THE GLOBAL WELL-POSEDNESS OF SOLUTIONS TO COMPRESSIBLE ISENTROPIC TWO-FLUID MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS IN A STRIP DOMAIN

In this paper,we consider a model of compressible isentropic two-fluid magneto-hydrodynamics without resistivity in a strip domain in three dimensional space.By exploiting the two-tier energy method developed in[Anal PDE,2013,6:1429–1533],we prove the global well-posedness of the governing model around a uniform magnetic field which is non-parallel to the horizontal boundary.Moreover,we show that the solution converges to the steady state at an almost exponential rate as time goes to infinity.Compared to the work of Tan and Wang[SIAM J Math Anal,2018,50:1432–1470],we need to overcome the difficulties caused by particles.

一类带有非线性阻尼项的磁流体动力学方程组的解的整体存在性

本文研究在多孔介质意义下的一类带有非线性阻尼项a|u|^(α-1)u(a> 0)的不可压的磁流体动力学方程组的解的整体存在性问题,通过古典的能量方法和Sobolev紧性嵌入方法获得了解的整体存在性,利用Gagliardo-Nirenberg插值不等式和其它的一些重要不等式得到了解的正则性结果,建立了弱解和强解的整体存在性,这些结果在很大程度改善了之前相关文献的结果,揭示了磁流体运动的物理现象,为磁流体动力学的发展提供了必要的理论基础.

二维磁流体方程的高分辨率旋转通量格式

若待解方程满足旋转不变性,则可通过旋转通量法有效消除近似Riemann求解器的激波不稳定现象,抑制非物理现象的产生。针对二维理想磁流体(MHD)方程和浅水波磁流体(SWMHD)方程,构造了通量函数的类旋转矩阵,给出了方程的旋转不变性证明;根据该性质对控制方程做类一维处理,推导了方程的半离散旋转通量格式;利用通量限制器,将熵稳定通量和反扩散通量进行加权组合,得到能够自适应调整耗散量的高分辨率旋转通量格式。数值实验表明,此格式能精确捕捉解的结构,分辨率高、鲁棒性强,且易向高维推广。

高空核爆炸磁流体动力学电磁脉冲

高空核爆炸产生的磁流体动力学(晚期)电磁脉冲对电力系统等国家重要基础设施具有严重影响。由于晚期电磁脉冲产生的机理复杂,依赖因素众多,包括爆炸当量、爆高、爆炸方位、爆炸时间、观察点位置以及土壤电导率等,因此,目前还没有成熟的代码可以模拟整个晚期电磁脉冲的产生过程。介绍晚期电磁脉冲的产生机理,讨论晚期电磁脉冲电场随核装置爆炸当量、爆高和大气状况的变化关系。E3A电场峰值随爆炸当量线性增加,而E3B电场峰值则随爆炸当量增加出现明显的饱和效应。分析了当前晚期电磁脉冲模拟代码现状,为进一步研究晚期电磁脉冲数值模拟方法和代码研发提供参考。

Magnetopause properties at the dusk magnetospheric flank from global magnetohydrodynamic simulations,the kinetic Vlasov equilibrium,and in situ observations--Potential implications for SMILE

We derived the properties of the terrestrial magnetopause(MP)from two modeling approaches,one global–fluid,the other local–kinetic,and compared the results with data collected in situ by the Magnetospheric Multiscale 2(MMS2)spacecraft.We used global magnetohydrodynamic(MHD)simulations of the Earth’s magnetosphere(publicly available from the NASA-CCMC[National Aeronautics and Space Administration–Community Coordinated Modeling Center])and local Vlasov equilibrium models(based on kinetic models for tangential discontinuities)to extract spatial profiles of the plasma and field variables at the Earth’s MP.The global MHD simulations used initial solar wind conditions extracted from the OMNI database at the time epoch when the MMS2 observes the MP.The kinetic Vlasov model used asymptotic boundary conditions derived from the same in situ MMS measurements upstream or downstream of the MP.The global MHD simulations provide a three-dimensional image of the magnetosphere at the time when the MMS2 crosses the MP.The Vlasov model provides a one-dimensional local view of the MP derived from first principles of kinetic theory.The MMS2 experimental data also serve as a reference for comparing and validating the numerical simulations and modeling.We found that the MP transition layer formed in global MHD simulations was generally localized closer to the Earth(roughly by one Earth radius)from the position of the real MP observed by the MMS.We also found that the global MHD simulations overestimated the thickness of the MP transition by one order of magnitude for three analyzed variables:magnetic field,density,and tangential speed.The MP thickness derived from the local Vlasov equilibrium was consistent with observations for all three of these variables.The overestimation of density in the Vlasov equilibrium was reduced compared with the global MHD solutions.We discuss our results in the context of future SMILE(Solar wind Magnetosphere Ionosphere Link Explorer)campaigns for observing the Earth’s MP.

基于COMSOL的城轨弓网电弧多物理场仿真研究

弓网电弧产生的高温是烧蚀弓网系统材料的主要原因,研究弓网电弧发生机制,掌握弓网电弧温度分布规律,有助于减少电弧对弓网系统材料的烧蚀损伤,增加弓网系统服役寿命.文中基于磁流体动力学理论,根据弓网电弧数学模型设置相关初始条件,采用有限元软件COMSOL对弓网电弧数学模型进行求解,分析弓网电弧温度分布及电弧两极表面的温度分布,并探究弓网电弧持续时间与弓网电弧温度的关系.结果表明,弓网电弧中心区域温度最高,接触线表面温度远远超过接触线材料的熔点;弓网电弧持续时间与弓网电弧温度呈正相关.

稠密等离子体焦点二维模拟

为了探究稠密等离子体焦点装置内等离子体层的运动规律以及相关设计参数的影响,利用自主开发的FOI程序对Mather型放电室结构下的等离子体层加速过程、焦点形成过程进行二维磁流体力学仿真,得到了与美国劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室可见光实验图像相似的结果。同时,研究了装置的不同充气气压、电流幅值、阳极半径和阴阳极间隙对等离子体层轴向加速过程和箍缩效果的影响。计算结果表明,等离子体层会以一定的弧度沿径向压缩气体,这是引起腊肠不稳定现象的原因之一;等离子体层的轴向运动速度与装置充气压力的平方根成反比,与施加的电流成正比,与装置的阳极半径成反比;增大电流的同时需要延长装置阳极的长度,使箍缩发生在电流达到峰值的时刻;阴阳极间隙的大小对阳极附近等离子体层的轴向运动过程影响不大。

激波与轻质气柱作用过程的磁场抑制特性

本文采用CTU(corner transport upwind)+CT(constrained transport)算法求解理想可压缩磁流体动力学(magneto-hydro-dynamic,MHD)方程,仿真研究了不同方向磁场控制下高斯分布轻质气柱界面受平面冲击波扰动后的演化过程,揭示了磁场方向对界面不稳定性的影响机理.仿真结果探讨了有/无磁场作用下流场特性与波系结构的发展,对比分析了磁场方向对气柱的长度、高度、射流宽度和体积压缩率的影响,并结合流场上半区环量、能量分量、速度和磁场力分布,多角度分析了磁场方向对界面不稳定性的影响机理.结果表明,磁压力推动涡量远离界面,降低了涡量在密度界面上的沉积而附着在分裂后的涡层上,从而有效抑制Richtmyer-Meshkov不稳定性对界面的影响;由于磁张力附着在被分离的涡层上,且其作用方向与界面因速度剪切而卷起涡的方向相反,因此抑制了界面因Kelvin-Helmholtz不稳定性而形成涡串.另外,纵向磁场控制下的磁张力反作用于中轴射流方向,同样抑制了Rayleigh-Taylor不稳定性的发展.

日冕准周期快模磁声波的研究进展

日冕准周期快模磁声波是日冕中较常见的一种波动现象,这种波动现象通常与耀斑和日冕物质抛射等太阳活动爆发相关。根据准周期快模磁声波列的特征,还可以细分为窄准周期快模磁声波和宽准周期快模磁声波。研究表明,准周期快模磁声波包含的关键物理信息可以用来诊断耀斑核心区域特征、测量日冕磁场以及探测能量释放和传输等。简单叙述了准周期快模磁声波相关的主要观测特征和模拟结果,重点介绍准周期快模磁声波的最新研究进展及冕震学应用,讨论了准周期快模磁声波的激发机制,展望了未来需要研究的问题,并提供相关研究方法作为参考。

高超声速飞行器流场电磁场松耦合数值模拟

在高超声速再入式飞行器通信黑障问题众多解决方案中,电磁调控方法是最具可行性的方法之一.一个细致可靠的电磁调控方案不仅需要准确考虑外加电磁场对导电流体作用,还需要考虑因流体高速运动产生的感生电磁场对导电流体的作用.对于高超声速飞行器典型飞行状态,全磁流体力学方法因数值刚性问题很难直接用于流场和电磁场耦合模拟,而低磁雷诺数近似方法无法考虑感生磁场对导电流体作用.针对磁流体力学两种经典方法应用于高超声速飞行器电磁调控方案设计时存在的困难和不足,文章在数值求解流动控制方程N-S方程和电磁控制方程双曲Maxwell方程的基础上,将两者结合起来松耦合迭代求解,建立适用于高超声速飞行器流场和电磁耦合的数值模拟方法.通过磁流体激波反射和二维超声速磁流体喷管两个典型算例,对文章的数值方法进行验证.基于数值方法对外加偶极子磁场作用下某高超声速飞行器典型飞行状态下流场电磁耦合问题进行了研究,数值模拟结果表明,磁雷诺数为0.7557时,不考虑感生磁场对流体运动影响时激波脱体距离相对于考虑感生磁场作用时大11.11%,此误差已不容忽视,对于该飞行状态,应完整考虑流场和磁场相互作用而不是仅考虑外加磁场对流场运动影响.

磁等离子体推进器阳极半径对阳极功率沉降的影响

随着人类航天事业的发展,需要研发适用于不同空间任务的推进系统,与磁约束核聚变原理类似的磁等离子体动力推进器(MegnetoPlasmaDynamic Thruster,MPDT)在推力功率比和比冲方面具有优越性能。阳极功率沉降是MPDT运行过程中等离子体与壁面相互作用的结果,占总功率的40%~90%,严重降低推进器效率。针对该问题,本文从阳极功率沉降的角度探究了阳极半径对推进器效率的影响。基于磁流体力学方程(MagnetoHydroDynamic,MHD),利用数值计算方法建立径向放电参数数值模型和阳极功率沉降物理模型,研究计算了阳极半径对放电参数和阳极功率沉降的影响规律,并建立热仿真模型对阳极水冷散热结构进行了热仿真。研究结果表明:增大阳极半径,电子密度及离子速度得到提高,阳极功率沉降增大,但阳极功率沉降分数降低,推进器效率得到提升。热仿真结果显示,水冷结构阳极在输入阳极功率沉降约为3 kW时,对应的阳极冷却水温差为5 K。本研究验证了阳极功率沉降物理模型的可靠性,并指出增大阳极半径是提升推进器效率的有效手段。

Study of the effect of magnetic fields on static degradation of Fe and Fe-12Mn-1.2C in balanced salts modified Hanks’solution

Iron and its alloys are attractive as biodegradable materials because of their low toxicity and suitable mechanical properties;however,they generally have a slow degradation rate.Given that corrosion is an electrochemical phenomenon where an exchange of electrons takes place,the application of magnetic fields from outside the body may accelerate the degradation of a ferrous temporary implant.In the present study,we have investigated the effect of alternating and direct low magnetic field(H=6.5 kA/m)on the corrosion process of pure iron(Fe)and an iron-manganese alloy(FeMnC)in modified Hanks’solution.A 14-day static immersion test was performed on the materials.The corrosion rate was assessed by mass and cross-sectional loss measurements,scanning electron microscopy,X-ray diffractometry,Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy before and after degradation.The results show that the presence of magnetic fields significantly accelerates the degradation rate of both materials,with the corrosion rate being twice as high in the case of Fe and almost three times as high for FeMnC.In addition,a homogenous degradation layer is formed over the entire surface and the chemical composition of the degradation products is the same regardless of the presence of a magnetic field.

Observation of Standing Slow Magneto-acoustic Waves in a Flaring Active Region Corona Loop

Intensity fluctuations are frequently observed in different regions and structures of the solar corona.These fluctuations may be caused by magneto-hydrodynamic(MHD)waves in coronal plasma.MHD waves are prime candidates for the dynamics,energy transfer,and anomalous temperature of the solar corona.In this paper,analysis is conducted on intensity and temperature fluctuations along the active region coronal loop(NOAA AR 13599)near solar flares.The intensity and temperature as functions of time and distance along the loop are extracted using images captured by the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly(AIA)instrument onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory(SDO)space telescope.To observe and comprehend the causes of intensity and temperature fluctuations,after conducting initial processing,and applying spatial and temporal frequency filters to data,enhanced distance-time maps of these variables are drawn.The space-time maps of intensities show standing oscillations at wavelengths of 171,193,and 211A with greater precision and clarity than earlier findings.The amplitude of these standing oscillations(waves)decreases and increases over time.The average values of the oscillation period,damping time,damping quality,projected wavelength,and projected phase speed of standing intensity oscillations are in the range of 15-18 minutes,24-31 minutes,1.46″-2″,132″-134″,and 81-100 km s^(-1),respectively.Also,the differential emission measure peak temperature values along the loop are found in the range of 0.51-3.98 MK,using six AIA passbands,including 94,131,171,193,211,and 335?.Based on the values of oscillation periods,phase speeds,damping time,and damping quality,it is inferred that the fluctuations in intensity are related to standing slow magneto-acoustic waves with weak damping.

FlowBreakdown of Hybrid Nanofluid on a Rigid Surface with Power Law Fluid as Lubricated Layers

Thiswork investigates an oblique stagnation point flowof hybrid nanofluid over a rigid surface with power lawfluidas lubricated layers. Copper (Cu) and Silver (Ag) solid particles are used as hybrid particles acting in water H2O asa base fluid. The mathematical formulation of flow configuration is presented in terms of differential systemthat isnonlinear in nature. The thermal aspects of the flow field are also investigated by assuming the surface is a heatedsurface with a constant temperature T. Numerical solutions to the governing mathematical model are calculatedby the RK45 algorithm. The results based on the numerical solution against various flow and thermal controllingparameters are presented in terms of line graphs. The specific results depict that the heat flux increases over thelubricated-indexed parameter.

Exact solutions for magnetohydrodynamic nanofluids flow and heat transfer over a permeable axisymmetric radially stretching/shrinking sheet

We report on the magnetohydrodynamic impact on the axisymmetric flow of Al_(2)O_(3)/Cu nanoparticles suspended in H_(2)O past a stretched/shrinked sheet.With the use of partial differential equations and the corresponding thermophysical characteristics of nanoparticles,the physical flow process is illustrated.The resultant nonlinear system of partial differential equations is converted into a system of ordinary differential equations using the suitable similarity transformations.The transformed differential equations are solved analytically.Impacts of the magnetic parameter,solid volume fraction and stretching/shrinking parameter on momentum and temperature distribution have been analyzed and interpreted graphically.The skin friction and Nusselt number were also evaluated.In addition,existence of dual solution was deduced for the shrinking sheet and unique solution for the stretching one.Further,Al_(2)O_(3)/H_(2)O nanofluid flow has better thermal conductivity on comparing with Cu/H_(2)O nanofluid.Furthermore,it was found that the first solutions of the stream are stable and physically realizable,whereas those of the second ones are unstable.

Feedback of Efficient Shock Acceleration on Magnetic-field Structure Inside Young Type Ia Supernova Remnants

Using an effective adiabatic index γ_(eff) to mimic the feedback of efficient shock acceleration,we simulate the temporal evolution of a young type Ia supernova remnant (SNR) with two different background magnetic field(BMF) topologies:a uniform and a turbulent BMF.The density distribution and magnetic-field characteristics of our benchmark SNR are studied with two-dimensional cylindrical magnetohydrodynamic simulations.When γ_(eff)is considered,we find that:(1) the two-shock structure shrinks and the downstream magnetic-field orientation is dominated by the Rayleigh–Taylor instability structures;(2) there exists more quasi-radial magnetic fields inside the shocked region;and (3) inside the intershock region,both the quasi-radial magnetic energy density and the total magnetic energy density are enhanced:in the radial direction,with γ_(eff)=1.1,they are amplified about 10–26 times more than those with γ_(eff)=5/3.While in the angular direction,the total magnetic energy densities could be amplified about 350 times more than those with γ_(eff)=5/3,and there are more grid cells within the intershock region where the magnetic energy density is amplified by a factor greater than 100.

Lattice Boltzmann method formulation for simulation of thermal radiation effects on non-Newtonian Al_(2)O_(3) free convection in entropy determination

The simultaneous investigation on the parameters affecting the flow of electrically conductive fluids such as volumetric radiation,heat absorption,heat generation,and magnetic field(MF)is very vital due to its existence in various sectors of industry and engineering.The present research focuses on mathematical modeling to simulate the cooling of a hot component through power-law(PL)nanofluid convection flow.The temperature reduction of the hot component inside a two-dimensional(2D)inclined chamber with two different cold wall shapes is evaluated.The formulation of the problem is derived with the lattice Boltzmann method(LBM)by code writing via the FORTRAN language.The variables such as the radiation parameter(0–1),the Hartmann number(0–75),the heat absorption/generation coefficient(−5–5),the fluid behavioral index(0.8–1.2),the Rayleigh number(103–105),the imposed MF angle(0°–90°),the chamber inclination angle(−90°–90°),and the cavity cold wall shape(smooth and curved)are investigated.The findings indicate that the presence of radiation increases the mean Nusselt number value for the shear-thickening,Newtonian,and shear thinning fluids by about 6.2%,4%,and 2%,respectively.In most cases,the presence of nanoparticles improves the heat transfer(HT)rate,especially in the cases where thermal conduction dominates convection.There is the lowest cooling performance index and MF effect for the cavity placed at an angle of 90°.The application in the design of electronic coolers and solar collectors is one of the practical cases of this numerical research.

Experimental Study of Liquid Metal Flow for the Development of a Contact-Less Control Technique

The article presents an experimental study on the flow of an eutectic gallium alloy in a cylindrical cell,which is placed in an alternating magnetic field.The magnetic field is generated by a coil connected to an alternating current source.The coil is located at a fixed height in such a way that its plane is perpendicular to the gravity vector,which in turn is parallel to the axis of the cylinder.The position of the cylinder can vary in height with respect to the coil.The forced flow of the considered electrically conductive liquid is generated due to the action of the localized electromagnetic force.It is assumed that under the action of the alternating magnetic field,the liquid is heated uniformly,and the resulting heat is quickly absorbed by the forced flow,so that liquid free convection can be neglected.The experiment is carried out using an ultrasonic Doppler anemometer.One transducer is installed in the axially located cylinder sluice and the other transducer is placed in the near-wall region.According to the results,a velocity profile,corresponding to a two-tori flow pattern can be hardly obtained in the low frequency range of the power supply.However,this is possible in the high frequency range.The average velocity profiles depend essentially on the location of the coil relative to the cell.The spectral analysis of velocity signals shows that the amplitude of the velocity pulsations is comparable to the average value of the flow velocity.Such experimental results and their verification through comparison with numerical calculations are intended to support the development of new methods for reducing the intensity of vortex flows during the electromagnetic separation of impurities through an electromagnetic induction mechanism(able to produce an electromotive force that displaces particles).

Chemically Radiative MHD Flow of a Micropolar Nanofluid over a Stretching/ Shrinking Sheet with a Heat Source or Sink

This study examines the behavior of a micropolar nanofluidflowing over a sheet in the presence of a transverse magneticfield and thermal effects.In addition,chemical(first-order homogeneous)reactions are taken into account.A similarity transformation is used to reduce the system of governing coupled non-linear partial differ-ential equations(PDEs),which account for the transport of mass,momentum,angular momentum,energy and species,to a set of non-linear ordinary differential equations(ODEs).The Runge-Kutta method along with shoot-ing method is used to solve them.The impact of several parameters is evaluated.It is shown that the micro-rota-tional velocity of thefluid rises with the micropolar factor.Moreover,the radiation parameter can have a remarkable influence on theflow and temperature profiles and on the angular momentum distribution.

Assessing the performance of magnetopause models based on THEMIS data

The magnetopause is the boundary between the Earth’s magnetic field and the interplanetary magnetic field(IMF),located where the supersonic solar wind and magnetospheric pressure are in balance.Although empirical models and global magnetohydrodynamic simulations have been used to define the magnetopause,each of these has limitations.In this work,we use 15 years of magnetopause crossing data from the THEMIS(Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms)spacecraft and their corresponding solar wind parameters to investigate under which solar wind conditions these models predict more accurately.We analyze the pattern of large errors in the extensively used magnetopause model and show the specific solar wind parameters,such as components of the IMF,density,velocity,temperature,and others that produce these errors.It is shown that(1)the model error increases notably with increasing solar wind velocity,decreasing proton density,and increasing temperature;(2)when the cone angle becomes smaller or|Bx|is larger,the Shue98 model errors increase,which might be caused by the magnetic reconnection on the dayside magnetopause;(3)when|By|is large,the error of the model is large,which may be caused by the east-west asymmetry of the magnetopause due to magnetic reconnection;(4)when Bz is southward,the error of the model is larger;and(5)the error is larger for positive dipole tilt than for negative dipole tilt and increases with an increasing dipole tilt angle.However,the global simulation model by Liu ZQ et al.(2015)shows a substantial improvement in prediction accuracy when IMF Bx,By,or the dipole tilt cannot be ignored.This result can help us choose a more accurate model for forecasting the magnetopause under different solar wind conditions.