Self-Healing Liquid Metal Magnetic Hydrogels for Smart Feedback Sensors and High-Performance Electromagnetic Shielding

Hydrogels exhibit potential applications in smart wearable devices because of their exceptional sensitivity to various external stimuli.However,their applications are limited by challenges in terms of issues in biocompatibility,custom shape,and self-healing.Herein,a conductive,stretchable,adaptable,self-healing,and biocompatible liquid metal GaInSn/Ni-based composite hydrogel is developed by incorporating a magnetic liquid metal into the hydrogel framework through crosslinking polyvinyl alcohol(PVA)with sodium tetraborate.The excellent stretchability and fast self-healing capability of the PVA/liquid metal hydrogel are derived from its abundant hydrogen binding sites and liquid metal fusion.Significantly,owing to the magnetic constituent,the PVA/liquid metal hydrogel can be guided remotely using an external magnetic field to a specific position to repair the broken wires with no need for manual operation.The composite hydrogel also exhibits sensitive deformation responses and can be used as a strain sensor to monitor various body motions.Additionally,the multifunctional hydrogel displays absorption-dominated electromagnetic interference(EMI)shielding properties.The total shielding performance of the composite hydrogel increases to~62.5 dB from~31.8 dB of the pure PVA hydrogel at the thickness of 3.0 mm.The proposed bioinspired multifunctional magnetic hydrogel demonstrates substantial application potential in the field of intelligent wearable devices.

Magnetic Properties and Workability of 6.5% Si Steel Sheet Manufactured by Siliconizing Process

A siliconizing process to manufacture 6.5% Si steel sheet has been developed. Electric components, such as transformers and reactors are made easily from 6.5% Si steel sheet. However, improved workability is desirable to increase the applications. Therefore the improvement of workability of 6.5% Si steel sheet was investigated, and the results were obtained as follows: (a) workability of 6.5% Si steel sheet is deteriorated by grain boundary oxidization, (b) grain boundary oxidization can be restrained by the addition of C. Workability and magnetic properties of 6.5% Si steel sheet with C addition are discussed. Furthermore, it was found that the workability of high Si steel sheet was improved remarkably by varying the Si content gradient along the thickness without deterioration of high frequency magnetic properties. This newly developed magnetic gradient high Si steel sheet is also discussed.

Effects of calcium treatment on non-metallic inclusions and magnetic properties of non-oriented silicon steel sheets

Based on the industrial production of non-oriented silicon steel,calcium treatment by CaSi wire feeding during the RH refining process was studied. The thermodynamics of CaS inclusion formation was analyzed, and the morphology and the size distribution were observed. Furthermore, the change in inclusion characteristics after calcium treatment and the effect of calcium treatment on magnetic properties were discussed. The results show that the formation of MnS and A1N inclusions were restrained, and the aggregating, floating and removing of microinclusions after calcium treatment were effectively promoted. The cleanliness of liquid steel was obviously increased. The main type of inclusions was single phase of CaO, with some complex inclusions composed of CaO, SiO2 and MgO. No CaS inclusion was observed after an appropriate calcium treatment. The size of all inclusions was distributed in the range of 2 - 20 μm, and the number was about 1.8 × 10^5/mm3. In addition, as an increasing amount of calcium was added,the core loss gradually decreased to a stable level, and the magnetic induction decreased quickly after a slow increase. The optimal calcium treatment mode depends on the chemical composition of steel.

Magnetic Field Design by Using Image Effect from Iron Shield

Permanent magnet rings are presented, which exploit the image effect in the surrounding circular iron shields. The theory is given for a general permanent ring when the magnetization orientation at each coordinate angle ψ changes by =(n+1)ψ, where n is a positive or negative integer. For the uniformly magnetized case n=-1, the permanent ring produces no field in its bore, and the field is that of a dipole outside. When the ring is surrounded by a soft iron shield, its field becomes uniform in the bore, and zero outside the ring. The field can be varied continuously by moving the iron shield along the magnet axis. A small variable field device was constructed by using NdFeB permanent rings, which produced a field flux density of 0-0.5 T in the central region.

Optimization on magnetic properties of Nd-doped Fe_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles for magnetic shielding fabrics

High magnetic protective fabrics with rare earth Nd doped Fe_(3)O_(4) nanoparticles were fabricated via a grafting method.The structure,crystal form,and elemental composition of nanoparticles were investigated by transmission electron microscopy,energy dispersive X-ray,X-ray powder diffraction,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.The obtained NdFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles show spherical shape with fine dispersion and reasonable element composition.However,they demonstrate fine superparamagnetic properties with a magnetic saturation value of 29.25 A·m^(2)/g and low coercivity of 1.902 mT through the vibrating sample magnetometry technique,which can be well developed in magnetic shielding protective applications.Then,the cotton fabrics with plain weave were finished by a proofing rapier loom as a carrier.The NdFe_(2)O_(4) nanoparticles underwent some appropriate surface modification and then were grafted onto the cotton fabrics by a bridge agent of N,N’-dissuccinimidyl carbonate.The morphology,structure,dispersion effect,and electromagnetic protective properties of the fabrics were observed through scanning electron microscopy,Fourier infrared spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysisdifferential scanning calorimetry(TG-DSC),and a vector network analyzer.The reliable fabrics with grafting reaction on the interface are expected to have potential applications in the field of electromagnetic protection and biomedicine fields.

EFFECTS OF Sn AND Sb ON STRUCTURE AND MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF HIGH INDUCTION ORIENTED SILICON STEEL

Effects of Sn and Sb on the structure and magnetic properties of high induction oriented silicon steel have been investigated.The heats with Sn or Sb possess rather fine primary and secondary gram sizes.Sn or Sb promotes the finer AlN particles,increases the amount of pre- cipitated AlN after normalizing and strengthens the ability of inhibition.After decarburizing annealing,the texture components of{110}〈115〉and〈110〉〈001〉tend to increase and form more secondary grain nuclei.

Fabrication and Magnetic Properties of Highly Oriented ZnO:Eu Films by Sol-Gel Process

A series of Eu-doped ZnO films were prepared by a sol-gel method. Precursor and films were characterized by thermal analysis (TG-DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-vis spectra, as well as the magnetism measurement. The wurtzite structure of obtained films presents an extreme high c-orientation character. The film susceptibility resembles a Curie-Weiss behavior at high temperature, and presents an obvious enhancement at low temperature, indicating the presence of antiferromagnetic interactions in the Zn0.9Eu0.1O films.

Effect of Boron Content on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Non-oriented Electrical Steels

The effects of boron content in the range of 0-0.0082 wt%, on the inclusion type, microstructurc, texture and magnetic properties of non-oriented electrical steels have been studied. After final annealing, the addition of excess boron（w（B0〉0.004 1 wt%） led to the formation of Fe2B particles. As boron content increased, grain size increased and reached a maximum in steel with 0.004 1 wt% boron. Furthermore, steel containing 0.004 1 wt% boron had the strongest { 100} fiber texture, Goss texture and the weakest { 111 } fiber texture among the five tested steels. Flux density firstly rapidly increased and then suddenly decreased with increasing boron content and reached a maximum in steel with 0.004 1 wt% boron. Conversely, core loss first sharply decreased and then abruptly increased with the increase of boron content and reached a minimum in steel containing 0.004 1 wt% boron. Steel containing 0.004 1 wt% boron obtained the best magnetic properties, predominantly through the development of optimum grain size and favorable texture.

Effect of annealing parameter on microstructure and magnetic properties of cold rolled non-oriented electrical steel

The microstructure and magnetic properties of cold rolled non-oriented electrical steel,annealed at 200-1 000 ℃ for 0-240 min with different heating rates,were investigated by optical microscopy,scanning electron microscopy,Epstein frame,and transmission electron microscopy. The results show that the magnetic properties of cold rolled non-oriented electrical steel can be improved by controlling the annealing process to obtain uniform coarse grains with critical sizes after the recovery,recrystallization and growth of grains. Additionally,the annealing temperature influences the magnetic properties more significantly than annealing time,and with the increase of heating-up rate during the annealing process,the magnetic properties of the cold rolled non-oriented electrical steel increase.

Magnetic and Magnetocaloric Properties of Polycrystalline and Oriented Mn2-δSn

Mn-based Heusler alloys have attracted significant research attention as half-metallic materials because of their giant magnetocr.ystalline anisotropy and magnetocaloric properties.We investigate the crystal structure and magnetic properties of polycrystalline,[101]-oriented,and[100]-oriented Mn2-δ Sn prepared separately by arc melting,the Bridgeman method,and the flux method.All of these compounds crystallize in a Ni2 In-type structure.In the Mn2-δSn lattice,Mn atoms occupy all of the 2 a and a fraction of the 2 d sites.Site disorder exists between Mn and Sn atoms in the 2 c sites.In addition,these compounds undergo a re-entrant spin-glass-like transition at low temperatures,which is caused by frustration and randomness within the spin system.The magnetic properties of these systems depend on the crystal directions,which means that the magnetic interactions differ significantly along different directions.Furthermore,these materials exhibit a giant magnetocaloric effect near the Curie temperature.The largest value of maximum of magnetic entropy change(-△SM)occurs perpendicular to the[100]direction.Specifically,at 252 K,maximum-△SM is 2.91 and 3.64 J-kg-1K-1 for a magnetic field of 5 and7 T,respectively.The working temperature span over 80 K and the relative cooling power reaches 302 J/kg for a magnetic field of 7 T,which makes the Mn2-δSn compound a promising candidate for a magnetic refrigerator.

Influence of heat treatment on fracture and magnetic properties of radially oriented Sm_2Co_(17) permanent magnets

The quenching, fracture and aging treatment of radially oriented Sm_2Co_(17) ring magnets were investigated. The results indicate that the ring magnets have obvious anisotropy of thermal expansion, which easily leads to the splits of the magnets during quenching. The fracture is brittle cleavage fracture. The difference (?a) of the expansion coefficient reaches the maximum value at 800-850 ℃. So, various quenching processes at different steps are adopted in order to reduce the splits. When the magnets are aged, 1:5 phase precipitates from the 2:17 matrix phase and forms a cellular microstructure with 2:17 phase. BHmax and JHc reach the maximum value 226 kJ/m3 and 2 170 kA/m after being aged at 850 ℃ for 4 h and 8 h, respectively. The aging treatment at 850 ℃ has little influence on remanence(Br), which can always keep a high value (≥1.0 T). Through appropriate heat treatment, the ring magnets have uniform cellular microstructure and excellent magnetic properties: Br≥1.0T, JHc≥2 100 kA/m, BHmax≥220 kJ/m3.

冷轧方式与退火温度对无取向硅钢组织、织构及磁性能的影响

以连续式和可逆式冷轧无取向硅钢为研究对象,对其进行退火实验,采用金相显微镜、X射线衍射仪(XRD)表征分析不同冷轧方式无取向硅钢在不同退火温度(920~1070℃)下的组织和织构,探讨轧制方式与退火温度对无取向硅钢磁性能的影响。结果表明:在920~1070℃退火后,连续式冷轧样品平均晶粒尺寸分布在20.7~134.4μm范围,可逆式冷轧样品平均晶粒尺寸分布在17.3~155.5μm范围,随退火温度的提升,2种冷轧方式退火板晶粒总体上均在不断长大;冷轧板织构主要由强的旋转立方织构组成,可逆式和连续式冷轧样品退火板织构以γ纤维和α纤维织构为主,γ纤维织构主要聚集在{111}<112>处,α纤维织构主要聚集在{111}<110>处,γ纤维织构强度随退火温度升高而显著降低,α纤维、Goss和旋转立方织构强度变化很小;可逆式与连续式冷轧板{111}<110>织构强度相近,可逆式冷轧退火板{111}<112>织构强度始终高于连续式冷轧退火板。1040℃退火时,可逆式和连续式冷轧退火板的P_(1.5/50)(50 Hz下,磁感应强度为1.5 T时的损耗)均达最低,分别为2.512,2.445 W/kg;1070℃退火时,可逆式与连续式冷轧退火板的P_(1.5/50)有所增长,最终分别为2.625,2.494 W/kg。随退火温度升高,2种冷轧方式退火板的P_(1.5/50)均先降后升,且连续式冷轧退火板的P_(1.5/50)始终更低、B_(50)更高(磁场强度为5000 A/m时的磁感应强度)。

脉冲磁场幅值对制备聚硅氧烷复合材料的电磁屏蔽性能影响规律

脉冲磁场已被证实通过诱导纳米粒子在基体中取向排列可以显著提高复合材料的电磁屏蔽性能,然而脉冲磁场幅值对复合材料电磁屏蔽性能的影响规律尚不明确。因此,采用脉宽为10μs、频率为50Hz的脉冲磁场诱导片状羰基铁(flaky carbonyl iron,FCI)在聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane,PDMS)中定向排列,研究磁场幅值(0~0.7T)对复合材料电磁屏蔽性能的影响规律。用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope,SEM)和X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)对纳米粒子的取向和排列进行了表征。结果表明,脉冲磁场可以有效控制羰基铁的取向和排列,形成导电网络结构,提高复合材料的导电性,最终显著提高取向复合材料的电磁屏蔽性能。脉冲磁场对复合材料的屏蔽效能增强效果可达27%,达到的最高屏蔽效率为15.36dB。理论分析和实验结果的一致性证实了微秒级脉冲磁场在改善复合材料电磁屏蔽性能方面的有效性。该研究制备的高性能柔性电磁屏蔽复合材料具有应用于先进电子设备的潜力。

驱动电机用无取向硅钢开发与性能调控研究综述

实现“碳达峰”“碳中和”是贯彻新发展理念、构建新发展格局、推动高质量发展的内在要求,在落实“双碳”战略、推动绿色发展的背景下,我国新能源汽车产业得到了迅猛发展。驱动电机作为新能源汽车能量转化的核心装置,直接决定新能源汽车的驾乘体验和续航性能,而无取向硅钢作为驱动电机铁芯的关键软磁材料,其性能直接影响驱动电机的能量转换效率、变频加速能力、使用寿命、制造成本等特性。基于驱动电机对高性能无取向硅钢的现实需求,归纳总结国内外典型硅钢生产企业新能源汽车驱动电机用硅钢研发现状,综述驱动电机用硅钢在磁性能、力学性能提升及磁性能与力学性能协同提升方面的研究进展。针对新一代驱动电机的高效率、高转速、大转矩等特点,未来驱动电机用高性能无取向硅钢的研发在成分优化、微观结构控制与薄规格产品开发的基础上,在进一步提高硅钢产品精度和生产效率的同时突破自粘结涂层限制,融合冶金学、材料科学与物理学等多学科理论,进一步实现高性能无取向硅钢开发与驱动电机设计的协同调控。

冷轧压下率对高强无取向电工钢变形组织和磁性能的影响

借助场发射扫描电镜(SEM+EBSD)、快速升温管式炉和交流磁性能测量仪研究高强无取向电工钢冷轧变形组织和磁性能随冷轧压下率的变化规律。结果表明:冷轧高强无取向电工钢中形成含有大量亚结构的粗糙条带和变形量较小的光滑条带。粗糙条带具有γ取向,主要为{111}〈110〉,光滑条带具有{112}〈110〉和{001}〈110〉取向。粗糙条带中存在大量宽度约为2~3μm的剪切带,与轧向呈20°~35°夹角,且随压下率增大,数量逐渐增多。剪切带与基体间具有一定取向差,随压下率增大,剪切带逐渐从{111}〈110〉取向转向{223}〈110〉取向,与基体间取向差逐渐增大。退火后Goss和{111}面织构增多,{001}面织构减少;轧向磁感应强度增大,横向磁感应强度减小,各向异性显著,铁损下降。

Cu对含Ce高强高效无取向硅钢磁性能的影响

无取向硅钢作为新能源汽车电机系统的核心部件材料,要求其磁性能和力学性能同时优异,但两者往往不能兼顾。如何获得强度和磁性能的良好匹配是高性能无取向硅钢需要解决的关键问题之一。对此,本工作通过Cu、Ce合金化研制了高强高效无取向硅钢样品,但是,目前Cu在硅钢中的作用尤其是对磁性能的影响机理尚不十分明确。因此,本工作采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、背散射电子衍射和透射电镜等方法研究了Cu对含Ce高强高效无取向硅钢磁性能的影响及机理。结果表明,适量Cu的添加在显著提高强度的情况下同时降低高频铁损,较多Cu的添加使磁感降低、铁损升高。这主要是因为,适量的Cu以富Cu相析出,具有尺寸小、分布分散等特点,一方面促使再结晶的发生,提高晶粒均匀性,并且高温再结晶退火过程中Cu以固溶形式存在不会明显阻碍晶粒长大,对磁性能有利;另一方面促使有利织构的产生,抑制不利织构出现,提高磁感,从而在一定程度上抵消富Cu析出相阻碍磁畴转动对磁性能的不利影响。Cu含量较高时,富Cu析出相不仅尺寸较大,而且形态呈长条状或短棒状,恶化了磁性能。

不同厚度低温渗氮型取向硅钢初次再结晶组织、织构差异分析

以0.27 mm、0.23 mm和0.20 mm三种厚度且磁性能都较好的取向硅钢样品为研究对象,通过EBSD技术对其对应的初次再结晶晶粒尺寸及织构进行研究,从而探索不同板厚度对应的最佳初次再结晶组织和织构是否存在异同。结果表明:三种厚度对应的最佳一次再结晶晶粒平均尺寸均在20~22μm范围内,沿板厚侧面的平均晶粒尺寸基本接近,约为21.4μm;0.27 mm的中心层区域的平均晶粒尺寸比表层更大,而随厚度继续减小,表层和中心层平均晶粒尺寸逐渐接近。随板厚度的减小,初次再结晶织构增强,主要织构{114}〈481〉、{111}〈112〉以及{100}〈021〉织构均在一定程度上增强,其中{114}〈481〉织构的强度又显著高于其他织构;{114}〈481〉组分面积百分比增加,Goss以及{210}〈001〉组分减少。在这三种厚度样品中,表层区域的Goss、{210}〈001〉和{114}〈481〉组分比例都高于中心层,{100}〈021〉以及黄铜组分比例都低于中心层。随着厚度的减薄,表层和中心层区域的{114}〈481〉、{111}〈112〉织构以及中心层区域的{100}〈021〉织构都明显增强。

加工方式对含Cu高强度无取向硅钢力学和磁性能的影响

采用光学显微镜、电子背散射衍射、万能拉伸试验机和磁性能测量仪等研究了线切割和激光切割两种加工方式对含Cu高强度无取向硅钢组织及力学、磁性能的影响。结果表明:激光切割会使试样加工边缘晶粒粗化,而线切割则会细化加工边缘晶粒,并且影响区域均约为0.21 mm。此外,在线切割加工试样边缘还观察到应力集中现象。由于加工方式对试样晶粒尺寸及应力状态的影响,导致线切割加工试样加工边缘区域硬度值高于激光切割试样,并且抗拉强度与屈服强度均高于激光切割试样。同时,线切割加工试样磁感略低于激光切割试样,铁损显著高于激光切割试样。

时效轧制温度对低温取向硅钢组织、织构及磁性能的影响

通过在不同温度下保温5 min的时效轧制实验,研究了时效轧制温度(150、200、250、300℃)对低温取向硅钢组织、织构及磁性能的影响。结果表明,时效轧制温度对低温取向硅钢的冷轧及初次再结晶组织形貌没有明显的影响。但随着时效轧制温度的升高,初次再结晶组织中{111}<112>和Goss织构含量均先增加后减少,{111}<112>织构在200℃时具有较高的含量,Goss织构在250℃时含量较高,此时{411}<148>和{100}<012>初次再结晶织构的占比相对较低。初次再结晶组织中,有利的Goss及{111}<112>织构含量增加和不利的{100}<012>织构含量减少,使得试样在高温退火过程中能够发生较完善的二次再结晶,经高温退火后,细小晶粒及岛状晶粒较少,成品板具有优异的磁性能。

“双碳”背景下新能源汽车电机用软磁材料发展趋势与应用现状

大力发展电动汽车产业进而促进节能环保,是实现双碳目标的一个重要举措。新能源汽车驱动电机在半导体和永磁材料的基础上,很难通过结构优化突破效能瓶颈。随着多学科交叉融合和跨行业协调发展,新型软磁材料的应用将是带动电机技术创新的重要手段。针对驱动电机对软磁材料的性能需求,介绍了晶粒取向硅钢、极薄无取向硅钢、高强硅钢及非晶合金4种在电机中极具应用潜力的软磁材料,并对其应用在电机中的性能表现进行了分析。结合驱动电机发展对软磁材料的需求,总结了新能源汽车电机利用软磁材料的发展和应用趋势。