Modeling and Analysis of Novel Integrated Radial Hybrid Magnetic Bearing for Magnetic Bearing Reaction Wheel

Conventional ball bearing reaction wheel used to control the attitude of spacecraft can＇t absorb the centrifugal force caused by imbalance of the wheel rotor,and there will be a torque spike at zero speed,which seriously influences the accuracy and stability of spacecraft attitude control.Compared with traditional ball-bearing wheel,noncontact and no lubrication are the remarkable features of the magnetic bearing reaction wheel,and which can solve the high precision problems of wheel.In general,two radial magnetic bearings are needed in magnetic bearing wheel,and the design results in a relatively large axial dimension and smaller momentum-to-mass ratios.In this paper,a new type of magnetic bearing reaction wheel（MBRW） is introduced for satellite attitude control,and a novel integrated radial hybrid magnetic bearing（RHMB） with permanent magnet bias is designed to reduce the mass and minimize the size of the MBRW,etc.The equivalent magnetic circuit model for the RHMB is presented and a solution is found.The stiffness model is also presented,including current stiffness,position negative stiffness,as well as tilting current stiffness,tilting angular position negative stiffness,force and moment equilibrium equations.The design parameters of the RHMB are given according to the requirement of the MBRW with angular momentum of 30 N ？ m ？ s when the rotation speed of rotor reaches to 5 kr/min.The nonlinearity of the RHMB is shown by using the characteristic curves of force-control current-position,current stiffness,position stiffness,moment-control current-angular displacement,tilting current stiffness and tilting angular position stiffness considering all the rotor position within the clearance space and the control current.The proposed research ensures the performance of the radial magnetic bearing with permanent magnet bias,and provides theory basis for design of the magnetic bearing wheel.

Influence of Particles on the Loading Capacity and the Temperature Rise of Water Film in Ultra-high Speed Hybrid Bearing

Ultra-high speed machining technology enables high efficiency, high precision and high integrity of machined surface. Previous researches of hybrid bearing rarely consider influences of solid particles in lubricant and ultra-high speed of hybrid bearing, which cannot be ignored under the high speed and micro-space conditions of ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing. Considering the impact of solid particles in lubricant, turbulence and temperature viscosity effects of lubricant, the influences of particles on pressure distribution, loading capacity and the temperature rise of the lubricant film with four-step-cavity ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing are presented in the paper. The results show that loading capacity of the hybrid bearing can be affected by changing the viscosity of the lubricant, and large particles can improve the bearing loading capacity higher. The impact of water film temperature rise produced by solid particles in lubricant is related with particle diameter and minimum film thickness. Compared with the soft particles, hard particles cause the more increasing of water film temperature rise and loading capacity. When the speed of hybrid bearing increases, the impact of solid particles on hybrid bearing becomes increasingly apparent, especially for ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing. This research presents influences of solid particles on the loading capacity and the temperature rise of water film in ultra-high speed hybrid bearings, the research conclusions provide a new method to evaluate the influence of solid particles in lubricant of ultra-high speed water-lubricated hybrid bearing, which is important to performance calculation of ultra-high speed hybrid bearings, design of filtration system, and safe operation of ultra-high speed hybrid bearings.

Real-Time Hybrid Simulation of Seismically Isolated Structures with Full-Scale Bearings and Large Computational Models

Hybrid simulation can be a cost effective approach for dynamic testing of structural components at full scale while capturing the system level response through interactions with a numerical model.The dynamic response of a seismically isolated structure depends on the combined characteristics of the ground motion,bearings,and superstructure.Therefore,dynamic full-scale system level tests of isolated structures under realistic dynamic loading conditions are desirable towards a holistic validation of this earthquake protection strategy.Moreover,bearing properties and their ultimate behavior have been shown to be highly dependent on rate-of-loading and scale size effects,especially under extreme loading conditions.Few laboratory facilities can test full-scale seismic isolation bearings under prescribed displacement and/or loading protocols.The adaptation of a full-scale bearing test machine for the implementation of real-time hybrid simulation is presented here with a focus on the challenges encountered in attaining reliable simulation results for large scale dynamic tests.These advanced real-time hybrid simulations of large and complex hybrid models with several thousands of degrees of freedom are some of the first to use high performance parallel computing to rapidly execute the numerical analyses.Challenges in the experimental setup included measured forces contaminated by delay and other systematic control errors in applying desired displacements.Friction and inertial forces generated by the large-scale loading apparatus can affect the accuracy of measured force feedbacks.Reliable results from real-time hybrid simulation requires implementation of compensation algorithms and correction of these various sources of errors.Overall,this research program confirms that real-time hybrid simulation is a viable testing method to experimentally assess the behavior of full-scale isolators while capturing interactions with the numerical models of the superstructure to evaluate system level and in-structure response.

Identification of Magnetic Bearing Stiffness and Damping Based on Hybrid Genetic Algorithm

Identifying the stiffness and damping of active magnetic bearings(AMBs)is necessary since those parameters can affect the stability and performance of the high-speed rotor AMBs system.A new identification method is proposed to identify the stiffness and damping coefficients of a rotor AMB system.This method combines the global optimization capability of the genetic algorithm(GA)and the local search ability of Nelder-Mead simplex method.The supporting parameters are obtained using the hybrid GA based on the experimental unbalance response calculated through the transfer matrix method.To verify the identified results,the experimental stiffness and damping coefficients are employed to simulate the unbalance responses for the rotor AMBs system using the finite element method.The close agreement between the simulation and experimental data indicates that the proposed identified algorithm can effectively identify the AMBs supporting parameters.

Steady Characteristics of the Water-Lubricated Conical Bearings

The water-lubricated conical bearing has attracted attentions of researchers for its simple structure, easily adjusted gap （fdm thickness ）, lower friction loss, and less pollution in application. A mathematic model with consideration of the effects of turbulence, two-phase flow, and temperature on the pressure field at bearing surface is proposed here. Using this model, the Reynolds＇ equation and energy equation are solved in which the thermo- physical properties of the water as lubricant are taken into account. The dependency of characteristics of bearing, such as load-earrying capacity, flow rate （pumping losses ）, and frictional losses, on angular velocity, conical angle, and radial eccentricities, is presented. The research results are beneficial to the improvement of the efficiency of conical bearing and the environmental protection.

Seismic performance evaluation of VCFPB isolated storage tank using real-time hybrid simulation

Variable curvature friction pendulum bearings(VCFPB)effectively reduce the dynamic response of storage tanks induced by earthquakes.Shaking table testing is used to assess the seismic performance of VCFPB isolated storage tanks.However,the vertical pressure and friction coefficient of the scaled VCFPB in the shaking table tests cannot match the equivalent values of these parameters in the prototype.To avoid this drawback,a real-time hybrid simulation(RTHS)test was developed.Using RTHS testing,a 1/8 scaled tank isolated by VCFPB was tested.The experimental results showed that the displacement dynamic magnification factor of VCFPB,peak reduction factors of the acceleration,shear force,and overturning moment at bottom of the tank,were negative exponential functions of the ratio of peak ground acceleration(PGA)and friction coefficient.The peak reduction factors of displacement,acceleration,force and overturning moment,which were obtained from the experimental results,are compared with those calculated by the Housner model.It can be concluded that the Housner model is applicable in estimation of the acceleration,shear force,and overturning moment of liquid storage tank,but not for the sliding displacement of VCFPBs.

罕遇地震下高速铁路大跨矮塔斜拉桥减隔震性能研究

为研究不同减隔震装置对高速铁路大跨矮塔斜拉桥的减隔震机理,以某(90+180+90)m矮塔斜拉桥为研究背景,基于非线性时程分析建立有限元模型,研究摩擦摆支座、黏滞阻尼器和减隔震组合装置的减震效果及桥梁的抗震性能。结果表明:罕遇地震作用下,全桥主塔处采用摩擦摆支座和黏滞阻尼器的组合装置可以有效解决抗震问题,优化后选取摩擦系数为0.06、曲率半径为2 m的摩擦摆支座和阻尼系数为12000 kN·(m·s^(-1))-α、阻尼指数α为0.8的黏滞阻尼器;相比于单独使用摩擦摆支座或黏滞阻尼器,减隔震组合装置可大幅度减小全桥各关键截面的内力、桥墩位移及梁端转角,显著提升桥梁的抗震性能,剪力和弯矩的减震率分别达70.85%和76.94%,桥墩墩顶位移减震率达76.08%;各关键截面安全系数均大于1,结构均处于弹性范围,满足桥梁抗震性能的要求。

铁路混合梁钢-混结合段受力及理论计算

为研究铁路混合梁钢-混结合段结构的受力及其理论计算公式,在既有公路桥梁钢-混结合段计算公式的基础上,提出铁路混合梁钢-混结合段截面应力、顶底板剪力连接件、承压板传力验算公式;并以主跨335 m汉巴南铁路嘉陵江特大桥为研究背景,采用有限元分析的方法探究结合段受力特性及应力纵、横向分布规律,进而开展结合段受力理论与数值计算对比分析。数值计算结果表明,结合段混凝土均处于受压状态,不同截面位置处结合段钢、混应力横向分布均存在一定的不均匀性。公式验算结果表明:结合段混凝土应力均受压,满足截面应力验算要求;剪力连接件的抗力系数介于1.30~4.49,结合段剪力连接件具有良好的安全储备;承压板抗力系数介于3.18~10.08,表明前后承压板抗力远大于计算传力荷载,并具有优化的空间。理论公式计算的结合段顶底板混凝土应力、剪力钉应力与有限元计算结果总体相近,在修正后可用于钢-混结合段的防开裂/脱离、抗剪受力计算。

自攻螺钉与拉铆钉混合连接受剪承载性能试验

为改善自攻螺钉连接的构件在地震作用下易发生拉脱导致结构严重破坏的缺点,提升冷弯薄壁型钢组合墙体抗破坏能力,分析了组合墙体层间连接处的传力机理,针对自攻螺钉的破坏模式,提出拉铆钉与自攻螺钉混合连接。为研究混合连接的抗剪性能,共进行了48组连接接头抗剪性能试验,包含冷弯薄壁型钢结构常用的5种连接板厚度,不同搭接板厚比(变化范围1.0~2.0),包含纯自攻螺钉连接、纯拉铆钉连接及混合连接的连接方式。观察混合连接的破坏模式,自攻螺钉未发现拉脱破坏,其破坏模式主要表现为:板承压破坏与螺钉倾斜组合破坏、铆钉剪断破坏及板承压与铆钉部分剪断组合破坏3种;相较单一连接方式,混合连接荷载–位移曲线表现出更长的塑性阶段;当板厚比大于1.5且组合板厚小于3.0mm,混合连接的承载力及延性较单一连接增长明显;利用现有计算方法对混合连接的承载力进行累加计算,与试验结果对比,计算结果偏保守。研究发现:混合连接能较好地弥补拉铆钉和自攻螺钉受剪过程中的缺陷,有效改善自攻螺钉拉脱破坏,从而提升连接的承载力及延性;板厚和板厚比是影响混合连接破坏模式及承载力的重要因素,与单一连接相比,板厚比越大,承载力提升越大;排布方式对混合连接的力学性能及破坏机理影响有限;在本文试验工况下,结合混合连接的破坏模式,在现有计算方法的基础上,提出改善后的计算方法,其计算结果更合理。

基于变分模态分解和深度多核极限学习机的轴承故障分类

针对轴承故障分类任务中核极限学习机(kernel extreme learning machine,KELM)超参数选择困难、模型运算速度慢的问题,提出一种基于深度混合核极限学习机(deep hybrid kernel extreme learning machine,DHKELM)的轴承故障分类方法,利用天鹰优化算法(aquila optimization algorithm,AO)实现该模型超参数的优化选择。首先,以峰度指数作为鲸鱼优化算法(whale optimization algorithm,WOA)的适应度函数,对变分模态分解(variational mode decomposition,VMD)的相关参数寻优,利用最优参数组合进行VMD分解,得到k个模态分量并求其希尔伯特-黄变换(Hilbert-Huang Transform,HHT)边际谱作为特征数据,将其作为天鹰优化DHKELM分类器的输入,对不同状态的轴承故障进行识别。实验结果表明,KELM,DHKELM,天鹰优化DHKELM三种分类模型故障识别准确率分别为94%,96.67%,98.34%,运算时间分别为0.0631,0.0360,0.0175 s,证明AO-DHKELM识别准确率和运算速度均具有明显优势。

基于HMFDE和t-SNE的旋转机械故障诊断方法

针对旋转机械的故障特征提取较难,以及单一类型的特征无法全面反映故障特性的问题,提出了一种基于混合多尺度波动散布熵(HMFDE)、t分布-随机邻域嵌入(t-SNE)和郊狼优化算法(COA)优化极限学习机(ELM)的旋转机械故障诊断方法。首先,采用特征加权提出了混合多尺度波动散布熵方法,并将其用于提取旋转机械振动信号的故障特征;随后,采用t-SNE方法对混合故障特征进行了特征降维,挑选出了最能够反映故障特性的特征子集,构建了敏感特征样本;最后,采用郊狼优化算法对极限学习机的输入权重和隐含层阈值进行了优化,完成了旋转机械的故障识别和分类;以齿轮箱和滚动轴承故障数据集为对象,对基于HMFDE、t-SNE和COA-ELM的故障诊断方法进行了实验,验证了方法的有效性。研究结果表明:采用HMFDE-t-SNE-CAO-ELM故障诊断方法可以取得100%的故障识别准确率,该方法能够有效地诊断旋转机械的不同故障类型和损伤;相较于基于单一类型特征的故障诊断方法,其准确率分别可以提高0.68%、22.42%、29.18%(齿轮箱)和1.43%、8.23%、23.67%(滚动轴承),虽然牺牲了一定的计算效率,但准确率得到了明显的提高;相较于其他常规故障分类器,COA-ELM的故障识别准确率具有明显的优势。

螺旋槽小孔节流动静压气体轴承稳态承载力分析

为研究空气轴承在动静压下的稳态承载性能,使用三维建模工具建立动静压气体轴承模型,从连续方程、可压缩流体润滑方程、气体状态方程出发,得到等温条件下稳态气体润滑Reynolds方程,并计算轴承稳态承载力。对螺旋槽小孔节流空气轴承结构建立三维模型,借助Fluent仿真软件对整个流体域进行仿真分析,探讨螺旋角、偏心率、槽宽比、槽深比、槽长比等参数对气体轴承承载性能的影响。结果表明:气源压力一定时,气膜承载力随着偏心率的增加呈现非线性上升趋势,随着槽宽比的增加呈现下降趋势,槽宽比越大,这种下降趋势更加明显;随着槽深比和槽长比的增加,气膜承载力呈现先增加后降低的趋势。对轴承结构进行优化,优化后的轴承承载性能更优。

超临界二氧化碳动静压径向可倾瓦轴承实验台设计与实验研究

针对超临界二氧化碳(S-CO_(2))动力机组在启动和停止阶段气体轴承产生非常大的摩擦磨损,以及气体轴承承载力低、刚度低、阻尼小、稳定性较差等问题,设计并改进一种新型动静压S-CO_(2)润滑径向可倾瓦轴承结构。设计并搭建S-CO_(2)润滑轴承实验台,针对于实验台转子刚启动和极低转速工况,对新型S-CO_(2)润滑动静压径向轴承在静压状态下的动态特性进行实验研究,得到轴承的动态刚度和动态阻尼,并分析静压对轴承动态性能的影响。实验结果表明,设计的S-CO_(2)动静压径向可倾瓦轴承在启停阶段,在轴瓦与轴颈之间产生了足够的静压压力,可将二者完全分隔开,从而能减少启停阶段的摩擦磨损;随着静压压力的增大,轴承X、Y方向上的整体刚度、主阻尼都增大,且2个方向的主刚度系数差别不大,而交叉刚度和交叉阻尼都接近于0。研究结果为进一步揭示S-CO_(2)润滑径向轴承动压状态特性提供参考。

钢塔-组合塔混合结构结合部承载性能试验研究

针对新型钢塔-组合塔混合结构结合部构造,开展了局部缩尺模型轴压试验,并建立了非线性有限元模型与试验结果进行比较。研究了钢塔-组合塔结合部的极限承载力以及破坏形式,探究了钢板应变分布规律和焊钉受力分布规律,并对传力路径和荷载分担比例进行了变参数分析。研究结果表明:新型钢塔-组合塔混合结构结合部的承载力符合设计要求;结合部的破坏形式表现为承压板下方钢壁板达到屈服并发生鼓曲变形;承压板为结合部的核心传力构件,增大板厚可以提高结合部承载力以及承压板所传递的荷载,其厚度宜与外壁钢板厚度相近;焊钉和开孔板连接件是保证结合部钢和混凝土共同受力的关键构造,在钢壁板屈服前以受竖向剪力为主,在钢壁板屈服后以受拉拔力为主。

冲击载荷下动静压轴承特性变化分析

为研究冲击载荷作用下动静压轴承特性变化,以深腔和浅腔组合的动静压轴承为研究对象,建立动态时变Reynolds方程、膜厚方程、转子动力学方程及边界条件的耦合模型。采用有限差分法和欧拉法计算冲击载荷作用下油膜压力分布等参数,并分析冲击角度、长径比及半径间隙等因素对动静压轴承轴心轨迹、承载力等参数的影响。结果表明:方向相反、幅值相等的冲击载荷使得动静压轴承承载力和轴心轨迹呈现对称变化趋势;动静压轴承长径比越大,冲击载荷下承载力峰值变化越小;半径间隙越小,冲击载荷下承载力峰值变化越小。因此降低半径间隙、提高长径比有利于提升动静压轴承的抗冲击能力。

基于混合式特征选择的滚动轴承故障诊断方法

为降低滚动轴承故障特征集的维数,提升诊断精度,提出一种混合式特征选择方法。该方法由两个阶段构成,首先通过费舍尔分值法对原始特征集进行预排序,根据特征的费舍尔得分按照降序排序,利用得分曲线的拐点确定预选子集的范围,去除原始特征集中的无关特征;然后将遗传算法嵌入Wrapper阶段中,利用分类器的识别精度作为评价标准,从预选子集中去除冗余特征,确定最优子集。通过实验证明,该方法可以有效地用于滚动轴承不同故障类型和不同故障程度的诊断,最优子集在仅保留了关键特征的同时,识别精度得到提升。

陶瓷混杂点阵夹芯超结构的承载与抗多点侵彻性能

轻巧、可承载、抗侵彻一体化超结构相较于传统承载结构与披挂装甲,可有效减轻质量并提高空间利用率,在军事装备与国防设施中具有广阔的应用前景.该文基于陶瓷混杂点阵夹芯超结构,对比了超结构与传统波纹结构在三点弯曲载荷下的承载⁃位移曲线,并通过实验研究了超结构在多点弹道冲击下的防护性能与抗侵彻机理.研究结果表明,陶瓷混杂点阵夹芯超结构在弯曲载荷下主要发生陶瓷脆性断裂、面板塑性断裂与胶层开裂等失效,其承载能力高于传统波纹结构.此外,该文还发现冲击位置与芯体类型影响超结构的抗多发特性,陶瓷混杂蜂窝芯体超结构的抗多发性能优于陶瓷混杂波纹芯体超结构.波纹结构在纵向对陶瓷缺乏约束,而蜂窝芯体对陶瓷的约束作用更强,从而可限制陶瓷损伤面积,使得抗侵彻性能随着冲击次数的增多而基本保持一致.

基于系统辨识的轴向磁悬浮轴承建模研究

磁悬浮轴承可有效地提升高速电机的临界转速,然而轴向磁悬浮轴承在转子高转速和材料实心的情况下涡流效应显著。针对该情况下实心轴向磁悬浮轴承的建模问题,使用等效磁路法建立轴向磁悬浮轴承模型时常会忽略涡流效应,导致理论模型与实际模型存在较大误差。为了得到更贴近实际的轴向磁悬浮轴承精确模型,针对一种混合型三自由度磁悬浮轴承的轴向部分采用系统辨识的方法进行了闭环辨识,研究了分数阶模型阶次的确定流程和误差准则,得到了轴向磁悬浮轴承的数学模型。结果表明,分数阶系统模型能够弥补整数阶模型在高频段上的相位特性误差,在整个频域上有着更高的精确度。

陆上风电混塔结构HSC/UHPC方案受力性能对比分析

传统的高强混凝土(HSC)和超高性能混凝土(UHPC)均可作为大型陆上风电混塔的主要结构材料,为进一步了解两种结构材料对混塔性能的影响,提出了HSC结构和UHPC结构混塔方案,并对比分析了两种结构混塔的受力特性和固有频率。结果表明:HSC结构和UHPC结构混塔在ULS(承载力极限状态)下的受弯承载力相差不大,但在SLS(正常使用极限状态)下的主压应力和FLS(疲劳极限状态)下的疲劳累计损失相差较大;HSC结构混塔的固有频率较高,超出了主机限值规定,需要采取额外的控制措施,而UHPC结构混塔的固有频率满足限值要求。

基于MFCC-IMFCC混合倒谱的托辊轴承故障诊断

针对梅尔倒谱系数(MFCC)对托辊轴承高频特征提取能力不足的问题,提出了一种基于梅尔倒谱系数和翻转梅尔倒谱系数(MFCC-IMFCC)的混合倒谱以及长短时记忆(LSTM)网络的托辊轴承故障诊断方法。首先,分析了三种状态下的托辊声音信号,明确了托辊轴承故障信息主要分布在中高频区域;然后,为有效保留高频信息,提取了MFCC-IMFCC,以帧级串联的方式组成了混合倒谱特征;最后,将混合倒谱特征输入到双层LSTM模型中进行了训练,建立了托辊轴承故障诊断模型。研究结果表明:针对托辊正常、滚动体故障和偏心旋转故障三种状态,LSTM结合混合倒谱特征的平均识别准确率达到96.72%,相比于单一的MFCC和IMFCC特征,准确率分别提升3.94%和7.41%,凸显了混合倒谱特征在表征托辊轴承故障信息方面的显著优势。