23.7 kV,灵敏度优于10 V;辐射剂量探测范围为0~3×10^(4) rad(Si),灵敏度优于8.3 rad(Si)。通过空间环境监测器Ⅱ型载荷对卫星运行轨道上的粒子辐射环境、原位磁场矢量变化、辐射剂量累积以及卫星表面电位变化等进行观测,可以为航天活动、卫星设计、空间科学研究及空间天气预警预报业务提供必要的数据支撑。