Advances in magnetic flux leakage testing technology

Magnetic flux leakage(MFL)testing technology has the advantages of simple principle,easy engineering implementation and low requirements on the surface of the detected workpiece.Therefore,it has been one of the research hotspots in the field of non-destructive testing(NDT)and widely used for testing long distance pipelines.This paper presents the development of MFL tesing technology from the aspects of basic theory,influencing factors,magnetization technology,signal processing,etc.The problems to be solved and the future development are summarized,which can provide reference for the research and system development of MFL testing technology.

Magnetic Flux Leakage Course of Inner Defects and Its Detectable Depth

As a promising non-destructive testing(NDT)method,magnetic flux leakage(MFL)testing has been widely used for steel structure inspection.However,MFL testing still faces a great challenge to detect inner defects.Existing MFL course researches mainly focus on surface-breaking defects while that of inner defects is overlooked.In the paper,MFL course of inner defects is investigated by building magnetic circuit models,performing numerical simulations,and conducting MFL experiments.It is found that the near-surface wall has an enhancing effect on the MFL course due to higher permeability of steel than that of air.Further,a high-sensitivity MFL testing method consisting of Helmholtz coil magnetization and induction coil with a high permeability core is proposed to increase the detectable depth of inner defects.Experimental results show that inner defects with buried depth up to 80.0 mm can be detected,suggesting that the proposed MFL method has the potential to detect deeply-buried defects and has a promising future in the field of NDT.

Evaluation of Surface Cracks Using Magnetic Flux LeakageTesting

The magnetic field distribution characteristics of surface cracks with various widths are discussed based on finite element (FEM) results. The crack depth was 0.20 mm, the width range was from 0.02 to 1.00 mm. The results showed that crack width and lift-off (the distance between surface and sensor) will influence signals. Discussed in this paper is the influence of various lift-off parameters on the peak to peak values of the normal component in magnetic flux leakage testing. The effects can be applied to evaluate surface breaking cracks of different widths and depths. An idea is presented to smooth narrow, sharp crack tips using alternating current (AC) field magnetization.

Composite excitation multi-extension direction defect magnetic flux leakage detection technology

In the traditional pipeline magnetic flux leakage(MFL)detection technology,circumferential or axial excitation is mainly used to excite the magnetic field of defects.However,the domestic and foreign pipeline detection devices currently in operation are mainly axial excitation MFL detection tools,in which circumferential cracks can be clearly identified,but the detection sensitivity of axial cracks is not high,thus forming a detection blind zone.Therefore,a composite excitation multi-extension direction defect MFL detection method is proposed,which can realize the simultaneous detection of axial and circumferential defects.On the basis of the electromagnetic theory Maxwell equation and Biot Savart law,a mathematical model of circumferential and axial magnetization is firstly established.Then finite element simulation software is used to establish a model of a new type of magnetic flux leakage detection device,and a simulation analysis of crack detection in multiple extension directions is carried out.Finally,under the conditions of the relationship model between the change rate of leakage magnetic field and external excitation intensity under unsaturated magnetization and the multi-stage coil magnetization model,the sample vehicle towing experiment is carried out.The paper aims to analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of the new magnetic flux leakage detection device for detecting defects in different extension directions.Based on the final experimental results,the new composite excitation multi extension direction leakage magnetic field detector has a good detection effect for defects in the axial and circumferential extension directions.

Quantitative Interpretation for the Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Data Based on Neural Network

In order to interpret the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing data quantitatively and size the defects accurately, some defect profiles inversion methods from the MFL signals are studied on the basis of the neural network.Because the wavelet ba- sis function neural network (WBFNN) has good accuracy in the forward calculation and the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) has reliable precision in the inversion modeling respectively,a new neural network scheme combining WBFNN and RBFNN is presented to solve the nonlinear inversion problem for the MFL data and reconstruct the defect shapes.And such details as the choice of wavelet basis function,the initialization of the weight value and the input normalization are analyzed,the train- ing and testing algorithm for the network are also studied.The inversion results demonstrate that the proposed network scheme has good reliability to interpret the MFL data for some defects.

Influence of Slot Defect Length on Magnetic Flux Leakage

A key issue, which influences the applications of magnetic flux leakage testing, is defect quantification. There have been many research on the relationship between width, depth and magnetic flux leakage of slot defect. However, the length factor is often ignored. The relationship between characteristics of defect leakage field and defect length was investigated. The magnetic flux leakages of a series of plate specimens with the same width, same depth and different length slot defects were tested under the same magnetizing conditions. Testing results show that defect length is an important parameter needed to consider in quantifying defects.

Speed Measurement Feasibility by Eddy Current Effect in the High-Speed MFL Testing

It is known that eddy current effect has a great influence on magnetic flux leakage testing(MFL).Usually,contacttype encoder wheels are used to measure MFL testing speed to evaluate the effect and further compensate testing signals.This speed measurement method is complicated,and inevitable abrasion and occasional slippage will reduce the measurement accuracy.In order to solve this problem,based on eddy current effect due to the relative movement,a speed measurement method is proposed,which is contactless and simple.In the high-speed MFL testing,eddy current induced in the specimen will cause an obvious modification to the applied field.This modified field,which is measured by Hall sensor,can be utilized to reflect the moving speed.Firstly,the measurement principle is illustrated based on Faraday’s law.Then,dynamic finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the modified magnetic field distribution.Finally,laboratory experiments are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.The results show that Bmz(r1)and Bmx(r2)have a linear relation with moving speed,which could be used as an alternative measurement parameter.

The MFL Testing Methods for Welded Pipes

Steel pipes are categorized into seamless pipes and welded pipes,and particularly the welded pipes’ NDT(Non-Destructive Testing)has been a challenging problem.In the case,on the basis of the presentation of welded pipes,the analysis of its relevant testing key is carried out.Afterwards,the MFL(Magnetic Flux Leakage)methods for longitudinally welded line-pipes and for helically welded pipes are respectively proposed.Meanwhile,their relevant experiments are conducted,and finally the two technologies for the two types of welded pipes are verified well.

运载火箭电磁阀漏磁特性量化研究与极性检测系统设计

传统的运载火箭电磁阀极性测试往往通过“耳听手摸”的方式,故存在漏检误检、测试记录不可量化及数据追溯、无法精准判读、测试效率低等问题;因此对运载火箭典型姿控电磁阀开展了漏磁性能的测量与量化分析,掌握阀体各部位漏磁场分布规律、漏磁场随距离衰减变化规律、电磁阀之间漏磁场相互影响情况,并提出了一种非接触式的可视化电磁阀极性检测系统设计方法,采用三冗余敏感探头采编设计保证极性检测准确性,经试验测试验证,实现了无需精确安装即可100%检测电磁阀动作及时序动作精准判读,提升了电磁阀极性检测能力和测试效率;该系统已成功应用于大型运载火箭的总装测试流程中,对于提升运载火箭自动化测试水平具有重要意义。

Magnetic Flux Leakage Signal Inversion of Corrosive Flaws Based on Modified Genetic Local Search Algorithm

In this paper,a modified genetic local search algorithm(MGLSA) is proposed.The proposed algorithm is resulted from employing the simulated annealing technique to regulate the variance of the Gaussian mutation of the genetic local search algorithm(GLSA).Then,an MGLSA-based inverse algorithm is proposed for magnetic flux leakage(MFL) signal inversion of corrosive flaws,in which the MGLSA is used to solve the optimization problem in the MFL inverse problem.Experimental results demonstrate that the MGLSA-based inverse algorithm is more robust than GLSA-based inverse algorithm in the presence of noise in the measured MFL signals.

管道缺陷漏磁检测的三维有限元仿真分析

为研究运输管道缺陷的漏磁（MFL）信号特征，采用ANSYS软件进行管道缺陷漏磁检测的三维有限元数值仿真。首先建立漏磁检测分析装置的数值模型，进行三维静态情况的数值计算，获得不同缺陷所产生的漏磁信号，然后将这些数据与试验结果进行比较分析。在此基础上，分析缺陷深度、缺陷直径以及传感器提离值对漏磁信号参数的影响。结果表明：磁通密度轴向分量By的幅值能够用于衡量缺陷的深度，可依据By的宽度和磁通密度径向分量Bx的峰峰间距来定量识别缺陷直径；传感器的提离值对缺陷漏磁场的影响很大，为使测得的漏磁信号可靠并能测得深度较小的缺陷，传感器的提离值应设定为1．5～3mm。

基于单一轴向磁化的钢管高速漏磁检测方法

介绍现有复合磁化漏磁检测方法与装置并分析其局限性:相对螺旋推进的扫查探伤方式限制探伤速度,也难以完成不宜作旋转运动或带直线焊缝的钢管的检测。针对此问题,通过有限元仿真和试验的方法,发现并证实单一轴向磁化下检测钢管上任意方向伤的可能性,尤其是探测钢管上平行于轴向磁感应场的纵向伤的可行性,使得相对直线扫查的探伤成为可能。研究在单一轴向磁化下钢管上纵、横向伤检测信号的特征及其归一化判断;提出一种无需检测探头或钢管旋转的漏磁检测方法并研制出相应的探伤装置,解决无缝钢管生产线上的高速或超高速探伤问题,尤其是自身难以作螺旋推进运动的如连续油管等钢管及焊缝管的直线焊缝上缺陷的快速探伤;同时简化统一传统漏磁检测方法,降低设备成本。

油气管道缺陷漏磁在线检测定量识别技术

用有限元软件建模研究了管道缺陷的特征参数与漏磁信号的关系.对漏磁信号进行预处理以消除传感器提离值不同带来的影响,用BP神经网络进行了管道缺陷的定量识别,识别结果的误差<10%.将轴向和径向漏磁信号分别用加权平均和自适应加权平均两种方法进行信号级融合,数据融合后缺陷定量识别的精度和可靠性得到了提高.

应用小生境遗传算法优化导线钢芯断股漏磁检测传感器

输电线路的钢芯铝绞线在运行中可能发生钢芯损伤、断股现象,及时检测和诊断对于保证电网的安全运行具有重要意义。采用巡线机器人对钢芯损伤、断股进行检测是一种具有较好前景的方法。设计一种基于钢芯损伤、断股后形成的漏磁进行检测的传感器,采用48H号钕铁硼稀土永磁铁磁化输电导线钢芯,以永磁铁、导磁体沿导线的径向宽度和轴向长度为变量,以传感器质量作为优化目标,应用搜索能力强、收敛速度快的小生境自适应遗传算法优化传感器的结构尺寸。结果表明,在满足对导线钢芯磁化强度要求下,传感器的质量显著降低,有效提高了巡线机器人的携载能力,且所提方法具有通用性,适用于不同规格导线钢芯断股检测的漏磁传感器设计和优化。

漏磁检测中的缺陷重构方法

漏磁检测技术中的缺陷重构方法是目前漏磁检测缺陷评估的研究热点与难点。在对漏磁检测缺陷重构进行概述的基础上,综述了现有的缺陷重构方法:开环逆向重构法和闭环伪逆重构法,并对这两类方法中常用的逆向模型、前向模型、优化算法及其特点进行了较为详细的介绍。指出了基于数据融合技术、图像处理技术和多缺陷综合评估的缺陷重构方法的研究发展方向。

基于变尺度随机共振的油管漏磁信号检测

为解决大参数微弱信号的识别问题,在研究随机共振基本原理的基础上,提出了变尺度随机共振的概念并给出了实现方法。据此方法对油田抽油管裂纹、通孔、焊缝以及微小锯齿纹4种典型缺陷的漏磁信号进行了分析,并利用多通道数据融合技术减小干扰信号。与原信号波形比较表明,变尺度随机共振波形可有效提高微弱漏磁信号的识别率。

钢管纵向伤高速高精漏磁探伤磁化方法

在钢管螺旋推进漏磁检测扫描中,检测速度越快,要求的检测探靴轴向长度越长,使得扫描覆盖范围超出了均匀磁化区,出现信号不一致的问题。针对钢管纵向伤检测中检测精度与速度相互制约的问题,以保证钢管纵向伤高速检测的信号一致性为目标,采用有限元仿真与实验验证相结合的方法,分析了周向磁化中磁极靴的结构对钢管表面磁场均匀性的影响。在此基础上提出了一种纵向伤漏磁检测磁化方法,扩大了钢管表面的均匀磁场区域,在同样的检测区域内提高了检测信号的一致性。

基于漏磁检测数据的缺陷三维重构技术

针对漏磁检测数据可视化研究中存在的技术难点,提出了一套有效的缺陷三维重构方法。首先基于三维有限元神经网络建立漏磁迭代反演模型,构建出与传感器多通道检测数据相对应的缺陷二维断层轮廓序列;然后根据铁磁构件表面腐蚀缺陷断层轮廓的形状特征建立匹配点对,采用线性插值方法实现缺陷相邻断层轮廓间的插值,以克服因传感器数量少对缺陷外形重构精度的影响;最后运用三角形面片将相邻的轮廓线两两连接起来,重构出断层轮廓序列所代表的缺陷三维表面模型。

管道周向磁化漏磁检测有限元分析

为优化管道轴向缺陷漏磁检测磁化器设计,运用三维有限元方法,仿真研究了周向励磁作用下钢管管壁磁化场的分布特征,分析了管道直径、壁厚等结构参数变化对管壁磁化场的影响,研究了不同周向励磁场与管壁磁化场、缺陷漏磁场及背景磁场间的作用关系。仿真研究结果表明:管径越大,管壁周向有效检测区域越大;而壁厚增加,管壁周向有效检测区域也增大,但其磁化强度急剧降低;同时,增加外加励磁强度有利于管壁轴向缺陷检测,但必须研究相应的信号处理算法,以消除背景磁场对缺陷漏磁检测信号的影响。

一种基于磁真空泄漏原理的漏磁无损检测新方法

在磁折射的进一步推导与分析基础上形成一套缺陷磁真空泄漏原理。提出一种基于磁真空泄漏原理的漏磁检测新方法:清除较强的背景磁场,让被检测导磁构件体内磁通在缺陷处无反向背景磁压最彻底地泄漏到所创造的磁真空区域,形成最大化漏磁场并被置于该区域的磁敏元件所感应。采用有限元仿真与试验对该原理及其方法进行可行性论证。阐述该原理与方法的特性所在。磁真空泄漏原理及其方法使得缺陷漏磁场在空间范围和强度上均有所增大,可提高磁敏元件的探测提离距离,从而可实现真正的远距离非接触式漏磁探伤。另外,可消除或减少传统磁空气泄漏漏磁检测方法中由强的背景磁场所引起且一直存在的缺陷信息失真、磁噪声以及某些磁敏元件如霍尔的饱和不工作现象。磁真空泄漏原理与方法的提出与分析在促进漏磁检测方法的进一步应用的同时,也进一步地丰富和完善漏磁检测理论体系。