A 7 T Pulsed Magnetic Field Generator for Magnetized Laser Plasma Experiments

A pulsed magnetic field generator was developed to study the effect of a magnetic field on the evolution of a laser-generated plasma. A 40 kV pulsed power system delivered a fast （-230 ns）, 55 kA current pulse into a single-turn coil surrounding the laser target, using a capacitor bank of 200 nF, a laser-triggered switch and a low-impedance strip transmission line. A one-dimensional uniform 7 T pulsed magnetic field was created using a Helmholtz coil pair with a 6 mm diameter. The pulsed magnetic field was controlled to take effect synchronously with a nanosecond heating laser beam, a femtosecond probing laser beam and an optical Intensified Charge Coupled Device （ICCD） detector. The preliminary experiments demonstrate bifurcation and focusing of plasma expansion in a transverse magnetic field.

Model of self-generated magnetic field generation from relativistic laser interaction with solid targets

Generation of self-generated annular magnetic fields at the rear side of a solid target driven by relativistic laser pulse is investigated by using theoretical analysis and particle-in-cell simulations.The spatial strength distribution of magnetic fields can be accurately predicted by calculating the net flow caused by the superposition of source flow and return flow of hot electrons.The theoretical model established shows good agreement with the simulation results,indicating that the magnetic-field strength scales positively to the temperature of hot electrons.This provides us a way to improve the magnetic-field generation by using a micro-structured plasma grating in front of the solid target.Compared with that for a common flat target,hot electrons can be effectively heated with the well-designed grating size,leading to a stronger magnetic field.The spatial distribution of magnetic fields can be modulated by optimizing the grating period and height as well as the incident angle of the laser pulse.

Regulation of the density distribution of a strongly dissipative plasma by a pulsed magnetic field

A pulsed transverse magnetic field with pulse width of 12 ms and magnitude of 2 T was used to modify the density distribution of a weakly-ionized plasma flow with strong collisions between the charged particles and neutrals.The morphology of the plasma is changed substantially,with the density increased upstream and decreased downstream.Meanwhile,the plasma toward the axis contracts laterally and gradually converges to a collimated flow.In addition,a drift wave is observed to be excited in the inhomogeneous plasma by the magnetic field.

Effects of pulsed magnetic field on density reduction of high flow velocity plasma sheath

A three-dimensional model is proposed in this paper to study the effect of the pulsed magnetic field on the density distribution of high flow velocity plasma sheath.Taking the typical parameters of plasma sheath at the height of 71 km as an example,the distribution characteristics and time evolution characteristics of plasma density in the flow field under the action of pulsed magnetic field,as well as the effect of self-electric field on the distribution of plasma density,are studied.The simulation results show that pulsed magnetic field can effectively reduce the density of plasma sheath.Meanwhile,the simulation results of three-dimensional plasma density distribution show that the size of the density reduction area is large enough to meet the communication requirements of the Global Position System(GPS)signal.Besides,the location of density reduction area provides a reference for the appropriate location of antenna.The time evolution of plasma density shows that the effective density reduction time can reach 62%of the pulse duration,and the maximum reduction of plasma density can reach 55%.Based on the simulation results,the mechanism of the interaction between pulsed magnetic field and plasma flow field is physically analyzed.Furthermore,the simulation results indicate that the density distributions of electrons and ions are consistent under the action of plasma self-electric field.However,the quasi neutral assumption of plasma in the flow field is not appropriate,because the self-electric field of plasma will weaken the effect of the pulsed magnetic field on the reduction of electron density,which cannot be ignored.The calculation results could provide useful information for the mitigation of communication blackout in hypersonic vehicles.

Influence of a Static Magnetic Field on Laser Induced Tungsten Plasma in Air

In this work,laser induced tungsten plasma has been investigated in the absence and presence of 0.6 T static transverse magnetic field at atmospheric pressure in air.The spectroscopic characterization of laser induced tungsten plasma was experimentally studied using space-resolved emission spectroscopy.The atomic emission lines of tungsten showed a significant enhancement in the presence of a magnetic field,while the ionic emission lines of tungsten presented little change.Temporal variation of the optical emission lines of tungsten indicated that the atomic emission time in the presence of a magnetic field was longer than that in the absence of a magnetic field,while no significant changes occurred for the ionic emission time.The spatial resolution of optical emission lines of tungsten demonstrated that the spatial distribution of atoms and ions were separated.The influence of a magnetic field on the spatial distribution of atoms was remarkable,whereas the spatial distribution of ions was little influenced by the magnetic field.The different behaviors between ions and atoms with and without magnetic field in air were related to the various atomic processes especially the electrons and ions recombination process during the plasma expansion and cooling process.

Quasistatic magnetic fields generated by a nonrelativistic intense laser pulse in uniform underdense plasma

Quasistatic magnetic fields generated by nonrelativistic intense linearly polarized （LP） and circularly polarized （CP） laser pulses in an initially uniform underdense plasma in the collision-dominated limit are investigated analytically. Using a selfconsistent analytical model, we perform a detailed derivation of quasistatic magnetic fields in the laser pulse envelope in the collision-dominated limit to obtain exact analytical expressions for magnetic fields and discuss the dependence of magnetic fields on laser and plasma parameters. Equations for quasistatic magnetic fields including both axial componentBz and the azimuthal one Be are derived simultaneously from such a selfconsistent model. The dependence of quasistatic magnetic field on incident laser intensity, transverse focused radius of laser pulse, electron density and electron temperature is discussed.

Electron-Cyclotron Laser Using Free-Electron Two-Quantum Stark Radiation in a Strong Uniform Axial Magnetic Field and an Alternating Axial Electric Field in a Voltage-Supplied Pill-Box Cavity

We consider the radiation from the beam electrons traveling in a strong uniform axial magnetic field and an axial alternating electric field of wavelength Aw generated by a voltage-supplied pill-box cavity. The beam electrons emit genuine laser radiation that propagates only in the axial direction through free-electron two- quantum Stark radiation. We find that laser radiation takes place only at the expense of the axial kinetic energy when Aw 〈〈 c/（ωc/γ）, where ωc/γ is the relativistic electron--cyclotron frequency. We formulate the laser power based on quantum-wiggler electrodynamics, and envision a laser of length lore with estimated power 0.1 GW/（kA） in the 10-4 cm wavelength range.

磁场辅助激光生长类金刚石膜的微结构及光学性能

在脉冲激光沉积技术中引入非均匀磁场,探索磁场约束激光等离子体条件下生长类金刚石膜的特性,为进一步提高类金刚石膜中sp~3键含量、增强微结构调控提供理论和实验基础.计算了磁场的磁感应强度及其磁力线分布,仿真了碳离子在磁场约束下的飞行轨迹,显示出磁场限制了碳离子的自由膨胀,使其螺旋前进并向永磁体中心区域聚集.膜层表面干涉和椭偏测量的拟合参数显示,磁场的磁感应强度越高,激光生长类金刚石膜的厚度及光学性能越不均匀.拉曼光谱及其拟合结果显示,磁场有利于提高碳网络结构的局部压力、提高膜层中的sp~3键含量.

Formation of Field Reversed Configuration (FRC) on the Yingguang-I device

As a hybrid approach to realizing fusion energy,Magnetized Target Fusion(MTF)based on the Field Reversed Configuration(FRC),which has the plasma density and confinement time in the range between magnetic and inertial confinement fusion,has been recently widely pursued around the world.To investigate the formation and confinement of the FRC plasma injector for MTF,the Yingguang-I,which is an FRC test device and contains a multi-bank program-discharged pulsed power sub-system,was constructed at the Institute of Fluid Physics(IFP),China.This paper presents the pulsed power components and their parameters of the device in detail,then gives a brief description of progress in experiments of FRC formation.Experimental results of the pulsed power sub-system show that the peak current/magnetic field of 110 kA/0.3 T,10 kA/1.2 Tand 1.7 MA/3.4 Twere achieved in the bias,mirror and q-pinch circuits with quarter cycle of 80 ms,700 ms and 3.8 ms respectively.The induced electric field in the neutral gas was greater than 0.25 kV/cm when the ionization bank was charged to 70 kV.With H_(2) gas of 8 Pa,the plasma target of density 10^(16) cm^(-3),separatrix radius 4 cm,half-length 17 cm,equilibrium temperature 200 eV and lifetime 3 ms(approximately the half pulse width of the reversed field)have been obtained through the q-pinch method when the bias,mirror,ionization and θ-pinch banks were charged to 5 kV,5 kV,55 kV and ±45 kV respectively.The images from the high-speed end-on framing camera demonstrate the formation processes of FRC and some features agree well with the results with the two-dimension magneto hydrodynamics code(2D-MHD).

Generation of strong magnetic fields with a laser-driven coil

As a promising new way to generate a controllable strong magnetic field, laser-driven magnetic coils have attracted interest in many research fields. In 2013, a kilotesla level magnetic field was achieved at the Gekko XⅡ laser facility with a capacitor–coil target. A similar approach has been adopted in a number of laboratories, with a variety of targets of different shapes. The peak strength of the magnetic field varies from a few tesla to kilotesla, with different spatiotemporal ranges. The differences are determined by the target geometry and the parameters of the incident laser. Here we present a review of the results of recent experimental studies of laser-driven magnetic field generation, as well as a discussion of the diagnostic techniques required for such rapidly changing magnetic fields. As an extension of the magnetic field generation, some applications are discussed.

Experimental studies of axial magnetic fields generated in ultrashort-pulse laser-plasma interaction

The quasistatic axial magnetic fields in plasmas produced by ultrashort laser pulses were measured by measuring the Faraday rotation angle of the backscattered emission. The spatial distribution of the axial magnetic field was obtained with a peak value as high as 170 Tesla. Theory suggests that the axial magnetic field is generated by dynamo effect in laser-plasma interaction.

Laboratory astrophysics with laser-driven strong magnetic fields in China

In this paper, the recent studies of laboratory astrophysics with strong magnetic fields in China have been reviewed.On the Shenguang-II laser facility of the National Laboratory on High-Power Lasers and Physics, a laser-driven strong magnetic field up to 200 T has been achieved. The experiment was performed to model the interaction of solar wind with dayside magnetosphere. Also the low beta plasma magnetic reconnection(MR) has been studied. Theoretically, the model has been developed to deal with the atomic structures and processes in strong magnetic field. Also the study of shock wave generation in the magnetized counter-streaming plasmas is introduced.

Laser-Plasma Interaction in Presence of an Obliquely External Magnetic Field:Application to Laser Fusion without Radioactivity

In this paper, the nonlinear interaction of ultra-high power laser beam with fusion plasma at relativistic regime in the presence of obliquely external magnetic field has been studied. Imposing an external magnetic field on plasma can modify the density profile of the plasma so that the thermal conductivity of electrons reduces which is considered to be the decrease of the threshold energy for ignition. To achieve the fusion of Hydrogen–Boron(HB) fuel,the block acceleration model of plasma is employed. Energy production by HB isotopes can be of interest, since its reaction does not generate radioactive tritium. By using the inhibit factor in the block model acceleration of plasma and Maxwell's as well as the momentum transfer equations, the electron density distribution and dielectric permittivity of the plasma medium are obtained. Numerical results indicate that with increasing the intensity of the external magnetic field, the oscillation of the laser magnetic field decreases, while the dielectric permittivity increases. Moreover, the amplitude of the electron density becomes highly peaked and the plasma electrons are strongly bunched with increasing the intensity of external magnetic field. Therefore, the magnetized plasma can act as a positive focusing lens to enhance the fusion process. Besides, we find that with increasing θ-angle(from oblique external magnetic field) between 0 and 90°, the dielectric permittivity increases, while for θ between 90° and 180°, the dielectric permittivity decreases with increasing θ.

平行磁场对脉冲针–板介质阻挡放电物理化学特性的影响

为在大气压下产生高强度的介质阻挡放电(dielectric barrier discharge,DBD)等离子体,该文利用永磁铁产生平行于电场方向的磁场,用于增强纳秒脉冲针–板DBD等离子体的物理化学活性,并探究不同脉冲参数下磁场对等离子体特性的影响规律和机制。考察平行磁场辅助脉冲针–板DBD等离子体的动态演化特性,并从电学、光学和臭氧生成特性等方面研究了脉冲电压幅值、上升沿时间和下降沿时间等参数对平行磁场辅助脉冲针–板DBD特性的影响规律。实验结果表明:平行磁场通过磁化电子改变DBD等离子体特性;施加平行磁场后,针–板DBD中空间流光放电及介质表面流光放电强度增强;不同脉冲放电参数下,施加平行磁场对放电强度及臭氧产量均显示出增强效果,在短脉冲上升沿时间条件下平行磁场的增强效果尤为显著。

外加磁场辅助激光焊接的研究现状及展望

作为一种易于添加又便于实施的外加能场,磁场被引入激光焊接过程中,会改变带电流体的流动状态,对等离子体形态、熔滴过渡、熔池流动及匙孔行为产生影响,进而对焊缝成形组织、接头性能及焊接过程稳定起到促进及改善作用。通过归纳国内外磁场辅助激光焊接的研究成果,总结了外加磁场对激光焊接的作用机理,及其对激光焊接过程特征及接头组织、缺陷及性能的影响规律,并对磁场辅助激光焊接的未来发展进行了展望。

磁场对激光驱动的喷流演化影响的二维数值研究

喷流的触发机制、准直传输和稳定性一直是天体物理学的研究热点.近年通过观测和实验室研究发现磁场在喷流准直传输和加速中起着关键作用.本文利用开源的辐射磁流体模拟程序FLASH对强激光驱动聚苯乙烯(CH)平面靶产生的靶前喷流进行了二维的数值模拟,系统地考察和比较了Biermann自生磁场以及不同方向、不同初始强度的外加磁场对喷流演化的动力学.模拟结果表明Biermann自生磁场不会影响喷流的界面动力学,而外加磁场对等离子体出流具有重定向作用,平行于靶前等离子体出流中心流向的外加磁场有助于喷流的产生和准直传输.其形成和演化过程是等离子体热压、磁压以及冲压三者相互竞争的结果.在受力方面,在喷流演化过程中等离子体热压梯度力和磁压力起决定性作用.研究结果为后续开展和喷流相关的实验研究提供借鉴,也有助于加深对天体喷流演化的理解.

储粮品质检测评价方法研究进展

品质检测评价是粮食储藏管理工作中的关键环节,一直是研究人员高度关注的热点研究领域,其在保障粮食储藏安全以及加工制品中发挥至关重要的作用。为了今后更好地开展相关工作,本文首先回顾常规基于光学、声学、介电、理化等特性和挥发性物质的储粮品质检测评价方法的研究进展;然后阐述当前新型检测技术如强磁场、激光诱导击穿光谱、核磁共振波谱以及扫描电子显微镜在储粮品质评价中的应用,并对比分析各种技术方法的优缺点;最后展望储粮品质检测评价方法的未来研究方向。

强激光驱动线圈靶磁场产生及应用研究进展

介绍了以强激光驱动电容线圈靶的实验方法产生磁场的基本模型及其发展过程。对比了实验室中常用的三种磁场诊断方法,包含:B-dot、法拉第旋转以及质子背光,发现前两种方法在实验中仅可以获得距离靶较远处的有限个磁场值,通过结合模拟工具获得靶处的磁场值与测量点的值跨越几个数量级,容易产生误差;质子背光诊断可以在实验中获得全局磁场信息,能够较好地满足线圈靶磁场诊断的需求。由于线圈靶磁场强且可持续时间长,在时空分布上具有一定可控性,因此我们将其应用到了磁重联的研究中,并成功获得了重联出流等特征。另外线圈靶在带电粒子的约束和磁流体动力学研究等多方面也得到了应用。

多级同步感应线圈发射器电枢内膛磁场分布特性影响因素分析

电磁弹在同步感应线圈发射器内发射时需要承受强磁场环境,为探索电磁弹内磁场分布特性,提出元器件布局原则,针对多级同步感应线圈发射器电枢内膛的强磁场分布特性进行了分析,并通过发射器仿真模型对影响电枢内中轴线上磁场分布的影响因素进行了分析。结果表明:电枢的厚度越大,一定范围内发射性能越好,但其产生的环向涡流也越大,从而会抵消减小电枢内膛中的磁感应强度,厚度的增加会减缓磁感应强度的下降速率;电枢的外径越大,其发射性能越好,其中轴线上磁感应强度越小;电枢材料的导电性能越差,电枢内膛中轴线上的磁感应强度越大,发射性能也越差;电枢头部磁感应强度远小于其尾部的磁感应强度,由此可指导后续电磁弹设计以提高安全性。

圆偏振涡旋激光脉冲驱动等离子体产生飞秒磁脉冲的研究

飞秒磁场脉冲对研究超快磁化、超快退磁、超快磁存储和自旋超快动力学等过程具有重要意义。传统的脉冲磁场受限于脉冲电源性能无法获得毫秒量级以下的超短脉冲磁场,无法研究飞秒尺度的磁动力学过程。利用超短脉冲激光驱动等离子体产生旋转电流是目前产生飞秒磁场脉冲的有效方法。本文利用质点网格法模拟圆偏振拉盖尔高斯光束驱动等离子体中的电子运动从而产生光电流以及飞秒磁脉冲的过程,模拟产生了特斯拉量级的飞秒超短磁脉冲,并系统讨论了驱动激光强度与等离子体密度对磁脉冲的影响。结果表明,脉冲磁场的脉宽与驱动光一致,其强度随着激光场强度、等离子体密度增加而增加。通过本文研究寻找产生飞秒磁脉冲的优化实验参数,有望将超快磁动力学研究推进到飞秒时间尺度。