Controlling factors of remaining oil distribution after water flooding and enhanced oil recovery methods for fracturecavity carbonate reservoirs in Tahe Oilfield

Based on comprehensive analysis of core, well logging, seismic and production data, the multi-scale reservoir space, reservoir types, spatial shape and distribution of fractures and caves, and the configuration relationship with production wells in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs were studied systematically, the influence of them on the distribution of residual oil was analyzed, and the main controlling factors mode of residual oil distribution after water flooding was established. Enhanced oil recovery methods were studied considering the development practice of Tahe oilfield. Research shows that the main controlling factors of residual oil distribution after water flooding in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs can be classified into four categories: local high point, insufficient well control, flow channel shielding and weak hydrodynamic. It is a systematic project to improve oil recovery in fracture-cavity carbonate reservoirs. In the stage of natural depletion, production should be well regulated to prevent bottom water channeling. In the early stage of waterflooding, injection-production relationship should be constructed according to reservoir type, connectivity and spatial location to enhance control and producing degree of waterflooding and minimize remaining oil. In the middle and late stage, according to the main controlling factors and distribution characteristics of remaining oil after water flooding, remaining oil should be tapped precisely by making use of gravity differentiation and capillary force imbibition, enhancing well control, disturbing the flow field and so on. Meanwhile, backup technologies of reservoir stimulation, new injection media, intelligent optimization etc. should be developed, smooth shift from water injection to gas injection should be ensured to maximize oil recovery.

Elemental characteristics of lacustrine oil shale and its controlling factors of palaeo-sedimentary environment on oil yield： a case from Chang 7 oil layer of Triassic Yanchang Formation in southern Ordos Basin

As an important unconventional resource, oil shale has received widespread attention. The oil shale of the Chang 7 oil layer from Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin represents the typical lacustrine oil shale in China. Based on analyzing trace elements and oil yield from boreholes samples, characteristics and paleo-sedimentary environments of oil shale and relationship between paleo-sedimentary environment and oil yield were studied. With favorable quality, oil yield of oil shale varies from 1.4% to 9.1%. Geochemical data indicate that the paleo-redox condition of oil shale's reducing condition from analyses of V/Cr, V/(V + Ni), U/Th, d U, and authigenic uranium. Equivalent Boron, Sp, and Sr/Ba illustrate that paleosalinity of oil shale is dominated by fresh water.The paleoclimate of oil shale is warm and humid by calculating the chemical index of alteration and Sr/Cu. Fe/Ti and(Fe + Mn)/Ti all explain that there were hot water activities during the sedimentary period of oil shale. In terms of Zr/Rb, paleohydrodynamics of oil shale is weak.By means of Co abundance and U/Th, paleo-water-depth of oil shale is from 17.30 to 157.26 m, reflecting sedimentary environment which is mainly in semi deep–deep lake facies. Correlation analyses between oil yield and six paleoenvironmental factors show that the oil yield of oil shale is mainly controlled by paleo-redox conditions,paleoclimate, hot water activities, and depth of water.Paleosalinity and paleohydrodynamics have an inconspicuous influence on oil yield.

Enrichment of tight oil and its controlling factors in central and western China

Taking the tight oil of the Zhongnan sag in the Ordos Basin,Jimusar sag in the Junggar Basin and Qingxi sag in the Jiuquan Basin as study objects,based on field survey,dissection of tight oil reservoirs,sample test,modeling experiment and comprehensive analysis,this study reveals that the tight oil accumulates at start-up pressure,advances under differential pressure,diffuses at alternating fast and low speeds,charges in stepped large area and migrates rapidly through fractures,and enriches in dominant fractures and pores.The root cause of ladder-like charge is the multiple scales of pores.The widespread source rock with high hydrocarbon generation intensity is the material basis for tight oil enrichment;the dominant source reservoir assemblage is the basic unit for tight oil enrichment;fractures and beddings are conducive to local rapid migration of tight oil;fractures and pores work together to control the enrichment of tight oil.Two typical accumulation models of tight oil are established,namely"source reservoir in coexistence,four optimal factors controlling enrichment around central area,and large-scale continuous distribution"for a large freshwater lake clastic rock basin and"source reservoir integration,four optimal factors controlling enrichment,central area distribution,small in size but high in enrichment degree"for a small saline lake diamictite depression.

Differences and controlling factors of composite hydrocarbon accumulations in the Tazhong uplift, Tarim Basin, NW China

Based on three-dimensional seismic interpretation, structural and sedimentary feature analysis, and examination of fluid properties and production dynamics, the regularity and main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation in the Tazhong uplift, Tarim Basin are investigated. The results show that the oil and gas in the Tazhong uplift has the characteristics of complex accumulation mainly controlled by faults, and more than 80% of the oil and gas reserves are enriched along fault zones. There are large thrust and strike-slip faults in the Tazhong uplift, and the coupling relationship between the formation and evolution of the faults and accumulation determine the difference in complex oil and gas accumulations. The active scale and stage of faults determine the fullness of the traps and the balance of the phase, that is, the blocking of the transport system, the insufficient filling of oil and gas, and the unsteady state of fluid accumulation are dependent on the faults. The multi-period tectonic sedimentary evolution controls the differences of trap conditions in the fault zones, and the multi-phase hydrocarbon migration and accumulation causes the differences of fluid distribution in the fault zones. The theory of differential oil and gas accumulation controlled by fault is the key to the overall evaluation, three-dimensional development and discovery of new reserves in the Tazhong uplift.

Division of Matrix- and Fracture-Type Shale Oils in the Jiyang Depression and Their Differences

This study discussed the division of matrix- and fracture-type shale oils in the Jiyang Depression, and proposed the concept of fracture development coefficient. The fracture development coefficient is defined as the ratio of fault throw to the distance between a shale oil well and the nearest fault. Based on CO_2 content, state of water, oil production and logging response of shale oil formations, the classification of shale oils was established, i.e., a fracture-type shale oil well has a fracture development coefficient greater than 0.2, while a matrix-type one has a fracture development coefficient less than 0.2. Furthermore, the key control factors of matrix- and fracture-type shale oil enrichment were analyzed using typical anatomical and statistical methods. For matrix-type shale oil enrichment, these factors are lithofacies, total organic carbon(TOC), shale porosity and abnormal pressure; for fracture-type shale oil enrichment, they are lithofacies, extent of fracture development, and abnormal pressure. This study also first described the differences between matrix- and fracture-type shale oils. The results provide reference for the exploration of terrestrial faulted basins in eastern China.

Geological characteristics and exploration of shale oil in Chang 7 Member of Triassic Yanchang Formation, Ordos Basin, NW China

A set of shale-dominated source rocks series were deposited during the heyday of lake basin development in the Member 7 of Triassic Yanchang Formation,Ordos Basin,and the thickness is about 110 m.Aimed at whether this layer can form large-scale oil enrichment of industrial value,comprehensive geological research and exploration practice have been carried out for years and obtained the following important geologic findings.Firstly,widely distributed black shale and dark mudstone with an average organic matter abundance of 13.81%and 3.74%,respectively,lay solid material foundation for the formation of shale oil.Secondly,sandy rocks sandwiched in thick organic-rich shale formations constitute an oil-rich"sweet spot",the average thickness of thin sandstone is 3.5 m.Thirdly,fine-grained sandstone and siltstone reservoirs have mainly small pores of 2–8μm and throats of 20–150 nm in radius,but with a large number of micro-pores and nano-throats,through fracturing,the reservoirs can provide good conductivity for the fluid in it.Fourthly,continued high-intensity hydrocarbon generation led to a pressure difference between the source rock and thin-layer reservoir of up to 8–16 MPa during geological history,driven by the high pressure,the oil charged into the reservoirs in large area,with oil saturation reaching more than 70%.Under the guidance of the above theory,in 2019,the Qingcheng Oilfield with geologic oil reserves of billion ton order was proved in the classⅠmulti-stage superimposed sandstone shale reservoir of Chang 7 Member by the Changqing Oilfield Branch through implementation of overall exploration and horizontal well volume fracturing.Two risk exploration horizontal wells were deployed for the classⅡthick layer mud shale interbedded with thin layers of silt-and fine-sandstones reservoir in the Chang 73 submember,and they were tested high yield oil flows of more than 100 tons per day,marking major breakthroughs in petroleum exploration in classⅠshale reservoirs.The new discoveries have expanded the domain of unconventional petroleum exploration.

致密油储层含油性主控因素及分布特征——以鄂尔多斯盆地红河油田36井区长8油层组为例

鄂尔多斯盆地红河油田地质条件复杂,含油非均质性极强,导致水平井产能差异及开发难度大。文中基于钻、测、录井及岩心测试、生产动态等资料,对红河油田36井区长8油层组含油性主控因素及含油饱和度分布特征开展了研究。结果表明:1)红河油田由于油气充注强度整体较低,呈现“大面积含油、局部富集”的特点。2)断裂与储层物性是控制含油性的2个主要因素,不同尺度断裂及其伴(派)生裂缝带的含油性差异大。其中:中尺度断裂及其伴(派)生裂缝带既是良好的源-储输导体系,也能改善储层物性,是主要的油气富集带(区);裂缝带以外的基质区主要受储层物性影响,在优质储层发育部位,可发育形成次油气富集区。3)研究区存在断-缝输导成藏和源-储接触成藏2种油气成藏模式,由此建立了长8油层组致密油藏含油性差异成因模式,明确了高含油饱和度区呈“裂缝带内条带状分布、裂缝带以外沿优质储层片状分布”的特征,“雁列式中尺度断裂+优质储层”部位为有利的开发目标区。

B301试验区油井结蜡主控因素及对策

B301试验区位于H盆地,该试验区目前油井结蜡现象严重,防蜡效果较差,防蜡措施有效期较短,无法满足油井防蜡的需要,亟需找到影响油井结蜡的主控因素。针对上述问题,通过室内实验对产出液中的蜡质、胶质、沥青质和机械杂质含量进行测定。利用Olga数值模拟软件对温度、压力、流速进行模拟。研究表明:蜡质、沥青质、机械杂质含量以及温度、流速为影响B301试验区油井井筒结蜡的主控因素,影响程度强弱依次为蜡质、温度、沥青质、机械杂质、流速。研究成果可为B301试验区进一步高效开发提供理论与技术基础,为高含蜡油藏防蜡方法提供参考。

姬塬地区长8油层组储层特征分析

为确定长8油层储层现今表征,储层物性受黏土矿物胶结物控制模式,储层沉积作用和沉积后期所经历的成岩变化,通过铸体薄片、扫描电镜等方法研究了储层基本特征和成岩作用及沉积作用,在整体低渗的背景下,部分位于相对渗透率较高区域的油井有较高的产量,理清研究区长8储层富集规律,对地区内岩石孔隙度下降因素进行剖析。结果表明,姬塬地区有利储层多发育水下分流河道和河口坝沉积,特别是砂体中心部位储层物性是最好,可见长8油层组的储集性能和渗流性能好,即粒间孔型、粒间孔+溶孔型和溶孔+粒间孔型。溶孔型、粒间孔+微孔型两种孔隙组合类型的渗流性能较差。微孔型和溶孔+微孔型两种孔隙组合类型的储集空间主要由半径极小的微孔构成,连通性较差,其孔隙内表面积和渗流阻力,储集性能和渗流性能较差。

页岩储层非构造裂缝研究进展与思考

随着我国对非常规油气勘探理论的完善和技术的提高,页岩油气勘探开发不断获得突破,其战略地位也在不断上升。页岩储层的品质通常是制约其资源潜力的主要因素,其中裂缝是页岩油气富集、高产、稳产的关键。因此裂缝作为富有机质页岩储层重要的储集空间和渗流通道,其相关研究一直都是该领域内的重点。我国页岩储层内天然裂缝大量发育,而非构造裂缝同样比较发育,对页岩油气的富集和保存评价亦具有重要意义。目前对页岩储层构造裂缝的研究比较深入,而对页岩非构造裂缝的研究则相对薄弱。为此本文在充分调研近年来国内外页岩非构造裂缝研究成果的基础上,重点梳理了非构造裂缝的分类、识别与表征、主控因素、期次及演化序列等方面的研究进展。页岩储层非构造裂缝以成因和形态复杂、分布不规则、尺度较小为特征,依据成因机制差异可将其分为成岩缝、异常高压缝、层理缝和表生缝4个大类,它们的识别与表征目前主要还停留在定性描述的阶段;尽管不同类型的非构造缝主控因素存在差异,但均在不同程度上受控于沉积作用、成岩作用、矿物组分及含量、岩石力学性质,呈现出一定的共性。综合分析并指出了页岩储层非构造裂缝研究的关键问题及发展趋势:一是基于页岩储层岩心、薄片、成像测井、常规测井的典型特征,结合先进图像技术,建立不同类型不同尺度非构造裂缝综合有效识别与定量化表征新方法。二是针对页岩储层非构造裂缝的形成发育具有“多成因类型、多控制因素、多期次演化”的特点,并且页岩非构造裂缝的形成与演化与“古温压、古流体、古成岩”过程联系紧密。据此提出了利用页岩储层非构造裂缝中普遍存在的方解石等充填物的流体地球化学、同位素地球化学(C,O,Sr)及微区原位同位素年代学(U-Pb,Sm-Nd)等先进实验分析技术,综合确定页岩储层非构造裂缝形成时间和活动期次及演化序列是未来研究的关键手段。三是由页岩储层非构造裂缝发育程度与单因素主控因素之间的定性-半定量分析,向多个主控因素耦合控制下的非构造裂缝发育程度的定量研究方向发展,即采用数学方法确定不同主控因素对于裂缝发育程度影响的权重,并构建适合我国页岩非构造裂缝发育程度的综合指数与多个主控因素之间的定量关系模型。

松辽盆地北部下白垩统扶余油层源下致密油富集模式及主控因素

基于地球化学、地震、测井和钻井等资料,对松辽盆地北部下白垩统泉头组扶余油层地质特征、致密油富集主控因素及富集模式等进行系统分析。研究表明:①泉头组上覆上白垩统青山口组优质烃源岩,环凹鼻状构造发育,沉积砂体大面积连续分布,储层整体致密;②优质烃源岩、储层、断裂、超压和构造等多要素配置联合控制扶余油层致密油富集。源储匹配关系控制致密油分布格局;源储压差为致密油富集提供充注动力;断砂输导体系决定油气运移和富集;正向构造是致密油富集的有利场所,断垒带是向斜区致密油勘探重点突破区带;③基于源储关系、输导方式、富集动力等要素建立扶余油层致密油3种富集模式,一是源储对接油气垂向或侧向直排式:“源储紧邻、超压驱动、油气垂向倒灌或源储侧向对接运聚”;二是源储分离断裂输导式:“源储分离、超压驱动、断裂输导,油气通过断层向下运移到砂体富集”;三是源储分离断砂匹配式:“源储分离、超压驱动、断裂输导、砂体调整、油气下排后通过砂体侧向运移富集”;④油源条件、充注动力、断裂分布、砂体以及储层物性等方面的差异性造成扶余油层致密油的差异富集,齐家—古龙凹陷扶余油层具有较好富集条件,勘探程度低,是未来致密油探索重要新区带。

鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7段页岩油气富集主控因素

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地东南部长7段页岩油气富集主控因素,综合钻井、测井、岩心分析化验等资料,对研究区长7段页岩油气富集程度及其机理进行研究。页岩解析气量与烃源岩总有机碳含量呈正比,有机质含量控制页岩油气的总含量,有机质发育大量孔隙,页岩油气以吸附态和游离态赋存于有机孔隙中。储集层孔隙结构和孔隙度影响页岩油气的含量及赋存状态,吸附油气主要赋存于微孔中,游离油气主要赋存于中孔和大孔中,但中孔中游离气含量高于大孔,而孔隙度越大,页岩中油气绝对含量越高。砂岩夹层和富有机质页岩的配置关系控制着页岩油气的富集部位,根据粉砂岩、细砂岩与页岩的关系,延长组长7段页岩油气可划分为近源和源内2类,源内又可分为砂岩与页岩互层型、页岩夹砂岩型和页岩型;下伏于富有机质页岩中的砂体和透镜状砂体油气含量最高,其次是上覆于富有机质页岩的砂体和呈舌状或指状与富有机质页岩接触的砂体。

国产水下生产系统在渤海油田的首次应用

为了突破外国的技术限制,实现国产化水下油气生产技术的顺利实现,因此有必要开展对国产化水下油气生产技术的研究。文章概括了中国水下油气生产装置的研究开发历程,并阐述了全水式、电液复合式和全电式等水下生产系统的主要运行模式和特征,并归纳出各生产装置的主要优势与缺陷。以流花11-1油气田、流花16-2/20-2/21-2油田群、陵水17-2气田等为主要技术平台,进行了渤海首次国产水下油气生产系统的试验应用,基本概括了渤海首次的水下油气工程技术特征,并对通讯不稳定问题解决方案进行验证,最后并对其应用前景进行了展望。

古城矿区富油煤赋存特征及主控因素分析

以前期煤田勘查成果为基础,选取4^(#)、8^(#)和9^(-1#)煤为研究对象,通过原煤焦油产率分级划分,研究了各煤层的富油煤赋存特征;从镜惰比(V/I)、H/C原子比、挥发分产率及灰成分指数等方面,探讨了富油煤的时空分布规律及主控因素。结果表明:各煤层焦油产率主要分布在9.02%~11.43%;平面上,4^(#)、8^(#)煤多为富油煤,高油煤零星分布;9^(-1#)煤以富油煤为主,局部分布高油煤;垂向上,自上而下煤层焦油产率呈增大趋势。煤层焦油产率与挥发分产率、氢元素含量均呈正相关,与灰分产率负相关,与灰成分中CaO含量呈弱正相关。煤层镜质体反射率为0.723%~0.733%,变质程度中等,生油潜力较大,含腐泥型母质为生油提供了物质基础,温暖、潮湿的气候环境和较深覆水或闭塞条件下的还原环境有利于富油煤形成。

岩心-测井-地震信息二步匹配预测页岩储层层理缝

页岩油勘探开发突破的关键在于储层层理缝的表征及预测,其成因机制的复杂性和影响因素的多样性致使预测技术遭遇瓶颈。在岩心和薄片尺度(mm级)层理缝识别、电阻率成像和常规测井尺度(m级)层理缝评价的基础上,发现吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组上甜点段层理缝在白云岩储层中最发育,其次为白云质粉砂岩、泥质粉砂岩,且多发在致密储层分布区,与储层基质孔隙度具有负相关性。结合三维地震数据预测的岩性分布及反演的孔隙度分布,利用井-震信息尺度匹配技术,探索了岩心“点”、测井“线”、地震“面”递次推进的页岩储层层理缝预测技术,融合了岩心识别准确、测井曲线纵向分辨率高、三维地震数据横向连续性强的显著优势。在吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组27口井上甜点段进行验证,预测平均相对误差为8%,应用效果良好。该技术的应用可为吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组页岩油勘探开发提供有力支撑,对其他盆地页岩油储层评价亦具有重要的借鉴意义。

西湖凹陷中央背斜带中南部区带油气成藏主控因素与勘探方向

西湖凹陷深层—超深层油气资源勘探潜力大,具有良好的勘探前景。为明确西湖凹陷中央背斜带中南部区带的油气成藏主控因素,对西湖凹陷中央背斜带的构造背景、沉积特征、烃源岩条件和储层性质进行分析研究。通过分析西湖凹陷中央背斜带中南部不同区带油气分布特征,总结了油气富集的分布规律以及差异成藏的主控因素,建立了成藏模式。结果表明,西湖凹陷中央背斜带中南部的油气成藏主控因素为早期通源断裂与砂体耦合及晚期保存条件,并根据储盖组合及油气分布规律划分为平湖组、花港组、龙井组3个成藏组合,其中花港组是主要的成藏层系,花港组具备发育岩性体的沉积环境,具有岩性、地层圈闭形成条件;烃源岩持续生烃提供了充足的油气源,深层—超深层砂岩储集性能依然保持较好,在3900~3700 m低渗储层广泛发育,有利沉积相带叠合次生溶蚀控制优质储层分布,油气充注与圈闭的形成时间配置关系好。研究结果对于西湖凹陷的持续勘探开发具有一定的指导意义。

苏西区块采气管道腐蚀机理研究及控制策略

苏西区块属于含水气藏,采气管道采用湿气输送,具有气量低、流速慢、液量高的特点,易发生内腐蚀,严重影响气田的正常生产运行。针对苏西区块采出气的流态特征、多相流组成、输送环境特征以及管道腐蚀特征等开展系统研究评价,从而明确腐蚀主控因素,归纳腐蚀规律,揭示管道腐蚀机理,建立腐蚀预测模型,形成防腐技术方案,提高集输系统的安全稳定运行。

新疆油田强水敏砾岩油藏二氧化碳驱连通特征

明确CO_(2)驱油藏注采井间连通特征可为后续针对性实施CO_(2)驱波及效率改善技术提供基础支撑。以新疆油田某强水敏砾岩油藏为研究对象,通过现场注采相关数据分析,明确注采连通性判断关键参数,预设关键参数比重后设计评价系数C,确定C值不同取值范围下注采井间连通关系,建立一套强水敏砾岩油藏连通性评判方法。通过该方法可判断该区注采井间弱连通、中等连通、强连通情况,分析不同连通特征主控因素,形成针对性治理对策。研究表明,注采连通性判断关键参数为生产井产油量、油压、气体组分;C值大于8时注采井属于强连通关系,C值在3~8时注采井属于中等连通关系,C值小于3时注采井属于弱连通关系。统计全区注采数据,根据C值判断,区块注采井间连通性呈两种明显连通特征,一是注采连通具有方向性,中强连通主要偏西北方向,但局部连通具有一定差异性,分析主要受构造及前期水驱影响;其次是注采连通具有区域性,区块中心偏东北注采连通性较好,该区22口井中强连通井14口,占比达63.6%,主要受地层渗透性差异及注碳量影响。根据注采连通性判断结果,建议对该区各类连通井分类治理,边缘区弱连通井吞吐补能,核心区弱连通井小规模压裂,强连通井封窜调剖。本研究可对提升强水敏砾岩油藏注水后CO_(2)驱高效开发提供参考和借鉴。

The controlling factors of oil and gas charging and accumulation of Puguang gas field in the Sichuan Basin

Combined with oil and gas transport and accumulation, structure-lithology evolution history, and with geochemistry and synthesizing geology methods, this paper studies the oil and gas discharge history of Puguang large scale gas field and the main controlling factors of oil accumulation. The natural gas in Puguang gas field is mainly coal-derived gas and oil-racked gas. The main hydrocarbon is Upper Permian coal mudstone and Lower Silurian mud shale with organic material. Puguang gas field has gone through discharge and adjustment 3 times, and it has favorable palaeostructure location, high quality dredge and effectively conserving conditions.

低流度稠油油藏启动机制及主控因素实验研究

借助低流度稠油启动过程中沿驱动方向的压力跟踪测试,分析了启动的物理过程,评价各种测试方法的适应性,研究了温度、流度、驱动速度等对启动压力的影响规律,并回归检验了低流度稠油启动压力的算法模型。结果表明:稠油的启动是一个“压力传递—稠油部分流动—逐步扩大流动范围—整体稳态流动”的过程;对于低流度稠油油藏,传统启动压力测试方法会存在启动压力梯度值放大情况,通过测试岩心内部压差变化,可以规避端部效应对其影响,使得启动压力梯度测试更加精准;整体上启动压力梯度会随着驱动排量增大、流度减小、温度降低而呈现增大趋势,各因素影响敏感性上三者依次变弱;大流度、高温度下,启动压力梯度与驱动排量呈线性增大规律,在小流度、低温度下,启动压力梯度随着排量的增加存在明显拐点,其后启动压力梯度快速增大。低流度稠油开发过程中不宜采用大排量高压式注入方式,应当温和渐进式的驱替方式进行高效合理的开发。所回归的启动压力计算模型可综合考虑流度和排量的影响,可为低流度稠油油藏水驱开发方案设计提供借鉴。