Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructi...Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructive testing(NDT)technique,is considered a potentially viable method for detecting corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members.To this end,in this paper,the indoor electrochemical method was employed to accelerate the corrosion of outsourced concrete specimens with different steel bar diameters,and the normal components Bz and its gradient of the SMFL fields on the specimen surfaces were investigated based on the metal magnetic memory(MMM)method.The experimental results showed that the SMFL experimental Bz curves are consistent with the analytical results of the theoretical model.Furthermore,the crest-to-trough behavior on the Bz signal curve and its zero-point gradient spacing can more accurately indicate the corroded area’s extent.Then,a magnetic characteristic parameter W based on a large amount of experimental data was established to characterize the degree of corrosion of the steel bars.The magnetic characteristic parameter W is linearly related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss rateof the corroded reinforcement.This paper will lay the foundation for future research on corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on the MMM method and provide a feasible way for non-destructive detection of corrosion independent of the influence of reinforcement diameter and magnetization history.展开更多
Static tensile test and tensile-tensile fatigue test of medium carbon steel sheet specimens with surface crack precut were performed on MTS810 hydraulic testing machine to clear the meaning of the point of Hp(y) value...Static tensile test and tensile-tensile fatigue test of medium carbon steel sheet specimens with surface crack precut were performed on MTS810 hydraulic testing machine to clear the meaning of the point of Hp(y) value zero. Magnetic memory signals were measured during the test process. The results show that only one point of Hp(y) zero value exists in all measured magnetic signal curves during the loading process, which should be a sign of intersection of positive-negative magnetic poles after magnetic ordered state appears and does not indicate the position of surface crack precut. The analysis shows that the surface crack precut can not interrupt the magnetic ordered state occurred during the test completely, hence its Hp(y) value is not zero. However, the crack extending to a penetrated defect at the instant of specimen′s fracture leads to the discontinuance of magnetic ordered state.展开更多
In order to propel the development of metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique in fatigue damage detection, the Jiles-Atherton model (J-A model) was modified to describe MMM mechanism in elastic stress stage. A serie...In order to propel the development of metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique in fatigue damage detection, the Jiles-Atherton model (J-A model) was modified to describe MMM mechanism in elastic stress stage. A series of rotating bending fatigue experiments were conducted to study the stress-magnetization relationship and verify the correctness of modified J-A model. In MMM detection, the magnetization of material irreversibly approaches to the local equilibrium state Mo instead of global equilibrium state M^n under cyclic stress, and the M0-a curves are loops around the Mar,-a curve. The modified J-A model is constructed by replacing M~ in J-A model with M0, and it can describe the magnetomechanical effect well at low external magnetic field. In the rotating bending fatigue experiments, the MMM field distribution in normal direction around cylinder specimen is similar to the stress distribution, and the calculation result of model coincides with experiment result after some necessary modifications. The MMM field variation with time at a certain point in fatigue process is divided into three stages with the variation of stable stress-stain hysteresis loop, and the calculation results of model can explain not only the three stages of MMM field changes, but also the different change laws when the applied magnetic field and initial magnetic field are different. The MMM field distribution in normal direction along specimen axis reflects stress concentration effect at artificial defect, and the magnetic signal fluctuates around the defect at late fatigue stage. The calculation results coincide with the initial MMM principle and can explain signal fluctuates around the defect. The modified J-A model can explain experiment results well, and it is fit for MMM field characterization.展开更多
Tension-compression fatigue test was performed on 0.45% C steel specimens.Normal and tangential components of magnetic memory testing signals,Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals,with their characteristics,K of Hp(y) and Hp(x)M of...Tension-compression fatigue test was performed on 0.45% C steel specimens.Normal and tangential components of magnetic memory testing signals,Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals,with their characteristics,K of Hp(y) and Hp(x)M of Hp(x),throughout the fatigue process were presented and analyzed.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed after loading; Hp(y) curves rotated clockwise and Hp(x) curves elevated significantly with the increase of fatigue cycle number at the first a few fatigue cycles,both Hp(y) and Hp(x) curves were stable after that,the amplitude of abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak value of Hp(x) increased more quickly after fatigue crack initiation.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) at the notch reversed again after failure.The characteristics were found to exhibit consistent tendency in the whole fatigue life and behave differently in different stages of fatigue.In initial and crack developing stages,the characteristics increased significantly due to dislocations increase and crack propagation,respectively.In stable stage,the characteristics remained constant as a result of dislocation blocking,K value ranged from 20 to 30 A/(m·mm)-1,and Hp(x)M ranged from 270 to 300 A/m under the test parameters in this work.After failure,both abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed,K value was 133 A/(m·mm)-1 and Hp(x)M was-640 A/m.The results indicate that the characteristics of Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals were related to the accumulation of fatigue,so it is feasible and applicable to monitor fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components using metal magnetic memory testing(MMMT).展开更多
The correlation between the stress concentration and the spontaneous magnetic signals of metal magnetic memory(MMM) was investigated via tensile tests. Sheet specimens of the Q235 steel were machined into standard bar...The correlation between the stress concentration and the spontaneous magnetic signals of metal magnetic memory(MMM) was investigated via tensile tests. Sheet specimens of the Q235 steel were machined into standard bars with rectangular holes to obtain various stress concentration factors. The tangential component Hp(x) of MMM signals and its related magnetic characteristic parameters throughout the loading process were presented and analyzed. It is found that the tangential component Hp(x) is sensitive to the abnormal magnetic changes caused by the local stress concentration in the defect area. The minimum magnetic field is positively correlated to the magnitude of the load and the distance from the notch. The tangential magnetic stress concentration factor presents good numerical stability during the entire loading process, and can be used to evaluate the stress concentration factor. The results obtained will be a complement to the MMM technique.展开更多
In order to investigate the regularity of metal magnetic signals of ferromagnetic materials under the effect of applied load, the static tensile test of Q235 steel and 18CrNiWA steel plate specimens were conducted and...In order to investigate the regularity of metal magnetic signals of ferromagnetic materials under the effect of applied load, the static tensile test of Q235 steel and 18CrNiWA steel plate specimens were conducted and metal magnetic memory signals of specimens were measured during the test process. The influencing factors of metal magnetic memory signals and the relationship between axial applied load and signals were analyzed. The fracture and microstructure of the specimens were observed. The results show that the magnetic signals corresponding to the measured points change linearly approximately with increasing axial load. The microstructure of Q235 steel is ferrite and perlite, whereas that of 18CrNiWA steel is bainite and low-carbon martensite. The fracture of these two kinds of specimens is ductile rupture; carbon content of specimen materials and dislocation glide give much contribution to the characteristics of magnetic curves.展开更多
Detecting stress concentration, especially critical stress state leading to structure damage or failure, is one of the most important tasks of equipment diagnosis. Metal magnetic memory technique needs further researc...Detecting stress concentration, especially critical stress state leading to structure damage or failure, is one of the most important tasks of equipment diagnosis. Metal magnetic memory technique needs further research to evaluate stress concentration quantitatively due to ambiguous physical mechanism, though it has potential to detect early defects in ferromagnetic materials. Mild Q235 steel defective specimens in demagnetization state were loaded in tension up to visible necking, with magnetic memory signals measurement made at increasing stress levels. Magnetic signals varied greatly under first several loadings and subsequently tended to stability in the elastic region, which showed that the magnetization always approaches the anhysteretic magnetization curve and was explained by the theory of magnetomechanical effect. In the plastic stage, an abnormal wave occurred in the stress concentration zone and its height value was sensitive to plastic deformation levels and dependent on the distance between the probe and defect, in accordance with the simulation results based on the magnetic dipole model. Different magnetic signal characteristics in the elastic-plastic region indicate that the magnetic memory technique can identify macroyielding and early damage, which is of profound significance for ensuring safe operation of equipment in service.展开更多
In order to eliminate noise interference of metal magnetic memory signal in early diagnosis of stress concentration zones and metal defects, the empirical mode decomposition method combined with the magnetic field gra...In order to eliminate noise interference of metal magnetic memory signal in early diagnosis of stress concentration zones and metal defects, the empirical mode decomposition method combined with the magnetic field gradient characteristic was proposed. A compressive force periodically acting upon a casing pipe led to appreciable deformation, and magnetic signals were measured by a magnetic indicator TSC-1M-4. The raw magnetic memory signal was first decomposed into different intrinsic mode functions and a residue, and the magnetic field gradient distribution of the subsequent reconstructed signal was obtained. The experimental results show that the gradient around 350 mm represents the maximum value ignoring the marginal effect, and there is a good correlation between the real maximum field gradient and the stress concentration zone. The wavelet transform associated with envelop analysis also exhibits this gradient characteristic, indicating that the proposed method is effective for early identifying critical zones.展开更多
Tensile fatigue tests were designed to study the relation between the tangential magnetic memory signal and dislocations. According to experimental results, in the early stage of fatigue, the magnetic signal and the d...Tensile fatigue tests were designed to study the relation between the tangential magnetic memory signal and dislocations. According to experimental results, in the early stage of fatigue, the magnetic signal and the dislocation density rapidly increase; while in the middle stage, the magnetic signal gradually increases, the dislocation density remains steady, and only the dislocation structure develops. On the other hand, in the later stage, the magnetic signal once again increases rapidly, the dislocation structure continues to develop, and microscopic cracks are formed. Analysis reveals that the dislocations block the movement of the domain wall, and the area of dislocation accumulation thus becomes an internal magnetic source and scatters a field outward. In addition, the magnetic memory field strengthens with increasing dislocation density and complexity of the dislocation structure. Accordingly, the dislocation pinning factor related with the dislocation density and the dislocation structure has been proposed to characterize the effect of dislocations on the magnetic memory signal. The magnetic signal strengthens with an increase in the dislocation pinning factor.展开更多
Metal magnetic memory(MMM) testing has been widely used to detect welded joints. However, load levels, environmental magnetic field, and measurement noises make the MMM data dispersive and bring difficulty to quanti...Metal magnetic memory(MMM) testing has been widely used to detect welded joints. However, load levels, environmental magnetic field, and measurement noises make the MMM data dispersive and bring difficulty to quantitative evaluation. In order to promote the development of quantitative MMM reliability assessment, a new MMM model is presented for welded joints. Steel Q235 welded specimens are tested along the longitudinal and horizontal lines by TSC-2M-8 instrument in the tensile fatigue experiments. The X-ray testing is carried out synchronously to verify the MMM results. It is found that MMM testing can detect the hidden crack earlier than X-ray testing. Moreover, the MMM gradient vector sum K_(vs) is sensitive to the damage degree, especially at early and hidden damage stages. Considering the dispersion of MMM data, the K_(vs) statistical law is investigated, which shows that K_(vs) obeys Gaussian distribution. So K_(vs) is the suitable MMM parameter to establish reliability model of welded joints. At last, the original quantitative MMM reliability model is first presented based on the improved stress strength interference theory. It is shown that the reliability degree R gradually decreases with the decreasing of the residual life ratio T, and the maximal error between prediction reliability degree R_1 and verification reliability degree R_2 is 9.15%. This presented method provides a novel tool of reliability testing and evaluating in practical engineering for welded joints.展开更多
To confirm whether Magnetic Memory Method can be used to evaluate the fatigue damage of ferromagnetic part or not,this paper stated the principle of magnetic memory method.Also, the relationship between testing parame...To confirm whether Magnetic Memory Method can be used to evaluate the fatigue damage of ferromagnetic part or not,this paper stated the principle of magnetic memory method.Also, the relationship between testing parameter of magnetic memory method and fatigue damage was analyzed based on the experiment. The results show that magnetic memory method can be used to evaluate the fatigue damage represented by stress concentration. However, the relationship between the parameter of magnetic memory method and fatigue damage still needs to be studied.展开更多
Influences of inspecting time-interval and location on varying behavior of metal magnetic memory (MMM) signals of defects were studied. Different areas in two precracked weldments were inspected at different time-inte...Influences of inspecting time-interval and location on varying behavior of metal magnetic memory (MMM) signals of defects were studied. Different areas in two precracked weldments were inspected at different time-intervals by type TSC-1M-4 stress-concentration magnetic inspector to obtain MMM signals. Mechanisms of MMM signals varying behavior with inspecting time and space were analyzed and discussed respectively. It is found that MMM signals don't change with inspecting time-interval, since stress field and magnetic leakage field maintain unchanged at any time after welding. On the other hand, MMM signals differ greatly for different inspecting locations, because stress field and magnetic leakage field are unevenly distributed in defective ferromagnetic materials.展开更多
Feature extraction and selection from signals is a key issue for metal magnetic memory testing technique. In order to realize the classification of metal magnetic memory signals of welding defects, four fractal analys...Feature extraction and selection from signals is a key issue for metal magnetic memory testing technique. In order to realize the classification of metal magnetic memory signals of welding defects, four fractal analysis methods, such as box- counting, detrended fluctuation, minimal cover and rescaled-range analysis, were used to extract the feature signal after the original metal magnet memory signal was de-noising and differential processing, then the Karhunen-Lo^e transformation was adopted as classification tool to identify the defect signals. The result shows that this study can provide an efficient classification method for metal magnetic memory signal of welding defects.展开更多
The influence of CoCr addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties was investigated in nanocomposite Pr2Fel4B/a-Fe alloys prepared by melt spinning. It was shown that the magnetic properties of Pr2Fel4B/ct-F...The influence of CoCr addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties was investigated in nanocomposite Pr2Fel4B/a-Fe alloys prepared by melt spinning. It was shown that the magnetic properties of Pr2Fel4B/ct-Fe nanocomposite were im- proved by an addition of 10 at.% CoCr, in particular, coercivity (Hc) from 4.9 up to 5.3 kOe, maximum energy product ((BH)max) from 10.6 up to 13.9 MGOe, and remanence (Mr) from 94.2 up to 98.4 emu/g. The field dependencies of the reversible and irreversible magnetization components were derived from the recoil loops. Combining with the initial magnetization curves, the results indi- cated that the pinning of domain walls at the grain boundaries dominated the magnetization reversal in Pr2Fe14B/ct-Fe nanocomposite alloys. The magnetic memory effect was studied by measuring the magnetic moment relaxation at a cycle negative magnetic field with time interval of 600 s. The exchange-spring magnets with magnetic memory effect have a high potential for high density magnetic recording.展开更多
Sn was used to replace Al in Co38Ni34Al28 alloy. The microstructure and microhardness of Co38Ni34Al28-xSnx (x=0, 1, 2, 3) magnetic shape memory alloys were investigated at different heat treatment temperatures (137...Sn was used to replace Al in Co38Ni34Al28 alloy. The microstructure and microhardness of Co38Ni34Al28-xSnx (x=0, 1, 2, 3) magnetic shape memory alloys were investigated at different heat treatment temperatures (1373 K, 1473 K, and 1573 K) for 2 h. The results show that more Sn substitution reduces the content of γ-phase and a partial phase of martensite can be obtained in Co38Ni34Al28-xSnx (x=1, 2, 3) alloys after treatment at 1573 K for 2 h. The maximum martensite phase appears when 2% Al is substituted by Sn. The reverse martensitic transformation temperature of Co38Ni34Al28-xSnx alloys increases at x=1 and 2, then decreases as x=3. As the content of Sn and the temperature increase, the microhardness will increase.展开更多
The static and dynamic magnetic controlling characteristics of NiMnGa magnetically controlled shape memory alloy (MSMA) were experimentally studied. The results show that the characteristics of induced strain with r...The static and dynamic magnetic controlling characteristics of NiMnGa magnetically controlled shape memory alloy (MSMA) were experimentally studied. The results show that the characteristics of induced strain with respect to the magnetic field are nonlinear with saturation nature, and dependent on the temperature as well as the load applied to the MSMA. The magnetic shape memory effect can be observed only in complete martensite phase at room temperature. The magnetic permeability of MSMA is not constant and reduces with the increment of magnetic field. The relative saturation magnetic permeability of MSMA is about 1.5.展开更多
A large field-induced strain of magnetic shape memory alloy is developed by the martensite variant reorientation. It is widely recognized that the martensite reorientation in a magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) can...A large field-induced strain of magnetic shape memory alloy is developed by the martensite variant reorientation. It is widely recognized that the martensite reorientation in a magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) can develop if the magnetic field is large enough. However, it has been shown in the literature that the magnetization rotation may block variant reorientation via energy minimization approach. In this paper, based on a micromechanicat model associated with the thermodynamic theory, authors show that there are some limits for the martensite reorientation, which is hindered by the magnetization rotation. Some useful conclusions are obtained.展开更多
The hysteresis characteristic is the major deficiency in the positioning control of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. A Prandtl-Ishlinskii model was developed to characterize the hysteresis of magnetic shape memor...The hysteresis characteristic is the major deficiency in the positioning control of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. A Prandtl-Ishlinskii model was developed to characterize the hysteresis of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. Based on the proposed Prandtl-Ishlinskii model, the inverse Prandtl-Ishlinskii model was established as a feedforward controller to compensate the hysteresis of the magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. For further improving of the positioning precision of the magnetic shape memory alloy actuator, a hybrid control method with hysteresis nonlinear model in feedforward loop was proposed. The control method is separated into two parts: a feedforward loop with inverse Prandtl-Ishlinskii model and a feedback loop with neural network controller. To validate the validity of the proposed control method, a series of simulations and experiments were researched. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the maximum error rate of open loop controller based on inverse PI model is 1.72%, the maximum error rate of the hybrid controller based on inverse PI model is 1.37%.展开更多
A statistical work has been done to collect the composition ranges of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys exhibiting different structures and martensite start temperature (M,), large magnetostrain or the co-existence of magnetic and st...A statistical work has been done to collect the composition ranges of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys exhibiting different structures and martensite start temperature (M,), large magnetostrain or the co-existence of magnetic and structural transitions. The alloys with five-layered (5M), seven-layered (7M) modulated and non-modulated (T) martensitic structures were mapped in the graph. An empirical formula has been presented to reflect the effect of elements nickel (Ni ), manganese ( Mn ) and gallium (Ga), on the martensite start temperature (M3). The martensitic structure is sensitive to the composition and the martensitic transformation temperature is most drastically affected by the Ni content. The alloys with large magnetostrain or co-existence effect of the magnetic and structural transitions were also listed in a limited area.展开更多
Recent progresses in magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are reviewed and summarized. At first, the concept and source of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are introduced. ...Recent progresses in magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are reviewed and summarized. At first, the concept and source of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are introduced. Next, a historical overview of PMA materials as magnetic electrodes, such as the RE-TM alloys TbFeCo and GdFeCo, novel tetragonal manganese alloys Mn-Ga, L10-ordered (Co, Fe)/Pt alloy, multilayer film [Co, Fe, CoFe/Pt, Pd, Ni, AU]N, and ultra-thin magnetic metal/oxidized barrier is offered. The other part of the article focuses on the optimization and fabrication of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB p-MTJs, which is thought to have high potential to meet the main demands for non-volatile magnetic random access memory.展开更多
文摘Corrosion can be very harmful to the service life and several properties of reinforced concrete structures.The metal magnetic memory(MMM)method,as a newly developed spontaneous magnetic flux leakage(SMFL)non-destructive testing(NDT)technique,is considered a potentially viable method for detecting corrosion damage in reinforced concrete members.To this end,in this paper,the indoor electrochemical method was employed to accelerate the corrosion of outsourced concrete specimens with different steel bar diameters,and the normal components Bz and its gradient of the SMFL fields on the specimen surfaces were investigated based on the metal magnetic memory(MMM)method.The experimental results showed that the SMFL experimental Bz curves are consistent with the analytical results of the theoretical model.Furthermore,the crest-to-trough behavior on the Bz signal curve and its zero-point gradient spacing can more accurately indicate the corroded area’s extent.Then,a magnetic characteristic parameter W based on a large amount of experimental data was established to characterize the degree of corrosion of the steel bars.The magnetic characteristic parameter W is linearly related to the maximum cross-sectional area loss rateof the corroded reinforcement.This paper will lay the foundation for future research on corrosion detection of reinforced concrete structures based on the MMM method and provide a feasible way for non-destructive detection of corrosion independent of the influence of reinforcement diameter and magnetization history.
基金This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.50235030, 50505052).
文摘Static tensile test and tensile-tensile fatigue test of medium carbon steel sheet specimens with surface crack precut were performed on MTS810 hydraulic testing machine to clear the meaning of the point of Hp(y) value zero. Magnetic memory signals were measured during the test process. The results show that only one point of Hp(y) zero value exists in all measured magnetic signal curves during the loading process, which should be a sign of intersection of positive-negative magnetic poles after magnetic ordered state appears and does not indicate the position of surface crack precut. The analysis shows that the surface crack precut can not interrupt the magnetic ordered state occurred during the test completely, hence its Hp(y) value is not zero. However, the crack extending to a penetrated defect at the instant of specimen′s fracture leads to the discontinuance of magnetic ordered state.
基金Projects(11072056, 10772061) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(A200907) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province,ChinaProject(20092322120001) supported by the PhD Programs Foundations of Ministry of Education of China
文摘In order to propel the development of metal magnetic memory (MMM) technique in fatigue damage detection, the Jiles-Atherton model (J-A model) was modified to describe MMM mechanism in elastic stress stage. A series of rotating bending fatigue experiments were conducted to study the stress-magnetization relationship and verify the correctness of modified J-A model. In MMM detection, the magnetization of material irreversibly approaches to the local equilibrium state Mo instead of global equilibrium state M^n under cyclic stress, and the M0-a curves are loops around the Mar,-a curve. The modified J-A model is constructed by replacing M~ in J-A model with M0, and it can describe the magnetomechanical effect well at low external magnetic field. In the rotating bending fatigue experiments, the MMM field distribution in normal direction around cylinder specimen is similar to the stress distribution, and the calculation result of model coincides with experiment result after some necessary modifications. The MMM field variation with time at a certain point in fatigue process is divided into three stages with the variation of stable stress-stain hysteresis loop, and the calculation results of model can explain not only the three stages of MMM field changes, but also the different change laws when the applied magnetic field and initial magnetic field are different. The MMM field distribution in normal direction along specimen axis reflects stress concentration effect at artificial defect, and the magnetic signal fluctuates around the defect at late fatigue stage. The calculation results coincide with the initial MMM principle and can explain signal fluctuates around the defect. The modified J-A model can explain experiment results well, and it is fit for MMM field characterization.
基金Projects(50975283,50975287)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(2011CB013401)supported by the National Basic Research Program,China
文摘Tension-compression fatigue test was performed on 0.45% C steel specimens.Normal and tangential components of magnetic memory testing signals,Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals,with their characteristics,K of Hp(y) and Hp(x)M of Hp(x),throughout the fatigue process were presented and analyzed.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed after loading; Hp(y) curves rotated clockwise and Hp(x) curves elevated significantly with the increase of fatigue cycle number at the first a few fatigue cycles,both Hp(y) and Hp(x) curves were stable after that,the amplitude of abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak value of Hp(x) increased more quickly after fatigue crack initiation.Abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) at the notch reversed again after failure.The characteristics were found to exhibit consistent tendency in the whole fatigue life and behave differently in different stages of fatigue.In initial and crack developing stages,the characteristics increased significantly due to dislocations increase and crack propagation,respectively.In stable stage,the characteristics remained constant as a result of dislocation blocking,K value ranged from 20 to 30 A/(m·mm)-1,and Hp(x)M ranged from 270 to 300 A/m under the test parameters in this work.After failure,both abnormal peaks of Hp(y) and peak of Hp(x) reversed,K value was 133 A/(m·mm)-1 and Hp(x)M was-640 A/m.The results indicate that the characteristics of Hp(y) and Hp(x) signals were related to the accumulation of fatigue,so it is feasible and applicable to monitor fatigue damage of ferromagnetic components using metal magnetic memory testing(MMMT).
基金Funded by the Zhejiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(LZ12E08003)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(2015QNA4028)
文摘The correlation between the stress concentration and the spontaneous magnetic signals of metal magnetic memory(MMM) was investigated via tensile tests. Sheet specimens of the Q235 steel were machined into standard bars with rectangular holes to obtain various stress concentration factors. The tangential component Hp(x) of MMM signals and its related magnetic characteristic parameters throughout the loading process were presented and analyzed. It is found that the tangential component Hp(x) is sensitive to the abnormal magnetic changes caused by the local stress concentration in the defect area. The minimum magnetic field is positively correlated to the magnitude of the load and the distance from the notch. The tangential magnetic stress concentration factor presents good numerical stability during the entire loading process, and can be used to evaluate the stress concentration factor. The results obtained will be a complement to the MMM technique.
基金Projects(50235030, 50505052) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘In order to investigate the regularity of metal magnetic signals of ferromagnetic materials under the effect of applied load, the static tensile test of Q235 steel and 18CrNiWA steel plate specimens were conducted and metal magnetic memory signals of specimens were measured during the test process. The influencing factors of metal magnetic memory signals and the relationship between axial applied load and signals were analyzed. The fracture and microstructure of the specimens were observed. The results show that the magnetic signals corresponding to the measured points change linearly approximately with increasing axial load. The microstructure of Q235 steel is ferrite and perlite, whereas that of 18CrNiWA steel is bainite and low-carbon martensite. The fracture of these two kinds of specimens is ductile rupture; carbon content of specimen materials and dislocation glide give much contribution to the characteristics of magnetic curves.
基金supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. 10772061)Heilongjiang Provincial Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No. A200907)Specialized Research Fundfor the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China(Grant No.20092322120001)
文摘Detecting stress concentration, especially critical stress state leading to structure damage or failure, is one of the most important tasks of equipment diagnosis. Metal magnetic memory technique needs further research to evaluate stress concentration quantitatively due to ambiguous physical mechanism, though it has potential to detect early defects in ferromagnetic materials. Mild Q235 steel defective specimens in demagnetization state were loaded in tension up to visible necking, with magnetic memory signals measurement made at increasing stress levels. Magnetic signals varied greatly under first several loadings and subsequently tended to stability in the elastic region, which showed that the magnetization always approaches the anhysteretic magnetization curve and was explained by the theory of magnetomechanical effect. In the plastic stage, an abnormal wave occurred in the stress concentration zone and its height value was sensitive to plastic deformation levels and dependent on the distance between the probe and defect, in accordance with the simulation results based on the magnetic dipole model. Different magnetic signal characteristics in the elastic-plastic region indicate that the magnetic memory technique can identify macroyielding and early damage, which is of profound significance for ensuring safe operation of equipment in service.
基金Project(10772061) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(A200907) supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province, China Project(20092322120001) supported by the PhD Programs Foundations of Ministry of Education of China
文摘In order to eliminate noise interference of metal magnetic memory signal in early diagnosis of stress concentration zones and metal defects, the empirical mode decomposition method combined with the magnetic field gradient characteristic was proposed. A compressive force periodically acting upon a casing pipe led to appreciable deformation, and magnetic signals were measured by a magnetic indicator TSC-1M-4. The raw magnetic memory signal was first decomposed into different intrinsic mode functions and a residue, and the magnetic field gradient distribution of the subsequent reconstructed signal was obtained. The experimental results show that the gradient around 350 mm represents the maximum value ignoring the marginal effect, and there is a good correlation between the real maximum field gradient and the stress concentration zone. The wavelet transform associated with envelop analysis also exhibits this gradient characteristic, indicating that the proposed method is effective for early identifying critical zones.
基金financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China (No. FRF-TP-13-022A)
文摘Tensile fatigue tests were designed to study the relation between the tangential magnetic memory signal and dislocations. According to experimental results, in the early stage of fatigue, the magnetic signal and the dislocation density rapidly increase; while in the middle stage, the magnetic signal gradually increases, the dislocation density remains steady, and only the dislocation structure develops. On the other hand, in the later stage, the magnetic signal once again increases rapidly, the dislocation structure continues to develop, and microscopic cracks are formed. Analysis reveals that the dislocations block the movement of the domain wall, and the area of dislocation accumulation thus becomes an internal magnetic source and scatters a field outward. In addition, the magnetic memory field strengthens with increasing dislocation density and complexity of the dislocation structure. Accordingly, the dislocation pinning factor related with the dislocation density and the dislocation structure has been proposed to characterize the effect of dislocations on the magnetic memory signal. The magnetic signal strengthens with an increase in the dislocation pinning factor.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.11272084,11472076)PetroChina Innovation Foundation(Grant No.2015D-5006-0602)Postdoctoral Science Research Developmental Foundation of Chinese Heilongjiang Province(Grant No.LBH-Q13035)
文摘Metal magnetic memory(MMM) testing has been widely used to detect welded joints. However, load levels, environmental magnetic field, and measurement noises make the MMM data dispersive and bring difficulty to quantitative evaluation. In order to promote the development of quantitative MMM reliability assessment, a new MMM model is presented for welded joints. Steel Q235 welded specimens are tested along the longitudinal and horizontal lines by TSC-2M-8 instrument in the tensile fatigue experiments. The X-ray testing is carried out synchronously to verify the MMM results. It is found that MMM testing can detect the hidden crack earlier than X-ray testing. Moreover, the MMM gradient vector sum K_(vs) is sensitive to the damage degree, especially at early and hidden damage stages. Considering the dispersion of MMM data, the K_(vs) statistical law is investigated, which shows that K_(vs) obeys Gaussian distribution. So K_(vs) is the suitable MMM parameter to establish reliability model of welded joints. At last, the original quantitative MMM reliability model is first presented based on the improved stress strength interference theory. It is shown that the reliability degree R gradually decreases with the decreasing of the residual life ratio T, and the maximal error between prediction reliability degree R_1 and verification reliability degree R_2 is 9.15%. This presented method provides a novel tool of reliability testing and evaluating in practical engineering for welded joints.
基金This project is supported by Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50235030)
文摘To confirm whether Magnetic Memory Method can be used to evaluate the fatigue damage of ferromagnetic part or not,this paper stated the principle of magnetic memory method.Also, the relationship between testing parameter of magnetic memory method and fatigue damage was analyzed based on the experiment. The results show that magnetic memory method can be used to evaluate the fatigue damage represented by stress concentration. However, the relationship between the parameter of magnetic memory method and fatigue damage still needs to be studied.
基金Project(50475113) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject(20030056002) supported by Specialized Research Fund for Doctoral Program of Higher Education, China
文摘Influences of inspecting time-interval and location on varying behavior of metal magnetic memory (MMM) signals of defects were studied. Different areas in two precracked weldments were inspected at different time-intervals by type TSC-1M-4 stress-concentration magnetic inspector to obtain MMM signals. Mechanisms of MMM signals varying behavior with inspecting time and space were analyzed and discussed respectively. It is found that MMM signals don't change with inspecting time-interval, since stress field and magnetic leakage field maintain unchanged at any time after welding. On the other hand, MMM signals differ greatly for different inspecting locations, because stress field and magnetic leakage field are unevenly distributed in defective ferromagnetic materials.
基金This work was supported by Tianjin Natural Science Foundation (No. 11JCYBJC06000) and Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (No. 20100032120019).
文摘Feature extraction and selection from signals is a key issue for metal magnetic memory testing technique. In order to realize the classification of metal magnetic memory signals of welding defects, four fractal analysis methods, such as box- counting, detrended fluctuation, minimal cover and rescaled-range analysis, were used to extract the feature signal after the original metal magnet memory signal was de-noising and differential processing, then the Karhunen-Lo^e transformation was adopted as classification tool to identify the defect signals. The result shows that this study can provide an efficient classification method for metal magnetic memory signal of welding defects.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(5080104350971080+2 种基金11174183)Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province of China(JQ201201ZR2013AM020)
文摘The influence of CoCr addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties was investigated in nanocomposite Pr2Fel4B/a-Fe alloys prepared by melt spinning. It was shown that the magnetic properties of Pr2Fel4B/ct-Fe nanocomposite were im- proved by an addition of 10 at.% CoCr, in particular, coercivity (Hc) from 4.9 up to 5.3 kOe, maximum energy product ((BH)max) from 10.6 up to 13.9 MGOe, and remanence (Mr) from 94.2 up to 98.4 emu/g. The field dependencies of the reversible and irreversible magnetization components were derived from the recoil loops. Combining with the initial magnetization curves, the results indi- cated that the pinning of domain walls at the grain boundaries dominated the magnetization reversal in Pr2Fe14B/ct-Fe nanocomposite alloys. The magnetic memory effect was studied by measuring the magnetic moment relaxation at a cycle negative magnetic field with time interval of 600 s. The exchange-spring magnets with magnetic memory effect have a high potential for high density magnetic recording.
基金Projects (50771037, 50371020) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject (2011B090400485) supported by the Combination Project for Guangdong Province and the Ministry of Education, China
文摘Sn was used to replace Al in Co38Ni34Al28 alloy. The microstructure and microhardness of Co38Ni34Al28-xSnx (x=0, 1, 2, 3) magnetic shape memory alloys were investigated at different heat treatment temperatures (1373 K, 1473 K, and 1573 K) for 2 h. The results show that more Sn substitution reduces the content of γ-phase and a partial phase of martensite can be obtained in Co38Ni34Al28-xSnx (x=1, 2, 3) alloys after treatment at 1573 K for 2 h. The maximum martensite phase appears when 2% Al is substituted by Sn. The reverse martensitic transformation temperature of Co38Ni34Al28-xSnx alloys increases at x=1 and 2, then decreases as x=3. As the content of Sn and the temperature increase, the microhardness will increase.
基金This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under grant No.50177019by the Education Department of China under grant No.20040142004.
文摘The static and dynamic magnetic controlling characteristics of NiMnGa magnetically controlled shape memory alloy (MSMA) were experimentally studied. The results show that the characteristics of induced strain with respect to the magnetic field are nonlinear with saturation nature, and dependent on the temperature as well as the load applied to the MSMA. The magnetic shape memory effect can be observed only in complete martensite phase at room temperature. The magnetic permeability of MSMA is not constant and reduces with the increment of magnetic field. The relative saturation magnetic permeability of MSMA is about 1.5.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos.10772021 and 10972027)
文摘A large field-induced strain of magnetic shape memory alloy is developed by the martensite variant reorientation. It is widely recognized that the martensite reorientation in a magnetic shape memory alloy (MSMA) can develop if the magnetic field is large enough. However, it has been shown in the literature that the magnetization rotation may block variant reorientation via energy minimization approach. In this paper, based on a micromechanicat model associated with the thermodynamic theory, authors show that there are some limits for the martensite reorientation, which is hindered by the magnetization rotation. Some useful conclusions are obtained.
基金Project(51105170) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of ChinaProject supported by the Scientific Research Foundation for the Returned Overseas Chinese Scholars,Ministry of Education,China
文摘The hysteresis characteristic is the major deficiency in the positioning control of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. A Prandtl-Ishlinskii model was developed to characterize the hysteresis of magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. Based on the proposed Prandtl-Ishlinskii model, the inverse Prandtl-Ishlinskii model was established as a feedforward controller to compensate the hysteresis of the magnetic shape memory alloy actuator. For further improving of the positioning precision of the magnetic shape memory alloy actuator, a hybrid control method with hysteresis nonlinear model in feedforward loop was proposed. The control method is separated into two parts: a feedforward loop with inverse Prandtl-Ishlinskii model and a feedback loop with neural network controller. To validate the validity of the proposed control method, a series of simulations and experiments were researched. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the maximum error rate of open loop controller based on inverse PI model is 1.72%, the maximum error rate of the hybrid controller based on inverse PI model is 1.37%.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 50271002) New Century Program for Excellent Talents of Ministry of Education of China (No. 04-0165).
文摘A statistical work has been done to collect the composition ranges of Ni-Mn-Ga alloys exhibiting different structures and martensite start temperature (M,), large magnetostrain or the co-existence of magnetic and structural transitions. The alloys with five-layered (5M), seven-layered (7M) modulated and non-modulated (T) martensitic structures were mapped in the graph. An empirical formula has been presented to reflect the effect of elements nickel (Ni ), manganese ( Mn ) and gallium (Ga), on the martensite start temperature (M3). The martensitic structure is sensitive to the composition and the martensitic transformation temperature is most drastically affected by the Ni content. The alloys with large magnetostrain or co-existence effect of the magnetic and structural transitions were also listed in a limited area.
基金supported by the State Key Project of Fundamental Research of Ministry of Science and Technology,China(Grant No.2010CB934400)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant Nos.51229101 and 11374351)
文摘Recent progresses in magnetic tunnel junctions with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are reviewed and summarized. At first, the concept and source of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) are introduced. Next, a historical overview of PMA materials as magnetic electrodes, such as the RE-TM alloys TbFeCo and GdFeCo, novel tetragonal manganese alloys Mn-Ga, L10-ordered (Co, Fe)/Pt alloy, multilayer film [Co, Fe, CoFe/Pt, Pd, Ni, AU]N, and ultra-thin magnetic metal/oxidized barrier is offered. The other part of the article focuses on the optimization and fabrication of CoFeB/MgO/CoFeB p-MTJs, which is thought to have high potential to meet the main demands for non-volatile magnetic random access memory.