Characteristics of the Main Journal Bearings of an Engine Based on Non-linear Dynamics

Many simple nonlinear main journal bearing models have been studied theoretically, but the connection to existing engineering system has not been equally investigated. The consideration of the characteristics of engine main journal bearings may provide a prediction of the bearing load and lubrication. Due to the strong non-linear features in bearing lubrication procedure, it is difficult to predict those characteristics. A non-linear dynamic model is described for analyzing the characteristics of engine main journal bearings. Components such as crankshaft, main journals and con rods are found by applying the finite element method. Non-linear spring/dampers are introduced to imitate the constraint and supporting functions provided by the main bearing and oil film. The engine gas pressure is imposed as excitation on the model via the engine piston, con rod, etc. The bearing reaction force is calculated over one engine cycle, and meanwhile, the oil film thickness and pressure distribution are obtained based on Reynolds differential equation. It can be found that the maximum bearing reaction force always occurs when the maximum cylinder pressure arises in the cylinder adjacent to that bearing. The simulated minimum oil film thickness, which is 3 μm, demonstrates the reliability of the main journal bearings. This non-linear dynamic analysis may save computing efforts of engine main bearing design and also is of good precision and close connection to actual engine main journal bearing conditions.

Lubrication Performance of Connecting-Rod and Main Bearing in Di erent Engine Operating Conditions

Only the lubrication performance at rated engine operating condition was generally analyzed in current design and research of engine connecting-rod and main bearing. However, the actual engine(especially vehicle engine) does not always operate in rated operating condition and its operating condition changes constantly. In this paper, a fourstroke four-cylinder engine is taken as the studying object, the load and lubrication of connecting-rod and main bearing in di erent operating conditions are analyzed. The load of connecting-rod bearing is calculated by the dynamic calculation method, the loads of all main bearings are calculated by the whole crankshaft beam-element finite element method, and the lubrication performance of connecting-rod and main bearings are analyzed by the dynamic method. The results show that there are major di erences in the changes and numerical value at corresponding moment of the loads and lubrication performance of connecting-rod and main bearings in an engine operating cycle in di erent engine operating conditions; the most unfavorable case of the lubrication performance of connectingrod and main bearings may not take place in the rated engine operating condition. There are also major di erences between the lubrication performance of connecting-rod bearing and that of main bearing and between the lubrication performances of main bearings one another. Therefore, it will not be reasonable that the lubrication performance of a certain connecting-rod bearing or main bearing is analyzed in the design of the engine bearing. It is necessary to analyze simultaneously the lubrication performances of all bearings in di erent engine operating conditions.

Numerical Investigation of the Effects of Rate-Shaped Main Injection on Combustion and Emission in an OPOC Two-Stroke Diesel Engine

The effects of various split injection strategies on the opposed-piston opposed-cylinder(OPOC)diesel engine combustion and emission characteristics have been studied numerically using AVL-Fire CFD tools.The five rate-shaped main injections were used in split injection strategies.The results show that ignition delay from a rectangular injection rate is the shortest.Maximum pressure of the trapezoid injection rate is the largest.And the NOx emission of the rectangular injection rate is the largest.Meanwhile,the soot emission of the trapezoid injection rate is the least among the five injection rates.

A Value Engineering Analysis of Head Loss in Pumping Mains

With net zero carbon emissions targets approaching over the next 20 to 30 years, the water industry must act now to develop energy efficient techniques and designs to reduce emissions and reduce the carbon footprint of water utility providers. There is also the potential for significant energy and therefore financial savings to be realised from the adoption of more energy efficient designs approaches. Water utility providers account for a significant proportion of national electricity consumption. The purpose of this research is to determine if, over the long term, opting for a larger diameter pipe at design stage can lead to significant financial and emissions savings for water utility providers when considering pumping mains. Pumping mains are widely used throughout the water and wastewater industry where a gravity solution is not possible. 72 hypothetical water main design scenarios were analysed and the long term financial and environmental impact of each hypothetical water main was assessed. It was found across all design scenarios that larger diameter water mains were capable of delivering the same rate of flow of smaller diameter pipes at a much reduced velocity and requiring reduced pumping power. It was concluded that pumped mains of larger diameters can ultimately be more energy efficient and cost effective over the long term when selected in favour of smaller diameter pumped mains in otherwise identical design scenarios.

A comparative study of the main factors controlling geohazards induced by 10 strong earthquakes in Western China since the Wenchuan earthquake in 2008

Determining the main controlling factors of earthquake-triggered geohazards is a prerequisite for studying earthquake geohazards and post-disaster emergency response.By studying these factors,the geomorphic and geological factors controlling the nature,condition,and distribution of earthquake-induced geohazards can be analyzed.Such insights facilitate earthquake disaster prediction and emergency response planning.The authors combined field investigations and spatial data analysis to examine geohazards induced by seismic events,examining ten earthquakes including the Wenchuan,Yushu,Lushan events,to elucidate the main control factors of seismic geohazard.The authors observed that seismic geohazard occurrence is usually affected by many factors,among which active nature of the seismogenic fault,seismic peak ground acceleration(PGA),topographic slope and geomorphic height differences,and distance from the fault zone and river system are the most important.Compared with strike-slip earthquakes,thrust earthquakes induce more high-altitude and high-speed remote landslides,which can cause great harm.Slopes of 0°–40°are prone to secondary seismic geohazards,which are mainly concentrated 0–6 km from the river system.Secondary geohazards are not only related to seismogenic fault but also influenced by the associated faults in the earthquake area.The maximum seismic PGA and secondary seismic geohazard number are positively correlated,and the horizontal and vertical ground motions play leading and promoting roles in secondary geohazard formation,respectively.Through the research,the spatial distribution of seismic geohazards is predicted,providing a basis for the formulation of emergency response plans following disasters.

基于联合静动力修正的混凝土斜拉桥主梁挠度变化规律研究

针对混凝土斜拉桥服役期间主梁不断下挠的问题,该文基于修正模型分析大跨度混凝土斜拉桥服役期间主梁挠度变化规律。采用联合静动力的有限元模型修正方法,构造双目标优化问题,基于非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)求解,得到Pareto最优解集,从Pareto最优解集中找到协调最优解,从而实现有限元模型修正。模型修正后的静力位移和自振频率计算值与实测值吻合较好,能更好地反映结构的实际工作状态。在此基础上,结合主梁线形历年监测数据,分析不同徐变模式及拉索松弛效应等时变因素对主梁线形的影响,分析结果表明:采用CEB-FIP 2010徐变模式计算的挠度与实测挠度更加接近。中跨跨中下挠量最大,服役20年下挠量约为270 mm;主梁跨中挠度前5年平均增长率达33 mm/年,前5年挠度约占前40年的50%,后期主梁下挠趋于平缓。

不同海拔下甲醇替代率和主喷正时对RCCI发动机性能的影响

为探究不同海拔条件下甲醇/柴油反应活性控制压燃(reactivity controlled compression ignition, RCCI)发动机的运行特性,该研究基于甲醇/柴油双燃料发动机试验台架,试验研究1 800 r/min、100%负荷和3 200 r/min、100%负荷下不同甲醇替代率、柴油喷射正时对发动机燃烧与排放性能的影响规律。结果表明:不同海拔条件下随着甲醇替代率的增加,缸压和瞬时放热率峰值逐渐升高,燃烧始点和燃烧中心前移,当量有效燃油消耗率(equivalent brake specific fuel consumption, ESFC)降低,有效热效率升高,NO_x和碳烟排放大幅降低,THC(total hydrocarbons)和CO排放增加。1 800 r/min、100%负荷工况下,甲醇替代率由0增至20%,0、1 000、2 000 m海拔下最大缸压平均增加1.72 MPa,瞬时放热率峰值平均升高25.08 J/(°),ESFC平均降低4.67%,有效热效率平均升高4.90%,NO_x和碳烟排放分别平均降低16.63%和50%,THC和CO排放量分别平均增加142.03、388.18 mg/kg。3 200 r/min下甲醇替代率由0增至7%,不同海拔高度下ESFC平均降低1.76%,有效热效率平均升高1.79%,NO_x和碳烟排放量分别平均降低8.17%和20.70%。海拔高度由0升至2 000 m,1 800 r/min、20%甲醇替代率与3 200 r/min、7%甲醇替代率下,瞬时放热率峰值分别降低4.80和8.08 J/(°),燃烧中心分别推迟1.44°和1.43°,有效热效率分别降低0.82%和0.68%,ESFC分别升高2.10%和1.99%,NO_(x)排放量分别减少10.61%和7.35%,碳烟排放分别增加26.54%和32.12%,THC排放分别升高29.88%和15.45%,CO排放量分别增加22.42%和18.15%。固定甲醇替代率后,随着柴油主喷正时提前,不同海拔条件下缸压和放热率峰值逐渐升高,燃烧中心向上止点靠近,ESFC逐渐降低,有效热效率升高,碳烟排放减少,NO_(x)、THC和CO排放增加。1 800 r/min、15%甲醇替代率下,主喷正时从-1.5°提前至-7.5°,不同海拔高度下ESFC平均降低8.27%,有效热效率平均升高9.08%,碳烟排放平均减少90.94%。为提升高海拔条件下甲醇/柴油RCCI发动机的热效率和燃油经济性,可以适当增大柴油主喷正时。研究结果可为不同海拔环境下甲醇/柴油RCCI发动机燃烧与污染物排放控制优化提供参考。

复合多聚磷酸改性沥青混合料动态力学性能

为研究多聚磷酸(polyphosphoric acid,PPA)+SBS复合改性沥青混合料的动态力学性能,采用单轴压缩动态模量试验,分析温度和频率对动态模量和相位角的影响,并基于改进Havriliak-Negam(i HN)模型构建动态模量和相位角主曲线,同时与SBS改性沥青混合料相对比。结果表明:2种沥青混合料动态模量和相位角随温度和频率的变化呈现相同的趋势,HN模型可准确拟合2种沥青混合料的动态模量和相位角主曲线。相较于SBS改性沥青混合料,PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料的相位角在-10、20、50℃时均降低,而动态模量在-10℃时降低,20℃时变化较小,50℃时增加;较宽频域范围内,PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料在高温低频下动态模量变大,相位角变小,在低温高频下动态模量变小,相位角变化不大;PPA+SBS复合改性沥青混合料具有更优的动态力学性能。

低硫条件下船舶主机缸套-活塞环磨损现状与应对策略

国际海事组织(IMO)的“限硫令”于2020年1月在全球范围内实施后,燃用低硫燃油(LSFO)成为许多远洋公司的主要选择。对多家远洋公司船舶主机燃用LSFO后的运行状况进行调研,发现缸套、活塞环等零部件存在异常磨损及故障显著增多的现象。将LSFO对船舶主机的影响以及其实际应用案例进行分析与总结,并针对燃用LSFO的主机所出现的异常磨损和故障现象提出应对策略。该研究有助于解决LSFO条件下船舶主机缸套和活塞环异常磨损问题的实际需求,希望进一步推动LSFO条件下缸套和活塞环异常磨损的机理研究。

开州湖特大桥主塔位置研究

基于贵州瓮安至开阳高速公路开州湖特大桥主塔位置研究实例,提出主塔位置选择是一个系统工程,应从地形地貌、地层岩性、地质构造、不良地质、岸坡稳定性分析、不同主塔位置所带来的治理难度、环保等因素出发,进行多个主塔位置比选,选择技术可靠、投资最优、长期稳定的主塔位置。研究表明:瓮安岸K35+525、开阳岸K36+625适合设置主塔,为最优方案。为复杂艰险山区公路桥梁主塔选址工作提供借鉴。

化学工程与技术专业高水平创新应用型研究生人才培养模式的探索与实践

针对化学工程与技术专业研究生培养过程中,出现了培养模式单一、优质教学资源匮乏、实验操作技能差、应用思维能力弱化、科研创新能力不足等缺点,南昌航空大学环境功能材料教学团队以研究生创新能力培养为一条主线,以工程应用思维培养、功能材料实验技术方法培养和双导师制联合培养研究生为三大模式,以纳米材料、光催化分解水制氢、催化剂的设计合成及应用、催化剂可控合成及污染控制等四大创新研究方向为基石构建了独具特色的化学工程与技术专业研究生创新能力培养模式。实践发现,在此培养模式下能提升学科影响力与研究生培养质量,更利于创新型化学工程与技术专业研究生人才的培养。

船舶柴油机主轴承温度过高问题的处置及预防工作方案

船舶柴油机在使用过程中,主轴承突发故障时有发生,主要表现现象为主轴承温度过高。如未能及时有效处理,将严重影响柴油机的正常运行。本文从故障机理的角度出发,研究主轴承温度过高的各项成因,并分析故障的各种表现形式。基于滑油温度过高、滑油压力过低或无压力、曲轴箱中出现异常敲击声等主要的附加故障特征,本文分析故障发生后的主要危害,重点探讨故障的处置流程和排除方法,进而提出故障预防方案,为船舶柴油机的安全使用与维护提供理论依据。

基于复杂网络和免疫策略的斜拉桥主梁施工安全风险耦合分析

斜拉桥主梁施工是一项复杂系统行为,施工过程中风险事故可能存在多条演化路径,因此具有复杂性和不确定性。为满足当前对施工安全风险管理的更高要求,提出一种基于复杂网络的风险耦合分析方法。首先,通过主梁施工作业程序分解及致险状态分析以识别安全风险因素;然后,基于复杂网络理论,借助邻接矩阵构建主梁施工安全风险的耦合网络模型,对特征指标进行研究分析并得出风险演化特征;最后,运用MATLAB软件对网络进行免疫仿真,包括单个节点免疫、随机免疫和蓄意免疫,以识别出关键节点并提出施工风险管控策略。结果显示:蓄意免疫的效果明显优于随机免疫,综合考虑免疫结果应优先预防和控制网络关键节点代表的风险点,从而有效降低网络效率,提高施工安全性。

AS法悬索桥锚靴及拉杆锚固可靠性研究

AS法(空中纺线法)施工的悬索桥,主缆各索股钢丝套接锚固在两岸的锚靴上,锚靴通过拉杆将索股力传递给锚固系统。锚靴与主缆钢丝相互作用后锚靴的承载能力、钢丝小曲率弯折后的应力状态、拉杆安装精度对锚固可靠性的影响均需要定性定量的研究以及试验验证。该文以AS法架设主缆悬索桥——阳宝山特大桥为背景,对锚靴及索股进行了6 150 kN设计荷载下拉杆无偏转状态、拉杆相对于锚固垫板在水平向、竖直向和45°向偏转0.5°共4种工况下的试验研究。结果表明:锚靴承载能力满足设计要求,钢丝小曲率弯折后无异常变形和破坏;锚靴及拉杆构造连接可靠,装配性好,构造采用球面垫圈结构可以保证拉杆具备约1°偏心调节能力,为保证锚靴及拉杆构造设计使用要求,建议拉杆与索股轴向安装控制精度保证在0.5°以内。

兴凯湖西部土壤-植物系统中硒含量特征、成因来源及迁移转化主控因素

硒及其有机化合物对生物体具有重要的生物活性和特殊的保健功能,开展富硒土壤硒成因来源和迁移转化研究,对富硒土地利用和富硒功能产品研发具有重要的科学和经济意义。基于区域地质特征、土壤数据和植物籽实数据,开展土壤硒空间分布和成因来源研究,运用地统计学、相关性、生物富集系数等方法探讨硒在土壤-植物系统中的迁移转化主控因素。土壤Se含量为0.11~0.70 mg/kg,均值为0.37 mg/kg,含量特征及空间分布主要受成土母质控制;富锦组黑色岩系是形成富硒土壤的物质基础和Se元素的最初来源,后期有利的古气候环境演化促进了黑色岩系的持续风化,为土壤提供了丰富的硒源;植物富集能力BCF水稻/土壤>BCF玉米/土壤,籽实Se平均含量为Se水稻>Se玉米,含量与土壤理化指标相关性揭示,硒在土壤-植物系统中迁移转化受土壤矿物组成及土壤环境等因素制约。土壤硒主要来源于富锦组黑色岩系及其风化物,硒在土壤-植物系统中迁移转化主控因素为粘土矿物的吸附/解析作用;划定天然富硒土地6550.68 hm^(2),为富硒土地科学利用和富硒功能产品开发提供地学依据,有效支撑服务地方经济发展和疾病预防。

大宁—吉县区块深部煤层气富集主控因素分析及地质工程甜点区评价

精准评价和合理优选煤层气地质工程甜点区是翔实制定勘探开发一体化方案的基础。本文聚焦大宁—吉县区块深部石炭系本溪组8^(#)煤层,充分利用研究区煤心描述、分析化验、测录井、地震及开发动态等资料,通过研究区深部8^(#)煤层的各种资料系统整理和深入剖析,从煤层顶底板岩性、厚度、构造、沉积环境及煤岩特征等方面,系统探讨了深部煤层气富集的主控因素,并建立了地质工程甜点区评价标准,进而划分了研究区的地质工程甜点区。研究结果表明,煤层气富集主要受顶底板岩性、构造及煤岩特征等影响,沉积环境对煤层气富集的影响多体现在顶底板岩性组合及封闭性等特征上;研究区评价出地质一类、工程一类有利区411.5 km^(2),资源量1 038.75×10^(8) m^(3);地质二类、工程一类有利区596.2 km^(2),资源量1 192.4×10^(8) m^(3);地质二类、工程二类有利区287.4 km^(2),资源量574.5×10^(8) m^(3)。

船舶主机基座系统振动分析及控制技术

船舶主机基座系统是由基座结构和控制系统等2个部分组成。在主机持续工作的情况下,产生的交变载荷会通过基座系统传递,引起船体结构振动,可能对船体结构的安全构成威胁。通过合理设计基座结构和控制系统,可有效控制船舶主机传递到船底结构的振动,以满足更高的减振要求。首先介绍船舶主机引起振动的机理和振动分析方法,详细综述船舶主机基座结构、被动控制系统和主动控制系统的减振机理和优化研究成果,并对未来的研究进行一定的展望,为船舶主机基座系统的减振设计提供有益的参考。

混合动力船舶电机辅助主机合排控制方法及实船应用

为了解决某型7 500 t级散货船在主机合排过程中存在浓烈黑烟问题,通过实船数据分析问题原因并提出电机辅助主机合排的控制方法,调整实船主机合排控制策略与优化控制程序,经过实船试验验证表明,采用电机辅助的主机合排控制过程相较于无电机辅助的主机合排控制过程,其螺旋桨轴系扭矩突增量减小33%,主机油耗突增量减小35%,尾轴转速突增量减小41%,且螺旋桨轴系扭矩与尾轴转速上升速率更平缓,有效解决主机冒黑烟问题,达到降低主机碳排放的目的。在船舶营运过程中,混合动力系统设备运行情况良好。

TDI发动机润滑油挤压高频噪声影响因素试验研究

针对涡轮增压柴油机的运行特点,在半消声试验室进行了发动机加速工况主轴承处润滑油挤压高频噪声的影响因素测试。研究过程基于发动机主轴承座振动测试和曲轴运动轨迹测试,重点分析了润滑系统特征和主轴承结构特征以及曲轴轴承支撑方式对高频挤压噪声的影响。结果表明:润滑油黏度、润滑油含气量、主轴承间隙、主轴颈形状和轴承支撑方式等均对主轴承座异常振动产生影响;当轴承载荷小,轴心偏心距较大,曲轴自转方向与公转方向相反时,主轴承润滑油压力升高,润滑油内的气泡被挤压产生高频的气泡破裂噪声,并伴随主轴承座异常振动;当曲轴运转稳定且轴心轨迹平顺时,主轴承座异常振动对应转速升高,高频噪声不易识别。

运动员体能训练动作量化修正系统设计

跑步比赛中0.01s就能决定比赛的成败,为了确保教练和运动员能够获得更多的体能训练动作量化指标,设计运动员体能训练动作量化修正系统。基于Unity3D引擎设计控制模块、训练动作采集模块、训练动作模拟处理模块,利用灰色预测模型在提取体能训练动作特征的基础上识别训练动作,计算模拟动作系数,实现运动员体能训练动作量化修正。实验结果表明,该设计系统对跑步训练动作腿关节、踝关节角动作速率的识别准确性较高,体能训练动作数据管理效率较高,满足了节约运动员体能实际训练时间的需求。