Determination of Sulfadimidine in Royal Jelly by C_(18)-functionalized Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles Solid Phase Extraction-High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry

[Objective] This study aimed to develop a method of C_18-functionalized magnetic silica nanoparticles solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chro- matography-tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of sulfadimidine in royal jelly. [Method] The royal jelly samples were pretreated by MCX SPE column and C_18-functionalized magnetic silica nanoparticles, and the purified samples were de- tected by HPLC-MS/MS. [Result] The detection method showed a good linear rela- tionship in the range of 5-80 ugkg （r=0.993 1）. The recovery ranges were between 93%- 104% with the relative standard deviations （RSD） below 11.3%. [Conclusion] Combined with automation equipment, the method is simple, fast, time-saving, and easy to real- ize the automation of sulfadimidine in the royal jelly samples before determination.

Sensitive measurement of silver ions in environmental water samples integrating magnetic ion-imprinted solid phase extraction and carbon dot fluorescent sensor

Increasing use of silver in various fields has caused Ag^(+)pollution in water environment,taking great threats to people’s health.As a consequence,establishing rapid and reliable methods for sensitive determination of Ag^(+)is of great significance.Fluorescent(FL)sensors based on carbon dots(CDs),an excellent carbonaceous nanomaterial with strong and stable fluorescence,have absorbed extensive attentions in analysis of pollutants due to its advantages of carbon sources being readily available,low cost,easy operation and fast response.Moreover,ion-imprinting is a better way to increase the selectivity of the proposed method.Present work described an effective method for the sensitive measurement of silver ion in water samples in combination with magnetic ion-imprinted solid phase extraction and CDs based fluorescent sensor,which took full advantages of easy separation and high enrichment of magnetic solid phase extraction,high selectivity of ion-imprinting technology,and sensitivity and rapid response of fluorescent sensor from CDs.Sulfur-doped CDs derived from dithizone and magnetic ion-imprinted nanomaterial were prepared,and characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and transmission electron microscope,etc.Magnetic Ag^(+)imprinted nanomaterial based solid phase extraction was employed for separating and enriching Ag^(+)from water samples.The significant parameters were optimized in detail.Under the optimal conditions,the proposed method provided good linearity in the range of 0.01-0.4μmol/L and low detection limit of 3 nmol/L.The reliability of the proposed method was validated with real water samples,and the results demonstrated that the proposed method was simple,robust,selective and sensitive detection tool for Ag^(+)in real water samples.

Determination of organochlorine pesticides from juice samples using magnetic biochar-based dispersive micro-solid phase extraction in combination with dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction

Analysis of pesticide residue levels in juice beverages is important to ensure safe consumption and avoid global trade concerns associated to pesticide contaminations.A simple,inexpensive and effective method was developed for the determination of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs)in bottled juice drinks using GC-MS.Sample pretreatment was performed using dispersive solid-phase microextraction(D-μ-SPE)for matrix desorption and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction(DLLME)for analyte enrichment.In this study,an affordable and effective sorbent for the adsorption of OCPs from juice samples was synthesized from avocado seeds mixed with magnetic precursors for D-μSPE.The ground avocado seeds combined with a magnetic precursor nanocomposite were characterized using various instruments including scanning electron microscopy(SEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD),Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy(FTIR),and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET)analysis.The solution obtained from D-μ-SPE desorption was used as a dispersant for the subsequent DLLME,which made the combination of D-μ-SPE with DLLME much easier.The effectiveness of the method was enhanced by optimizing the influential parameters in both D-μ-SPE and DLLME.Then after,the optimal values were determined for the real sample analysis.Accordingly,there was good linear dynamic range with a coefficient of determination(r2)≥0.9989.The limit of detection and quantification were 0.02–0.69 and 0.06–2.10 ng/L respectively.The method showed high enrichment factors ranging from 96 to 313 with recoveries of 87–100%.Intraday and interday precisions were≤4%.Compared with other reported methods,this method is a one-step,simple,cheap,fast,and environmentally friendly alternative and straightforward method for adsorbing organochlorine pesticides from sample solutions.These results demonstrates the high potential of the proposed method for the extraction and cleanup of contaminants in selected juices and other related samples.

Magnetic metal organic framework for pre-concentration of ampicillin from cow milk samples

The aim of this study is a present of a simple solvothermal synthesis approach to preparation of Cu-based magnetic metal organic framework(MMOF)and subsequently its application as sorbent for ultrasound assisted magnetic solid phase extraction(UAMSPE)of ampicillin(AMP)from cow milk samples prior to high performance liquid chromatography-Ultraviolet(HPLC-UV)determination.Characteristics of prepared MMOF were fully investigated by different techniques which showed the exclusive properties of proposed sorbent in terms of proper functionality,desirable magnetic property and also high specific surface area.Different influential factors on extraction recovery including sorbent dosage,ultrasonic time,washing solvent volume and eluent solvent volume were assessed using central composite design(CCD)based response surface methodology(RSM)as an operative and powerful optimization tool.This is the first report for determination of AMP using MMOF.The proposed method addressed some drawbacks of other methods and sorbents for determination of AMP.The presented method decreases the extraction time(4 min)and also enhances adsorption capacity(250 mg/g).Moreover,the magnetic property of presented sorbent(15 emu/g)accelerates the extraction process which does not need filtration,centrifuge and precipitation procedures.Under the optimized conditions,the proposed method is applicable for linear range of 1.0-5000.0 μg/L with detection limit of 0.29 μg/L,satisfactory recoveries(≥95.0%)and acceptable repeatability(RSD less than 4.0%).The present study indicates highly promising perspectives of MMOF for highly effective analysis of AMP in complicated matrices.

On-chip solid phase extraction coupled with electrophoresis using modified magnetic microspheres as stationary phase

A poly(dimethylsiloxane)(PDMS)/glass hybrid microchip for on-line solid phase extraction (SPE) and electrophoresis separation has been developed and evaluated. The SPE microchannel was crossed to the electrophoresis microchannel. All the microfluidic channels were etched on the glass substrate. The magnetic microspheres were coated with hydroxyl-terminated poly-dimethylsiloxane (PDMS-OH) serving as extraction phase,which could be conveniently immobilized into the sample pretreatment channel by magnetic field. The PDMS-OH microspheres were mobilized into and out of the pretreatment channel by injection flow. The 0.1 μmol/L solution of fluorescence isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled phenylalanine (Phe) was electrically injected into the SPE channel and extracted onto the PDMS-OH microspheres bed. The enriched FITC-labeled Phe was electrically eluted by 9 mmol/L sodium acetate containing 10% acetonitrile and electrically driven into the electrophoresis channel and then separated. The preconcentration factor could reach 87.5 after sufficient extraction. A linear preconcentration curve was obtained with the initial FITC-labeled Phe concentration ranging from 6 nmol/L to 300 nmol/L (R2=0.9922) with 200 s loading time. The detection limit (S/N=3) for the FITC-labeled Phe was 3 nmol/L.

Determination of chlorogenic acid in traditional Chinese prescription Shuanghuanglian capsule using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in combination with solid phase extraction

The determination method of chlorogenic acid in traditional Chinese prescription Shuanghuanglian capsule was established by using quantitative nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(q NMR) in combination with solid phase extraction(SPE). As the capsule’s main active component, chlorogenic acid comes from the extraction of Chinese herb medicine Flos Lonicerae. The chlorogenic acid in capsule was ultrasonically extracted at room temperature using pure water as solvent. The extracting solution was enriched and cleaned using HC-C18 SPE cartridge. The effect of ultrasonic extraction, sample pretreatment conditions via SPE and q NMR experimental conditions were investigated. The q NMR experiment conditions were selected using deuterated DMSO as solvent, calibrated 1,4-phthalaldehyde as internal standard, and P1(pulse width) = 14.4 μs, d1(pulse delay time) = 1 s, NS(number of scan) = 512. The 1 H NMR peaks of δ 6.138–6.182(H-8’, d, 1 H) of chlorogenic acid was chosen as the quantitative peaks. Method validation was performed, including precision(the intra-day RSD = 1.2% and the inter-day RSD = 1.5%), linearity(correlation coefficient r>0.9999), LOD(0.0017 mg/g) and LOQ(0.079 mg/g). The recovery of the SPE-q NMR was within the range of 100.2%–103.2%. The result showed that the method was stable, accurate and reliabile. Determined by the method, the chlorogenic acid in a real Shuanghuanglian capsule was within the range of 9.68–10.35 mg/g.

Application of magnetic solid phase extraction in separation and enrichment of glycoproteins and glycopeptides

The analysis of endogenous glycoproteins and glycopeptides in human body fluids is of great importance for screening and discovering disease biomarkers with clinical significance.However,the presence of interfering substances makes the direct quantitative detection of low-abundance glycoproteins and glycopeptides in human body fluids one of the great challenges in analytical chemistry.Magnetic solid phase extraction(MSPE)has the advantages of easy preparation,low cost and good magnetic responsiveness.Magnetic adsorbents are the core of MSPE technology,and magnetic adsorbents based on different functional materials are widely used in the quantitative analysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides in human body fluids,making it possible to analyze glycoproteins and glycopeptides with low abundance as well as multiple types,which provides a technical platform for screening and evaluating glycoproteins and glycopeptides in body fluids as disease biomarkers.In this paper,we focus on the recent advances in the application of MSPE technology and magnetic adsorbents for the separation and enrichment of glycoproteins and glycopeptides in human body fluids,and the future trends and application prospects in this field are also presented.

Preparation of Magnetic Molecularly Imprinted Polymers for Selective Isolation and Determination of Kaempferol and Protoapigenone in Macrothelypteris torresiana

Novel uniform-sized magnetic molecularly imprinted polymers （MMIPs） were synthe- sized for selective recognition of active antitumor ingredients of kaempferol （KMF） and protoapi- genone （PA） in Macrothelypteris torresiana （M. torresiana） by surface molecular imprinting tech- nique in this study. Super paramagnetic core-sheU nanoparticles （γ-MPS-SiO2@Fe3O4） were used as seeds, KMF as template molecule, acrylamide （AM） as functional monomer, and N, N＇-methylene bisacrylamide （BisAM） as cross-linker. The prepared MMIPs were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, Fourier transform infrared spectrum fiT/R）, transmission electron microscopy （TEM） and thermo-gravimetric analysis （TGA）, respectively. The recognition capacity of MMIPs was 2.436 times of non-imprinted polymers. The adsorption results based on kinetics and isotherm analysis were in accordance with the pseudo-second-order model （R2=0.9980） and the Langmuir adsorption model （R2=0.9944）. The value of E （6.742 kJ/mol） calculated from the Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model suggested that the physical adsorption via hydrogen-bonding might be predominant. The Scatchard plot showed a single line （R2=0.9172） and demonstrated the homogeneous recognition sites on MMIPs for KMF. The magnetic solid phase extraction （MSPE） based on MMIPs as sorbent was established for fast and selective enrichment of KMF and its structural analogue PA from the crude extract of M. torresiana and then KMF and PA were detected by HPLC-UV. The established method showed good performance and satisfactory results for real sample analysis. It also showed the feasi- bility of MMIPs for selective recognition of active structural analogues from complex herbal extracts.

Preparation of ferric oxide-aluminium oxide carbon nanofiber nanocomposites for ultrasound-assisted dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction of 17-beta estradiol in wastewater

In this work,Fe3O4-Al2O3@CNFs nanocomposite was synthesised and used as a nanosorbent in the ultrasound-assisted dispersive magnetic solid phase extraction(UA-DMSPE)of 17-beta estradiol(E2)in wastewater samples.The quantification of E2 was achieved using high performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detector(HPLC-DAD).Various parameters affecting the efficiency of this sample preparation technique were optimised to achieve excellent sensitivity and high recoveries of E2.Response surface methodology was utilised for optimisation of these parameters.Using the optimised conditions,the linear dynamic range was achieved in the range of 0.1e1000 mgL^-1and the correlation coefficient was found to be 0.9981.The preconcentration factor,enrichment factor,limit of detection(LOD)and limit of quantification(LOQ)were 67,169,0.025 mgL^-1and 0.083 mg L1,respectively.The relative standard deviation(%RSD)for the intraday(n?10)and interday(n?5 working days)were 1.8%and 3.3%,respectively.The developed UA-DMSPE/HPLC-DAD method was applied for the preconcentration and determination of E2 in wastewater samples.The obtained results indicated that E2 was present in the wastewater samples.

Metal-organic framework derived magnetic nanoporous carbon as an adsorbent for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of chlorophenols from mushroom sample

In this work, a metal-organic framework derived nanoporous carbon （MOF-5-C） was fabricated and modified with Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles. The resulting magnetic MOF-5-derived porous carbon （Fe304@MOF-5-C） was then used for the magnetic solid-phase extraction of chlorophenols （CPs） from mushroom samples prior to high performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet detection. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and N2 adsorption were used to characterize the adsorbent. After experimental optimization, the amount of the adsorbent was chosen as 8.0 mg, extraction time as 10 min, sample volume as 50 mL, desorption solvent as 0.4 mL （0.2 mL × 2） of alkaline methanol, and sample pH as 6. Under the above optimized conditions, good linearity for the analytes was obtained in the range of 0.8-100.0 ng g 1 with the correlation coefficients between 0.9923 and 0.9963. The limits of detection （SIN= 3） were in the range of 0.25-0.30 ng g-1, and the relative standard deviations were below 6.8%. The result showed that the Fe304@MOF-5-C has an excellent adsorption capacity for the analytes.

Development of new solid phase extraction techniques in the last ten years

Solid phase extraction （SPE） is a widely used sample pretreatment method for separation, purification and enrichment, which has been established due to its significant advantages of time-saving, low consumption of solvent, high enrichment factor, high accuracy, etc. In recent years, a variety of new SPE methods such as molecularly imprinted solid phase extraction （MISPE）, magnetic solid phase extraction （MSPE）, solid phase micro-extraction （SPME）, etc., which are superior to the conventional SPE, have been developed and been widely applied to food, drugs, and environmental monitoring. In this paper, the basic principles and methods of SPE and its new applications in different areas are reviewed.

分离富集磷酸化/糖基化蛋白质/肽的磁固相萃取新材料

蛋白质磷酸化和糖基化是蛋白质两种主要的翻译后修饰过程。磷酸化和糖基化蛋白质在细胞的各个生命周期内起着关键的作用,对于临床疾病的早期诊断等也具有重要的意义。但由于它们在实际生物样品中含量低、基质干扰大,选择合适的方法对其进行分离富集成为蛋白质组学研究中决定性的步骤之一。磁固相萃取(MSPE)是以磁性纳米颗粒为吸附剂的固相萃取技术(SPE),较之常规SPE具有操作简单、环境友好、材料易于回收利用等优势,因而被广泛应用于磷酸化和糖基化蛋白/肽段等分析前的分离富集。该文对近5年文献中用于磷酸化和糖基化蛋白质分离富集的MSPE材料进行系统的归纳和评述,并对此类分离富集材料的未来发展方向进行了展望和探讨。

MSPE—UPLC—MS/MS测定茶油中5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂残留

采用透射电镜、傅里叶红外光谱两种常见的纳米材料表征手段对合成的磁性石墨烯复合材料进行了表征,确认磁性石墨烯成功合成后,将其运用到茶油样品苯氧羧酸类除草剂残留分析前处理中,建立了茶油中5种苯氧羧酸类除草剂的磁固相萃取—超高效液相色谱—串联质谱快速分析方法。通过将磁性石墨烯在茶油中苯氧羧酸类除草剂检测中的运用,分析时间和分析成本都相对减少,并且提高了对目标化合物的吸附效率和洗脱效率。结果显示：5种苯氧羧酸类农药在0.01~0.20 mg/kg时,线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999 68;在0.02,0.05,0.10 mg/kg添加水平下,5种目标物的平均回收率为88.1%~95.0%,RSD为2.6%~7.3%,完全能够满足茶油中5种苯氧羧酸类农药的检测需要。

MSPE-UPLC-MS/MS测定生活饮用水中呋喃丹、敌敌畏、乐果及马拉硫磷

目的利用合成的磁性碳材料作吸附剂,建立一种快速测定生活饮用水中呋喃丹、敌敌畏、乐果及马拉硫磷4种农药残留量的磁分散固相萃取—超高效液相色谱串联质谱方法(MSPE-UPLC-MS/MS)。方法水样中加入磁性碳材料进行分散固相萃取,在外部磁场作用下弃去溶液后,加入甲醇洗脱,洗脱液过滤膜后经C;柱分离,电喷雾正离子化模式下,以多反应监测(multi-reaction monitoring, MRM)方式检测。结果呋喃丹、乐果和马拉硫磷在(0.10~50.0)μg/L,敌敌畏在(0.20~100.0)μg/L浓度范围内线性良好,分析物线性相关系数r≥0.999 0;方法检出限为(0.017~0.050)μg/L,最低检测质量浓度为(0.06~0.17)μg/L;3个浓度加标回收率为88.0%~105.7%范围内,相对标准偏差为2.0%~12.1%(n=6);磁性材料重复使用10次后依然具有较好的吸附性能。结论本方法简便、高效、准确,可用于生活饮用水中呋喃丹、敌敌畏、乐果及马拉硫磷4种农药残留量的检测。

分子印迹磁固相萃取-高效液相色谱法检测牛奶中己烯雌酚残留量

以磁性活性炭为载体,己烯雌酚为模板分子,甲基丙烯酸为功能单体,三羟甲基丙烷三甲基丙烯酸酯为交联剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,乙腈为致孔剂,通过表面分子印迹技术制备己烯雌酚磁性分子印迹聚合物(magnetic mo-lecularly imprinted polymers,MMIPs),并对该聚合物进行表征与吸附性能研究,建立磁固相萃取与高效液相色谱联用检测牛奶中己烯雌酚残留量的方法。结果表明:己烯雌酚浓度在0.15~150.00 mg/L范围内,与对应峰面积呈良好线性关系,MMIPs对己烯雌酚的最大吸附容量为127.85 mg/g,检出限为2.00×10^(-6) mg/mL,对牛奶进行加标回收试验,加标回收率为87.56%~98.58%,相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation,RSD)为3.26%~6.28%。

基于共价有机骨架-MSPE-HPLC-UV法测定多环芳烃

通过一种简易的方法制备磁性共价有机骨架材料(Fe3O4@COF-SCU1),用于磁性固相萃取(MSPE)大红袍茶汤中8种多环芳烃,并结合高效液相色谱-紫外(HPLC-UV)法对其进行定性定量分析。采用电子扫描显微镜、电子透射显微镜、X射线衍射、氮气等温吸附脱附、傅立叶变换红外光谱对Fe3O4@COF-SCU1进行表征。试验系统优化了Fe3O4@COF-SCU1组成、MSPE的吸附及洗脱条件,并建立多环芳烃的定性定量分析方法。在最佳操作条件下,8种多环芳烃均得到良好的线性关系,相关系数≥0.998 7。方法的检出限(LODs,S/N=3)和定量限(LOQs,S/N=10)分别为0.10~0.40,0.33~1.34ng/mL。用该方法对大红袍茶汤进行分析,加标回收率为74%~106%,相对标准偏差RSD为1.20%~8.50%。结果表明,Fe3O4@COF-SCU1可以简便快速地萃取分离痕量水平的多环芳烃。

MSPE-HPLC法测定火锅底料中的蒂巴因和罂粟碱

建立了一种简便快捷的分析火锅底料中蒂巴因和罂粟碱的方法。以2,4,6-三甲酰基均苯三酚(Tp)和2-氯-1,4-苯二胺(Pa-Cl)为单体,制备磁性复合材料COF(TpPa-Cl)@Fe_(3)O_(4),将其作为磁固相萃取吸附剂,结合高效液相色谱测定火锅底料中的蒂巴因和罂粟碱。对合成材料进行表征,经过系统方法验证并对影响方法分析性能的因素进行优化后得出,浓度在0.01~200μg/L范围时具有良好的线性(相关系数>0.9991),方法的检出限分别为0.1μg/L和0.01μg/L,回收率在80.4%~83.2%之间。

MSPE-HPLC测定蒲地蓝口服液中咖啡酸和阿魏酸含量

建立一种快速且高效的用于蒲地蓝口服液中的咖啡酸和阿魏酸含量测定磁固相萃取-高效液相色谱(MSPE-HPLC)法。采用磁性Mg-Al层状双金属氢氧化物(Mg-Al LDHs)作为吸附剂,利用磁固相萃取分离富集蒲地口服液中咖啡酸和阿魏酸,并利用高效液相色谱法测定咖啡酸和阿魏酸含量。结果表明咖啡酸的最大富集倍数可达24.9倍,阿魏酸最大富集倍数可达21.9倍。MSPE过程的最佳工艺为:吸附时间6min、萃取温度为35℃、样品溶液pH为7.0,解吸溶液pH为2.0、萃取剂用量为4.0 mg。在最佳室验条件下,样品的回收率分别为咖啡酸97.42%～98.57%,阿魏酸96.32%～97.84%。咖啡酸RSD为1.72%,阿魏酸RSD为2.67%。本文所建立的以磁性双金属氢氧化物为吸附剂的MSPE-HPLC法,前处理快速简便,无需特别装置,试剂用量少,对于环境污染小,可以实现蒲地蓝消炎口服液中咖啡酸和阿魏酸的同时测定。

磁性介孔沸石复合材料对花生样品中黄曲霉毒素B_1的快速富集

本研究通过改性沸石介孔性能的方法制备新型吸附材料磁性介孔沸石,利用磁性分散固相萃取结合高效液相色谱法,建立了花生中黄曲霉毒素B_(1)(AFB_(1))的提取方法。通过场发射扫描电子显微镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱、比表面积和磁性分析技术分析材料理化性质。结果显示,磁性介孔沸石复合材料Fe_(3)O_(4)/zeolite-b杂质更少、孔洞更多、内径更大且孔道结构更加明显,并且孔径大小集中、平均孔径较大,具有超强磁性;将磁性介孔沸石材料作为吸附剂,通过优化萃取条件,结合高效液相色谱-荧光检测器检测花生样品中的AFB_(1)。结果表明,当磁性介孔沸石的添加量为25 mg,pH为7,样品体积为1.0 mL,吸附时间为1 min,洗脱剂为乙腈,洗脱剂体积为3 mL,洗脱时间为3 min时,AFB_(1)质量浓度为2.00~20.00μg/L,目标物色谱峰面积与质量浓度有良好的线性关系,决定系数(R^(2))为0.9768,方法检测限0.05μg/L,定量限0.16μg/L。3种不同加标质量浓度(2.00μg/L、10.00μg/L、20.00μg/L)下,AFB_(1)加标回收率范围为81.3%~92.6%,相对标准偏差为2.2%~3.4%。

一种新型的用于萃取铷的冠醚功能化磁性固相纳米材料

本研究成功制备了一种新型的用于萃取铷的冠醚功能化磁性固相纳米材料(CFE)。通过溶剂热法合成了Fe_(3)O_(4)纳米颗粒磁核,利用3-氨丙基三乙氧基硅烷在碱性环境下的酯水解反应,在磁核表面包覆SiO_(2)并修饰氨基,制备了Fe_(3)O_(4)@SiO_(2)-NH_(2)中间产物,再利用4′-羧基苯并-18-冠6-醚上的羧基与修饰在Fe_(3)O_(4)@SiO_(2)-NH_(2)表面的氨基在1-乙基-(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺盐酸盐的催化下发生酰胺化反应,将该冠醚修饰在中间产物的表面,制备了CFE新型材料。分析了Fe_(3)O_(4)、Fe_(3)O_(4)@SiO_(2)-NH_(2)、CFE的微观形貌、磁化性质、X射线衍射性质、红外吸收性质、元素组成,佐证了材料被成功制备,验证了CFE对Rb^(+)的萃取能力,研究了溶液pH对Rb^(+)萃取效果的影响。结果表明,室温下萃取30 min,在pH为13时CFE对Rb^(+)具有最佳的萃取效果,萃取率为90.0%。