A Dynamics Study of a Magnetic Flux Leakage(MFL) Signal and its Application to Defect Location Discrimination in Steel Pipes MFL Testing Equipment

Difference processing was used to the direct current magnetic flux leakage （DC-MFL） signal, emanating from the defects machined artificially on the internal and external surfaces of a steel pipe. Consequently, the loea-tion discriminating index 8 was provided to identify the defect whether it is on the internal surface or the external one. Three characteristics, shape, depth and orientation of the defect, were discussed through a series of experiments on the artificial defects, such as transverse notches, oblique notches and pits on the steel pipe. The approach has been verified effective to address the defect location identifying problem, albeit the limits on the accuracy assessment to those natural defects on steel pipes in service.

Advances in magnetic flux leakage testing technology

Magnetic flux leakage(MFL)testing technology has the advantages of simple principle,easy engineering implementation and low requirements on the surface of the detected workpiece.Therefore,it has been one of the research hotspots in the field of non-destructive testing(NDT)and widely used for testing long distance pipelines.This paper presents the development of MFL tesing technology from the aspects of basic theory,influencing factors,magnetization technology,signal processing,etc.The problems to be solved and the future development are summarized,which can provide reference for the research and system development of MFL testing technology.

Evaluation of Surface Cracks Using Magnetic Flux LeakageTesting

The magnetic field distribution characteristics of surface cracks with various widths are discussed based on finite element (FEM) results. The crack depth was 0.20 mm, the width range was from 0.02 to 1.00 mm. The results showed that crack width and lift-off (the distance between surface and sensor) will influence signals. Discussed in this paper is the influence of various lift-off parameters on the peak to peak values of the normal component in magnetic flux leakage testing. The effects can be applied to evaluate surface breaking cracks of different widths and depths. An idea is presented to smooth narrow, sharp crack tips using alternating current (AC) field magnetization.

Quantitative Interpretation for the Magnetic Flux Leakage Testing Data Based on Neural Network

In order to interpret the magnetic flux leakage (MFL) testing data quantitatively and size the defects accurately, some defect profiles inversion methods from the MFL signals are studied on the basis of the neural network.Because the wavelet ba- sis function neural network (WBFNN) has good accuracy in the forward calculation and the radial basis function neural network (RBFNN) has reliable precision in the inversion modeling respectively,a new neural network scheme combining WBFNN and RBFNN is presented to solve the nonlinear inversion problem for the MFL data and reconstruct the defect shapes.And such details as the choice of wavelet basis function,the initialization of the weight value and the input normalization are analyzed,the train- ing and testing algorithm for the network are also studied.The inversion results demonstrate that the proposed network scheme has good reliability to interpret the MFL data for some defects.

Magnetic Flux Leakage Course of Inner Defects and Its Detectable Depth

As a promising non-destructive testing(NDT)method,magnetic flux leakage(MFL)testing has been widely used for steel structure inspection.However,MFL testing still faces a great challenge to detect inner defects.Existing MFL course researches mainly focus on surface-breaking defects while that of inner defects is overlooked.In the paper,MFL course of inner defects is investigated by building magnetic circuit models,performing numerical simulations,and conducting MFL experiments.It is found that the near-surface wall has an enhancing effect on the MFL course due to higher permeability of steel than that of air.Further,a high-sensitivity MFL testing method consisting of Helmholtz coil magnetization and induction coil with a high permeability core is proposed to increase the detectable depth of inner defects.Experimental results show that inner defects with buried depth up to 80.0 mm can be detected,suggesting that the proposed MFL method has the potential to detect deeply-buried defects and has a promising future in the field of NDT.

Composite excitation multi-extension direction defect magnetic flux leakage detection technology

In the traditional pipeline magnetic flux leakage(MFL)detection technology,circumferential or axial excitation is mainly used to excite the magnetic field of defects.However,the domestic and foreign pipeline detection devices currently in operation are mainly axial excitation MFL detection tools,in which circumferential cracks can be clearly identified,but the detection sensitivity of axial cracks is not high,thus forming a detection blind zone.Therefore,a composite excitation multi-extension direction defect MFL detection method is proposed,which can realize the simultaneous detection of axial and circumferential defects.On the basis of the electromagnetic theory Maxwell equation and Biot Savart law,a mathematical model of circumferential and axial magnetization is firstly established.Then finite element simulation software is used to establish a model of a new type of magnetic flux leakage detection device,and a simulation analysis of crack detection in multiple extension directions is carried out.Finally,under the conditions of the relationship model between the change rate of leakage magnetic field and external excitation intensity under unsaturated magnetization and the multi-stage coil magnetization model,the sample vehicle towing experiment is carried out.The paper aims to analyze the feasibility and effectiveness of the new magnetic flux leakage detection device for detecting defects in different extension directions.Based on the final experimental results,the new composite excitation multi extension direction leakage magnetic field detector has a good detection effect for defects in the axial and circumferential extension directions.

Influence of Slot Defect Length on Magnetic Flux Leakage

A key issue, which influences the applications of magnetic flux leakage testing, is defect quantification. There have been many research on the relationship between width, depth and magnetic flux leakage of slot defect. However, the length factor is often ignored. The relationship between characteristics of defect leakage field and defect length was investigated. The magnetic flux leakages of a series of plate specimens with the same width, same depth and different length slot defects were tested under the same magnetizing conditions. Testing results show that defect length is an important parameter needed to consider in quantifying defects.

Speed Measurement Feasibility by Eddy Current Effect in the High-Speed MFL Testing

It is known that eddy current effect has a great influence on magnetic flux leakage testing(MFL).Usually,contacttype encoder wheels are used to measure MFL testing speed to evaluate the effect and further compensate testing signals.This speed measurement method is complicated,and inevitable abrasion and occasional slippage will reduce the measurement accuracy.In order to solve this problem,based on eddy current effect due to the relative movement,a speed measurement method is proposed,which is contactless and simple.In the high-speed MFL testing,eddy current induced in the specimen will cause an obvious modification to the applied field.This modified field,which is measured by Hall sensor,can be utilized to reflect the moving speed.Firstly,the measurement principle is illustrated based on Faraday’s law.Then,dynamic finite element simulations are conducted to investigate the modified magnetic field distribution.Finally,laboratory experiments are performed to validate the feasibility of the proposed method.The results show that Bmz(r1)and Bmx(r2)have a linear relation with moving speed,which could be used as an alternative measurement parameter.

Quantitative Detection of Corrosion State of Concrete Internal Reinforcement Based on Metal Magnetic Memory

Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructive testing(NDT)technique,is considered a potentially viable method for detecting corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members.To this end,in this paper,the indoor electrochemical method was employed to accelerate the corrosion of outsourced concrete specimens with different steel bar diameters,and the normal components Bz and its gradient of the SMFL fields on the specimen surfaces were investigated based on the metal magnetic memory(MMM)method.The experimental results showed that the SMFL experimental Bz curves are consistent with the analytical results of the theoretical model.Furthermore,the crest-to-trough behavior on the Bz signal curve and its zero-point gradient spacing can more accurately indicate the corroded area’s extent.Then,a magnetic characteristic parameter W based on a large amount of experimental data was established to characterize the degree of corrosion of the steel bars.The magnetic characteristic parameter W is linearly related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss rate
of the corroded reinforcement.This paper will lay the foundation for future research on corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on the MMM method and provide a feasible way for non-destructive detection of corrosion independent of the influence of reinforcement diameter and magnetization history.

The MFL Testing Methods for Welded Pipes

Steel pipes are categorized into seamless pipes and welded pipes,and particularly the welded pipes’ NDT(Non-Destructive Testing)has been a challenging problem.In the case,on the basis of the presentation of welded pipes,the analysis of its relevant testing key is carried out.Afterwards,the MFL(Magnetic Flux Leakage)methods for longitudinally welded line-pipes and for helically welded pipes are respectively proposed.Meanwhile,their relevant experiments are conducted,and finally the two technologies for the two types of welded pipes are verified well.

Pulsed electromagnetic non-destructive evaluation and applications

This paper introduces recent research work in the field of pulsed electromagnetic non-destructive testing/evaluation.These are pulsed eddy current,pulsed magnetic flux leakage and eddy current pulsed thermography.This paper introduces pulsed electromagnetic techniques and their different case studies on defect detection as well as stress characterisation.Experimental tests have been validated and future research plans are discussed.This paper demonstrates pulsed electromagnetic non-destructive testing and evaluation for not only depth information,but also for multiple parameter measurement and multiple integration,which are important for future development.

油气管道组合缺陷漏磁检测信号数值模拟研究

为解决管道组合缺陷之间漏磁检测信号互相干扰,难以识别的问题,采用有限元方法建立仿真模型,研究管道内外、不同形状缺陷以及内外组合缺陷邻近情况下的漏磁场检测信号规律。研究结果表明:管道缺陷的漏磁检测信号在其轴向和径向分量上均存在显著差异;组合缺陷的检测信号存在相互干扰且具有一定的叠加性;当缺陷深度约为管壁厚的10%、25%、40%时,轴向信号干扰距离分别约为缺陷长度的1倍、2倍、3倍,径向信号干扰距离均约为长度的4倍,组合缺陷径向信号的互相干扰程度大于轴向信号,缺陷深度对轴向信号的影响大于径向信号。研究结果可为油气管道组合缺陷的识别提供理论依据。

Magnetic Flux Leakage Signal Inversion of Corrosive Flaws Based on Modified Genetic Local Search Algorithm

In this paper,a modified genetic local search algorithm(MGLSA) is proposed.The proposed algorithm is resulted from employing the simulated annealing technique to regulate the variance of the Gaussian mutation of the genetic local search algorithm(GLSA).Then,an MGLSA-based inverse algorithm is proposed for magnetic flux leakage(MFL) signal inversion of corrosive flaws,in which the MGLSA is used to solve the optimization problem in the MFL inverse problem.Experimental results demonstrate that the MGLSA-based inverse algorithm is more robust than GLSA-based inverse algorithm in the presence of noise in the measured MFL signals.

油气管道漏磁数据处理和缺陷识别量化方法的研究进展

漏磁法是最稳定的无损在线检测技术之一,用于评估油气管道的健康状况。从通道基线校正、异常值判别、数据缺口的恢复和滤波四个方面阐述了漏磁数据预处理的方法和步骤;结合漏磁数据缺陷的峰谷值等显性特征,总结了不同特征提取方法下缺陷信号的本质特征;介绍了基于支持向量机、神经网络、图像处理和形态学等方法构建缺陷反演模型。最后,从数据预处理和缺陷识别量化两方面展望了漏磁信号处理未来的研究方向。

矿用钢丝绳双源磁回路结构设计与仿真分析

目前矿用钢丝绳损伤电磁检测方法存在主磁通检测对于局部类损伤检测精度较低,基于漏磁的局部损伤检测的定量精度不高等问题。提出了一种同时检测主磁通和漏磁的矿用钢丝绳双源磁检测方法,结合主磁通与漏磁在局部损伤检测方面的互补性,设计了双源磁检测环形筒状励磁回路和独立分离励磁回路方案。基于有限元仿真验证了2种方案的可行性,确定了以独立分离回路作为磁回路的基本结构。研究了衔铁参数、磁铁参数对磁化效果的影响和磁桥路结构参数对磁场分布的影响。结果表明:(1)磁化幅值与回路数量呈正相关,与衔铁长度呈负相关,高度对磁化效果几乎没有影响。(2)磁化幅值与永磁铁材料牌号、长度和厚度呈正相关,与提离值呈负相关。(3)磁化幅值与磁桥路厚度呈正相关,与空气间隙呈负相关,而提离值对磁化效果影响较小。(4)磁桥的空气间隙对磁桥路内磁通密度分布的影响较大。

运载火箭电磁阀漏磁特性量化研究与极性检测系统设计

传统的运载火箭电磁阀极性测试往往通过“耳听手摸”的方式,故存在漏检误检、测试记录不可量化及数据追溯、无法精准判读、测试效率低等问题;因此对运载火箭典型姿控电磁阀开展了漏磁性能的测量与量化分析,掌握阀体各部位漏磁场分布规律、漏磁场随距离衰减变化规律、电磁阀之间漏磁场相互影响情况,并提出了一种非接触式的可视化电磁阀极性检测系统设计方法,采用三冗余敏感探头采编设计保证极性检测准确性,经试验测试验证,实现了无需精确安装即可100%检测电磁阀动作及时序动作精准判读,提升了电磁阀极性检测能力和测试效率;该系统已成功应用于大型运载火箭的总装测试流程中,对于提升运载火箭自动化测试水平具有重要意义。

漏磁检测在管道损伤探测中的应用

漏磁检测技术是油气管道损伤检测中最常用的方法之一。其是一种利用磁敏传感器检测漏磁信号进而探测管道缺陷的无损检测技术。首先介绍了漏磁检测的原理和操作流程,而后综述了近年来漏磁检测技术在信号预处理、异常识别以及缺陷量化3方面取得的重要成果。其中,重点介绍了基于深度学习的异常识别和缺陷量化方法,并分析了这些方法存在的不足。最后,对管道漏磁检测的未来发展进行了展望。

无损检测工艺在石油钻杆检测中的应用研究

本文介绍了无损检测工艺在石油钻杆检测中的应用研究。通过对石油钻杆各组成部分的结构分析,确定了石油钻杆检测的整体思路,分别对管体部分采用漏磁检测和螺纹部分采用磁粉检测,以及对管体加厚端焊缝处采用超声波检测,从而完成了对石油钻杆的整体无损检测。实践证明石油钻杆无损检测技术是钻杆检测实际有效的方法,能及时地对钻杆缺陷进行检测,以确保石油钻杆整体的质量要求。

常压储罐底板漏磁检测技术应用与探讨

漏磁检测技术是一种用于检测储罐底板腐蚀情况的高效方法。本文阐述了渗漏部位检测技术的基本理论,分析了影响磁场运行的因素,通过实际案例研究漏磁检测技术在常压储罐底板缺陷检测中的应用。实践证明,漏磁检测结果存在一定偏差,复验过程也不宜仅依靠超声波检测技术,应尝试运用包括磁粉检测在内的多种无损检测技术进行复验,才能对缺陷的真实状况做出准确的评价。希望本研究能够进一步优化漏磁检测技术,提高检测数据的准确性。

基于LSTM的储罐底板缺陷识别

储罐底板因腐蚀穿孔或疲劳裂纹引起的泄漏是常压储罐的主要失效形式。储罐底板的检测通常采用电磁技术,利用永磁体磁化钢板产生的漏磁效应进行缺陷检测,但这种检测方法无法区分钢板中的裂纹缺陷与腐蚀缺陷,给后期处理带来不便。以包含裂纹缺陷及腐蚀缺陷的磁检测信号作为数据源,建立基于LSTM(长短期记忆)的一维时序神经网络模型,实现储罐底板缺陷分类识别。结果表明:基于LSTM的神经网络模型,可以快速实现储罐底板缺陷的分类识别,对钢板裂纹缺陷的识别准确率为96%,对钢板腐蚀缺陷的识别准确率为92%。