Investigation of pore geometry influence on fluid flow in heterogeneous porous media:A pore-scale study

Brazilian pre-salt reservoirs are renowned for their intricate pore networks and vuggy nature,posing significant challenges in modeling and simulating fluid flow within these carbonate reservoirs.Despite possessing excellent petrophysical properties,such as high porosity and permeability,these reservoirs typically exhibit a notably low recovery factor,sometimes falling below 10%.Previous research has indicated that various enhanced oil recovery(EOR)methods,such as water alternating gas(WAG),can substantially augment the recovery factor in pre-salt reservoirs,resulting in improvements of up to 20%.Nevertheless,the fluid flow mechanism within Brazilian carbonate reservoirs,characterized by complex pore geometry,remains unclear.Our study examines the behavior of fluid flow in a similar heterogeneous porous material,utilizing a plug sample obtained from a vugular segment of a Brazilian stromatolite outcrop,known to share analogies with certain pre-salt reservoirs.We conducted single-phase and multi-phase core flooding experiments,complemented by medical-CT scanning,to generate flow streamlines and evaluate the efficiency of water flooding.Subsequently,micro-CT scanning of the core sample was performed,and two cross-sections from horizontal and vertical plates were constructed.These cross-sections were then employed as geometries in a numerical simulator,enabling us to investigate the impact of pore geometry on fluid flow.Analysis of the pore-scale modeling and experimental data unveiled that the presence of dead-end pores and vugs results in a significant portion of the fluid remaining stagnant within these regions.Consequently,the injected fluid exhibits channeling-like behavior,leading to rapid breakthrough and low areal swept efficiency.Additionally,the numerical simulation results demonstrated that,irrespective of the size of the dead-end regions,the pressure variation within the dead-end vugs and pores is negligible.Despite the stromatolite's favorable petrophysical properties,including relatively high porosity and permeability,as well as the presence of interconnected large vugs,the recovery factor during water flooding remained low due to early breakthrough.These findings align with field data obtained from pre-salt reservoirs,providing an explanation for the observed low recovery factor during water flooding in such reservoirs.

A Generalized Array Factor for Time-Modulated Hexagonal Based Antenna Array Geometry With Novel Trapezoidal Switching

The concept of the time-modulated array has been emerging as an alternative to the complex phase shifters,which lowers the cost of the array feeding network due to the utilization of radio frequency(RF)switches.The various forms of hexagonal antenna array geometries can be used for applications like surveillance tracking in phased array radar and wireless communication systems.This work proposes the generalized array factor(AF)for the hexagonal antenna array geometry based on time modulation.The time modulation in generalized hexagonal geometry can maintain the fixed static amplitude excitation,giving more flexibility over time.Furthermore,a novel trapezoidal switching function is also proposed and applied to the generalized array factor to enable future researchers to use this array factor in the field of advancement to observe how switching schemes like trapezoidal and rectangular affect the array pattern's side lobe level(SLL).The generalized equation can be utilized for the analysis and synthesis of radiation characteristics of the time-modulated hexagonal array(TMHA),time-modulated concentric hexagonal array(TMCHA),time-modulated hexagonal cylindrical array(TMHCA),and time-modulated hexagonal concentric cylindrical array(TMHCCA).The numerical result illustrates the generation of AF of time-modulated hexagonal structures and also shows that the trapezoidal switching sequence outperforms the rectangular switch using the cat swarm optimization(CSO)approach.

A photogrammetric approach for quantifying the evolution of rock joint void geometry under varying contact states

Accurate measurement of the evolution of rock joint void geometry is essential for comprehending the distribution characteristics of asperities responsible for shear and seepage behaviors.However,existing techniques often require specialized equipment and skilled operators,posing practical challenges.In this study,a cost-effective photogrammetric approach is proposed.Particularly,local coordinate systems are established to facilitate the alignment and precise quantification of the relative position between two halves of a rock joint.Push/pull tests are conducted on rock joints with varying roughness levels to induce different contact states.A high-precision laser scanner serves as a benchmark for evaluating the photogrammetry method.Despite certain deviations exist,the measured evolution of void geometry is generally consistent with the qualitative findings of previous studies.The photogrammetric measurements yield comparable accuracy to laser scanning,with maximum errors of 13.2%for aperture and 14.4%for void volume.Most joint matching coefficient(JMC)measurement errors are below 20%.Larger measurement errors occur primarily in highly mismatched rock joints with JMC values below 0.2,but even in cases where measurement errors exceed 80%,the maximum JMC error is only 0.0434.Thus,the proposed photogrammetric approach holds promise for widespread application in void geometry measurements in rock joints.

CLASSIFICATIONS OF DUPIN HYPERSURFACES IN LIE SPHERE GEOMETRY

This is a survey of local and global classification results concerning Dupin hypersurfaces in S^(n)(or R^(n))that have been obtained in the context of Lie sphere geometry.The emphasis is on results that relate Dupin hypersurfaces to isoparametric hypersurfaces in spheres.Along with these classification results,many important concepts from Lie sphere geometry,such as curvature spheres,Lie curvatures,and Legendre lifts of submanifolds of S^(n)(or R^(n)),are described in detail.The paper also contains several important constructions of Dupin hypersurfaces with certain special properties.

Optimal AP Deployment in Cell-Free Massive MIMO Systems with LoS/NLoS Transmissions:A Stochastic Geometry Approach

Cell-free massive multiple-input multipleoutput(MIMO)is a promising technology for future wireless communications,where a large number of distributed access points(APs)simultaneously serve all users over the same time-frequency resources.Since users and APs may locate close to each other,the line-of-sight(Lo S)transmission occurs more frequently in cell-free massive MIMO systems.Hence,in this paper,we investigate the cell-free massive MIMO system with Lo S and non-line-of-sight(NLo S)transmissions,where APs and users are both distributed according to Poisson point process.Using tools from stochastic geometry,we derive a tight lower bound for the user downlink achievable rate and we further obtain the energy efficiency(EE)by considering the power consumption on downlink payload transmissions and circuitry dissipation.Based on the analysis,the optimal AP density and AP antenna number that maximize the EE are obtained.It is found that compared with the previous work that only considers NLo S transmissions,the actual optimal AP density should be much smaller,and the maximized EE is actually much higher.

Unveiling the geometric site dependent activity of spinel Co_(3)O_(4)for electrocatalytic chlorine evolution reaction

Spinel cobalt oxide(Co_(3)O_(4)),consisting of tetrahedral Co^(2+)(CoTd)and octahedral Co^(3+)(CoOh),is considered as promising earth-abundant electrocatalyst for chlorine evolution reaction(CER).Identifying the catalytic contribution of geometric Co site in the electrocatalytic CER plays a pivotal role to precisely modulate electronic configuration of active Co sites to boost CER.Herein,combining density functional theory calculations and experiment results assisted with operando analysis,we found that the Co_(Oh) site acts as the main active site for CER in spinel Co_(3)O_(4),which shows better Cl^(-)adsorption and more moderate intermediate adsorption toward CER than CoTd site,and does not undergo redox transition under CER condition at applied potentials.Guided by above findings,the oxygen vacancies were further introduced into the Co_(3)O_(4) to precisely manipulate the electronic configuration of Co_(Oh) to boost Cl^(-)adsorption and optimize the reaction path of CER and thus to enhance the intrinsic CER activity significantly.Our work figures out the importance of geometric configuration dependent CER activity,shedding light on the rational design of advanced electrocatalysts from geometric configuration optimization at the atomic level.

Modeling and Performance Analysis of UAV-Aided Millimeter Wave Cellular Networks with Stochastic Geometry

UAV-aided cellular networks,millimeter wave(mm-wave) communications and multi-antenna techniques are viewed as promising components of the solution for beyond-5G(B5G) and even 6G communications.By leveraging the power of stochastic geometry,this paper aims at providing an effective framework for modeling and analyzing a UAV-aided heterogeneous cellular network,where the terrestrial base stations(TBSs) and the UAV base stations(UBSs) coexist,and the UBSs are provided with mm-wave and multi-antenna techniques.By modeling the TBSs as a PPP and the UBSs as a Matern hard-core point process of type Ⅱ(MPH-Ⅱ),approximated but accurate analytical results for the average rate of the typical user of both tiers are derived through an approximation method based on the mean interference-to-signal ratio(MISR) gain.The influence of some relevant parameters is discussed in detail,and some insights into the network deployment and optimization are revealed.Numerical results show that some trade-offs are worthy of being considered,such as the antenna array size,the altitude of the UAVs and the power control factor of the UBSs.

Estimation of surface geometry on combustion characteristics of AP/HTPB propellant under rapid depressurization

The 2D sandwich model serves as a potent tool in exploring the influence of surface geometry on the combustion attributes of Ammonium perchlorate/Hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene(AP/HTPB)propellant under rapid pressure decay.The thickness of the sandwich propellant is derived from slicing the 3D random particle packing,an approach that enables a more effective examination of the micro-flame structure.Comparative analysis of the predicted burning characteristics has been performed with experimental studies.The findings demonstrate a reasonable agreement,thereby validating the precision and soundness of the model.Based on the typical rapid depressurization environment of solid rocket motor(initial combustion pressure is 3 MPa and the maximum depressurization rate is 1000 MPa/s).A-type(a flatter surface),B-type(AP recesses from the combustion surface),and C-type(AP protrudes from the combustion surface)propellant combustion processes are numerically simulated.Upon comparison of the evolution of gas-phase flame between 0.1 and 1 ms,it is discerned that the flame strength and form created by the three sandwich models differ significantly at the beginning stage of depressurization,with the flame structures gradually becoming harmonized over time.Conclusions are drawn by comparison extinction times:the surface geometry plays a pivotal role in the combustion process,with AP protrusion favoring combustion the most.

The Effects of the Geometry of a Current Collector with an Equal Open Ratio on Output Power of a Direct Methanol Fuel Cell

The open ratio of a current collector has a great impact on direct methanol fuel cell(DMFC)performance.Although a number of studies have investigated the influence of the open ratio of DMFC current collectors,far too little attention has been given to how geometry(including the shape and feature size of the flow field)affects a current collector with an equal open ratio.In this paper,perforated and parallel current collectors with an equal open ratio of 50%and different feature sizes are designed,and the corresponding experimental results are shown to explain the geometry effects on the output power of the DMFC.The results indicate that the optimal feature sizes are between 2 and 2.5 mm for both perforated and parallel flow field in the current collectors with an equal open ratio of 50%.This means that for passive methanol fuel cells,to achieve the highest output power,the optimal feature size of the flow field in both anode and cathode current collectors is between 2 and 2.5 mm under the operating mode of this experiment.The effects of rib and channel position are also investigated,and the results indicate that the optimum pattern depends on the feature sizes of the flow field.

Advancements in Time Modeling: Relationalism, Divisional Structures, and Geometry

This article broadens terminology and approaches that continue to advance time modelling within a relationalist framework. Time is modeled as a single dimension, flowing continuously through independent privileged points. Introduced as absolute point-time, abstract continuous time is a backdrop for concrete relational-based time that is finite and discrete, bound to the limits of a real-world system. We discuss how discrete signals at a point are used to temporally anchor zero-temporal points [t = 0] in linear time. Object-oriented temporal line elements, flanked by temporal point elements, have a proportional geometric identity quantifiable by a standard unit system and can be mapped on a natural number line. Durations, line elements, are divisible into ordered unit ratio elements using ancient timekeeping formulas. The divisional structure provides temporal classes for rotational (Rt24t) and orbital (Rt18) sample periods, as well as a more general temporal class (Rt12) applicable to either sample or frame periods. We introduce notation for additive cyclic counts of sample periods, including divisional units, for calendar-like formatting. For system modeling, unit structures with dihedral symmetry, group order, and numerical order are shown to be applicable to Euclidean modelling. We introduce new functions for bijective and non-bijective mapping, modular arithmetic for cyclic-based time counts, and a novel formula relating to a subgroup of Pythagorean triples, preserving dihedral n-polygon symmetries. This article presents a new approach to model time in a relationalistic framework.

Geometries and electronic structures of Zr_(n)Cu(n=2–12) clusters: A joint machine-learning potential density functional theory investigation

Zr-based amorphous alloys have attracted extensive attention because of their large glassy formation ability, wide supercooled liquid region, high elasticity, and unique mechanical strength induced by their icosahedral local structures.To determine the microstructures of Zr–Cu clusters, the stable and metastable geometry of Zr_(n)Cu(n=2–12) clusters are screened out via the CALYPSO method using machine-learning potentials, and then the electronic structures are investigated using density functional theory. The results show that the Zr_(n)Cu(n ≥ 3) clusters possess three-dimensional geometries, Zr_(n)Cu(n≥9) possess cage-like geometries, and the Zr_(12)Cu cluster has icosahedral geometry. The binding energy per atom gradually gets enlarged with the increase in the size of the clusters, and Zr_(n)Cu(n=5,7,9,12) have relatively better stability than their neighbors. The magnetic moment of most Zr_(n)Cu clusters is just 1μB, and the main components of the highest occupied molecular orbitals(HOMOs) in the Zr_(12)Cu cluster come from the Zr-d state. There are hardly any localized two-center bonds, and there are about 20 σ-type delocalized three-center bonds.

Galerkin-based quasi-smooth manifold element(QSME)method for anisotropic heat conduction problems in composites with complex geometry

The accurate and efficient analysis of anisotropic heat conduction problems in complex composites is crucial for structural design and performance evaluation. Traditional numerical methods, such as the finite element method(FEM), often face a trade-off between calculation accuracy and efficiency. In this paper, we propose a quasi-smooth manifold element(QSME) method to address this challenge, and provide the accurate and efficient analysis of two-dimensional(2D) anisotropic heat conduction problems in composites with complex geometry. The QSME approach achieves high calculation precision by a high-order local approximation that ensures the first-order derivative continuity.The results demonstrate that the QSME method is robust and stable, offering both high accuracy and efficiency in the heat conduction analysis. With the same degrees of freedom(DOFs), the QSME method can achieve at least an order of magnitude higher calculation accuracy than the traditional FEM. Additionally, under the same level of calculation error, the QSME method requires 10 times fewer DOFs than the traditional FEM. The versatility of the proposed QSME method extends beyond anisotropic heat conduction problems in complex composites. The proposed QSME method can also be applied to other problems, including fluid flows, mechanical analyses, and other multi-field coupled problems, providing accurate and efficient numerical simulations.

Development of track geometry inspection equipment for high-speed comprehensive inspection train in China

Purpose–This study aims to analyze the development direction of track geometry inspection equipment for high-speed comprehensive inspection train in China.Design/methodology/approach–The development of track geometry inspection equipment for highspeed comprehensive inspection train in China in the past 20 years can be divided into 3 stages.Track geometry inspection equipment 1.0 is the stage of analog signal.At the stage 1.0,the first priority is to meet the China’s railways basic needs of pre-operation joint debugging,safety assessment and daily dynamic inspection,maintenance and repair after operation.Track geometry inspection equipment 2.0 is the stage of digital signal.At the stage 2.0,it is important to improve stability and reliability of track geometry inspection equipment by upgrading the hardware sensors and improving software architecture.Track geometry inspection equipment 3.0 is the stage of lightweight.At the stage 3.0,miniaturization,low power consumption,self-running and green economy are co-developing on demand.Findings–The ability of track geometry inspection equipment for high-speed comprehensive inspection train will be expanded.The dynamic inspection of track stiffness changes will be studied under loaded and unloaded conditions in response to the track local settlement,track plate detachment and cushion plate failure.The dynamic measurement method of rail surface slope and vertical curve radius will be proposed,to reveal the changes in railway profile parameters of high-speed railways and the relationship between railway profile,track irregularity and subsidence of subgrade and bridges.The 200 m cut-off wavelength of track regularity will be researched to adapt to the operating speed of 400 km/h.Originality/value–The research can provide new connotations and requirements of track geometry inspection equipment for high-speed comprehensive inspection train in the new railway stage.

Outage Probability Analysis for D2D-Enabled Heterogeneous Cellular Networks with Exclusion Zone:A Stochastic Geometry Approach

Interference management is one of the most important issues in the device-to-device(D2D)-enabled heterogeneous cellular networks(HetCNets)due to the coexistence of massive cellular and D2D devices in which D2D devices reuse the cellular spectrum.To alleviate the interference,an efficient interference management way is to set exclusion zones around the cellular receivers.In this paper,we adopt a stochastic geometry approach to analyze the outage probabilities of cellular and D2D users in the D2D-enabled HetCNets.The main difficulties contain three aspects:1)how to model the location randomness of base stations,cellular and D2D users in practical networks;2)how to capture the randomness and interrelation of cellular and D2D transmissions due to the existence of random exclusion zones;3)how to characterize the different types of interference and their impacts on the outage probabilities of cellular and D2D users.We then run extensive Monte-Carlo simulations which manifest that our theoretical model is very accurate.

Adjustment in the main-channel geometry of the lower Yellow River before and after the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir from 1986 to 2015

Based on the measured discharge,sediment load,and cross-sectional data from 1986 to 2015 for the lower Yellow River,changes in the morphological parameters(width,depth,and cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient)of the main channel are analyzed in this paper.The results show that before the operation of the Xiaolangdi Reservoir(XLDR)from 1986 to 1999,the main channel shrunk continually,with decreasing width and depth.The rate of reduction in its width decreased along the river whereas that of depth increased in the downstream direction.Because the rate of decrease in the width of the main channel was greater than that in channel depth,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in the sub-reach above Gaocun.By contrast,for the sub-reach below Gaocun,the rate of decrease in channel width was smaller than that in channel depth,and the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient increased.Once the XLDR had begun operation,the main channel eroded continually,and both its width and depth increased from 2000 to 2015.The rate of increase in channel width decreased in the longitudinal direction,and the depth of the main channel in all sub-reaches increased by more than 2 m.Because the rate of increase in the depth of the main channel was clearly larger than that of its width,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient decreased in all sub-reaches.The cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel of the lower Yellow River exhibited different adjustment patterns before and after the XLDR began operation.Before its operation,the main channel mainly narrowed in the transverse direction and silted in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below Aishan,it primarily silted in the vertical direction.After the XLDR began operation,the main channel adjusted by widening in the transverse direction and deepening in the vertical direction in the sub-reach above Aishan;in the sub-reach below it,the main channel adjusted mainly by deepening in the vertical direction.Compared with the rates of decrease in the width and depth of the main channel during the siltation period,the rate of increase in channel width during the scouring period was clearly smaller while the rate of increase in channel depth was larger.After continual siltation and scouring from 1986 to 2015,the cross-sectional geometry of the main-channel changed from wide and shallow to relatively narrow and deep.The pattern of adjustment in the main channel was closely related to the water and sediment conditions.For the braided reach,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with suspended sediment concentration(SSC)during the siltation period.By contrast,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was positively correlated with discharge and negatively correlated with SSC during the scouring period.For the transitional and meandering reaches,the cross-sectional geomorphic coefficient was negatively correlated with discharge and positively correlated with SSC.

Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions, “Golden” Fibonacci Goniometry, Bodnar’s Geometry, and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem—Part II. A New Geometric Theory of Phyllotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry)

This article refers to the “Mathematics of Harmony” by Alexey Stakhov in 2009, a new interdisciplinary direction of modern science. The main goal of the article is to describe two modern scientific discoveries–New Geometric Theory of Phyllotaxis (Bodnar’s Geometry) and Hilbert’s Fourth Problem based on the Hyperbolic Fibonacci and Lucas Functions and “Golden” Fibonacci λ-Goniometry (λ > 0 is a given positive real number). Although these discoveries refer to different areas of science (mathematics and theoretical botany), however they are based on one and the same scientific ideas-the “golden mean,” which had been introduced by Euclid in his Elements, and its generalization—the “metallic means,” which have been studied recently by Argentinian mathematician Vera Spinadel. The article is a confirmation of interdisciplinary character of the “Mathematics of Harmony”, which originates from Euclid’s Elements.

Fractal Geometry:Axioms,Fractal Derivative and Its Geometrical Meaning

Physics success is largely determined by using mathematics.Physics often themselves create the necessary mathematical apparatus.This article shows how you can construct a fractal calculus-mathematics of fractal geometry.In modem scientific literature often write from a firm that"there is no strict definition of fractals",to the more moderate that"objects in a certain sense,fractal and similar."We show that fractal geometry is a strict mathematical theory,defined by their axioms.This methodology allows the geometry of axiomatised naturally define fractal integrals and differentials.Consistent application on your input below the axiom gives the opportunity to develop effective methods of measurement of fractal dimension,geometri-cal interpretation of fractal derivative gain and open dual symmetry.

Effect of tool geometry on ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials:a comprehensive review

Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics,optoelectronics,and semiconductors.Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface integrity helps improve the functional performance and lifespan of the components.According to their hardness,brittle materials can be roughly divided into hard-brittle and soft-brittle.Although there have been some literature reviews for ultraprecision machining of hard-brittle materials,up to date,very few review papers are available that focus on the processing of soft-brittle materials.Due to the‘soft’and‘brittle’properties,this group of materials has unique machining characteristics.This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials.Critical aspects of machining mechanisms,such as chip formation,surface topography,and subsurface damage for different machining methods,including diamond turning,micro end milling,ultraprecision grinding,and micro/nano burnishing,are compared in terms of tool-workpiece interaction.The effects of tool geometries on the machining characteristics of soft-brittle materials are systematically analyzed,and dominating factors are sorted out.Problems and challenges in the engineering applications are identified,and solutions/guidelines for future R&D are provided.

Noncommutative-Geometry Wormholes Based on the Casimir Effect

While wormholes are as good a prediction of Einstein’s theory as black holes, they are subject to severe restrictions from quantum field theory. In particular, holding a wormhole open requires a violation of the null energy condition, calling for the existence of exotic matter. The Casimir effect has shown that this physical requirement can be met on a small scale, thereby solving a key conceptual problem. The Casimir effect does not, however, guarantee that the small-scale violation is sufficient for supporting a macroscopic wormhole. The purpose of this paper is to connect the Casimir effect to noncommutative geometry, which also aims to accommodate small-scale effects, the difference being that these can now be viewed as intrinsic properties of spacetime. As a result, the noncommutative effects can be implemented by modifying only the energy momentum tensor in the Einstein field equations, while leaving the Einstein tensor unchanged. The wormhole can therefore be macroscopic in spite of the small Casimir effect.

Solving Geometry Problems via Feature Learning and Contrastive Learning of Multimodal Data

This paper presents an end-to-end deep learning method to solve geometry problems via feature learning and contrastive learning of multimodal data.A key challenge in solving geometry problems using deep learning is to automatically adapt to the task of understanding single-modal and multimodal problems.Existing methods either focus on single-modal ormultimodal problems,and they cannot fit each other.A general geometry problem solver shouldobviouslybe able toprocess variousmodalproblems at the same time.Inthispaper,a shared feature-learning model of multimodal data is adopted to learn the unified feature representation of text and image,which can solve the heterogeneity issue between multimodal geometry problems.A contrastive learning model of multimodal data enhances the semantic relevance betweenmultimodal features and maps them into a unified semantic space,which can effectively adapt to both single-modal and multimodal downstream tasks.Based on the feature extraction and fusion of multimodal data,a proposed geometry problem solver uses relation extraction,theorem reasoning,and problem solving to present solutions in a readable way.Experimental results show the effectiveness of the method.