A hydrocarbon enrichment model and prediction of favorable accumulation areas in complicated superimposed basins in China

The geologic conditions of superimposed basins in China are very complicated. This is mainly shown by multi-phase structural evolution, multiple sets of source-reservoir-cap rock combinations, multiple stages of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from source rocks, multi-cycle hydrocarbon enrichment and accumulation, and multi-phase reservoir adjustment and reconstruction. The enrichment, accumulation and distribution of hydrocarbon is mainly controlled by the source rock kitchen, paleo- anticline, regional cap rock and intensity of tectonic movement. In this paper, the T-BCMS model has been developed to predict favorable areas of hydrocarbon accumulation in complicated superimposed basins according to time and spatial relationships among five key factors. The five factors include unconformity surface representing tectonic balancing （B）, regional cap rock representing hydrocarbon protection （C）, paleo-anticline representing hydrocarbon migration and accumulation （M）, source rock kitchen representing hydrocarbon generation and expulsion （S） and geological time （T）. There are three necessary conditions to form favorable areas of hydrocarbon accumulation. First, four key factors BCMS should be strictly in the order of BCMS from top to bottom. Second, superimposition of four key factors BCMS in the same area is the most favorable for hydrocarbon accumulation. Third, vertically ordered combination and superimposition in the same area of BCMS should occur at the same geological time. The model has been used to predict the most favorable exploration areas in Ordovician in the Tarim Basin in the main hydrocarbon accumulation periods. The result shows that 95% of the discovered Ordovician hydrocarbon reservoirs are located in the predicted areas, which indicates the feasibility and reliability of the key factor matching T-BCMS model for hydrocarbon accumulation and enrichment.

Hydrocarbon accumulation principles in troughs within faulted depressions and their significance in exploration

Previously,troughs in continental faulted depressions were usually considered as a zone of hydrocarbon generation and expulsion rather than a zone for hydrocarbon accumulation.If they were confirmed to be the source kitchen,the possibility that they could constitute potential plays would be overlooked in the subsequent exploration program.Based on the hydrocarbon exploration practice of the Jizhong Depression and the Erlian Basin in the past several years,this paper discusses a new understanding that reservoir distribution is controlled by multiple factors and lithological accumulations are more likely to form in trough areas.It further documents the three main factors controlling the formation of large lithological hydrocarbon accumulations in trough areas.The paper also discusses the new concept that structural and lithological accumulations not only co-exist but also complement each other.We propose that fan-delta fronts on inverted steep slopes in troughs,delta fronts and sublacustrine fans on gentle slopes,channel sands along toes of fault scarps are favorable locations for discovery of new oil accumulations.The application of this concept has led to the discovery of several hundreds of million tonnes of oil in place in trough areas in the Jizhong Depression and the Erlian Basin.

Main Controlling Factors and Accumulation Model of Chang 9 Reservoir in Northwest Ordos Basin, China

In northwestern Ordos Basin, the Triassic reservoir Chang 9 has favorable reservoir forming conditions, extensive reservoir development, and huge potential for oil exploration and exploitation. Studying the main controlling factors and accumulation model of Chang 9 reservoir in this area can provide a basis for the production targets, and assist in formulating reasonable development technology policy. In this paper, to explore and summarize the hydrocarbon accumulation model, the Chang 9 reservoir were analyzed from the aspects of oil source, fracture, oil migration, structure, lithology and reservoir physical properties for the main controlling factors in this area. Organic geochemical and geological comprehensive analysis that the oil-source of the Chang 9 reservoir in the northwest of Ordos Basin is derived from Chang 7 hydrocarbon source rocks. The fractures provide a sound channel for the "vertical multi-point filling" of the oil source from Chang 7 to Chang 9. The crude oil migrates vertically from Chang 7 to Chang 9, then expands horizontally to form a reservoir. Structures play an important role in controlling the distribution of reservoirs, the control by sand in small layer and physical property is also obvious. This paper creatively establishes the reservoir accumulation model of Chang 9 in northwest of Ordos Basin, which is characterized by Vertical multi-point filling, horizontal expansion becomes oil pool. It reveals the genetic mechanism of the development of Chang 9 multi-reservoir in the study area, which provides guidance for exploration and evaluation deployment.

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组常规—致密油藏主控因素及成藏模式

准噶尔盆地中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组油气资源丰富,是效益勘探及建产的重要领域。应用测录井、生产测试及岩心分析化验资料,研究中拐凸起东斜坡上乌尔禾组储层特征,明确储层差异性的主控因素,建立中拐凸起东斜坡常规—致密油藏序次分布的成藏模式。结果表明:自北部向南部,研究区逐步由常规油藏转化为致密油藏,沉积作用是造成储层差异性的物质基础,控制储层岩性及原始物性,压实作用和浊沸石胶结作用加剧储层常规—致密差异演化;研究区成岩相带划分为泥质充填带、贫泥—弱胶结带、浊沸石胶结带和强压实—弱溶蚀带4种相带,其中贫泥—弱胶结带为有利储层发育带。该结果为研究区致密油藏勘探提供指导。

玛湖凹陷及周缘白碱滩组勘探突破与新认识

为明确玛湖凹陷白碱滩组砂体分布规律和油气成藏模式,评价其油气勘探前景,综合钻井、测井、地震、分析化验等资料,系统梳理白碱滩组二段沉积规律和成藏特征。白碱滩组二段为辫状河三角洲—滩坝—浊积扇沉积序列,发育水下分流河道砂、滩坝砂和浊积砂3种不同类型的砂体,辫状河三角洲前缘亚相以河道砂为主,滨—浅湖发育滩坝砂,半深湖—深湖受坡折带控制发育多个浊积扇体,浊积砂呈朵叶状分布,建立了水下分流河道—滩坝—浊积扇的沉积控砂模式。研究区发育9大走滑断裂体系,其中,走滑断裂直通型、走滑断裂伴生型和走滑断裂接力型3种断裂组合能够有效沟通二叠系风城组烃源岩,作为油气垂向高效运移通道,白碱滩组二段整体具有走滑断裂通源、断裂砂体配置控藏和优质储集层富集的成藏模式。

远源致密砂岩气成藏主控因素及成藏概率定量评价——以四川盆地西南部中侏罗统沙溪庙组气藏为例

四川盆地西南部(以下简称川西南部地区)中侏罗统沙溪庙组致密砂岩气藏属于远源次生气藏,不同构造天然气富集差异性大,成藏主控因素不清。为此,基于远源致密砂岩气成藏条件分析,对比了川西南部地区沙溪庙组7个含气构造的成藏差异性,明确了成藏主控因素,在综合考虑控制致密砂岩气成藏差异性的各类地质因素的基础上,建立了远源致密砂岩气成藏概率的定量评价方法,并预测了天府气田简阳区块沙溪庙组天然气储量丰度。研究结果表明:(1)川西南部地区沙溪庙组主要发育构造—岩性气藏,天然气均源自下伏上三叠统须家河组煤系烃源岩,不同含气构造在天然气组分、储层特征、输导保存条件等方面存在明显差异;(2)烃源岩排烃能力奠定了物质基础,断—盖配置决定了天然气富集层系,断—储耦合控制着天然气聚集效率,储层品质决定了天然气富集规模;(3)烃源岩排烃能力指数、源—储距离指数、储层物性指数、储层厚度指数、断—盖耦合类型指数及断—储配置类型指数可作为评价致密砂岩气成藏概率指标,提出的远源致密砂岩气成藏概率指数(HAI)可用于该地区远源致密砂岩气地质储量预测。结论认为,HAI与储量丰度具有很好的正相关关系,并预测了天府气田简阳区块的HAI值为0.53,沙溪庙组气藏的储量丰度为1.32×10^(8)m^(3)/km^(2),提出的天然气成藏定量评价方法准确度较高,为川西南部地区沙溪庙组天然气勘探开发指明了方向。

特提斯洋与古亚洲洋协同演化控制下的塔里木台盆区油气富集效应

显生宙特提斯洋和古亚洲洋2大构造域演化历史对塔里木盆地产生了巨大的影响,其效应包括原型盆地的形成与沉积充填过程及油气成藏与调整改造等。原特提斯洋和古亚洲洋分别经历了扩张、俯冲-消减和关闭-碰撞造山过程。特提斯域经历了原特提斯、古特提斯和新特提斯3个阶段,具有此消彼长的关系。古亚洲洋在新元古代—古生代多陆-岛-洋的格架下经历了复杂的伸展—聚敛过程。受特提斯洋(昆仑-阿尔金分支洋)和古亚洲洋(南天山洋分支)协同演化控制,塔里木盆地经历了新元古代—早古生代和晚古生代—新生代2个从伸展—聚敛的巨型盆地旋回,与海平面升降和气候旋回匹配,形成了优质烃源岩、多类型规模性储层和盖层,构成了油气形成的优越物质基础。特提斯洋和古亚洲洋多圈层协同演化控制的油气富集效应体现在:①多类型盆地原型与后期构造改造决定了塔里木台盆区不同部位油气成藏与富集的差异性;②北部坳陷广泛分布的优质烃源岩,是塔北—顺托—塔中地区大型油气富集区形成的基础;③多期构造运动伴随的构造破裂与古岩溶作用造就了断控缝洞型和岩溶缝洞型2类各具特点且规模发育的储集体;④区内构造与地温场差异演化决定了油气聚集区内油气相态与次生改造的规律性变化。台盆区大型古隆起和不整合面、走滑断裂带、高能相带及其叠加区是油气有利目标区。

XH凹陷中南部背斜带油气分布特征与成藏主控因素

为了厘清XH凹陷中南部背斜带的油气成藏主控因素,解剖了中南部T气田、H气田、R气田等3个典型油气田。研究表明:中南部背斜带油气成因、来源和成藏期次一致,但油气分布却存在显著差异性,主要表现在富集程度、纵向分布层位和平面赋存位置3个方面。分析认为,造成油气分布差异性的主控因素为断裂系统、烃源岩分布、源-储构造叠合关系和断-砂耦合关系。断裂系统的差异性决定纵向上油气分布层位以及构造内部的差异化富集程度;平湖组煤系烃源岩成熟度和厚度分布的差异性决定区域油气富集程度;花港组源外成藏背景下,成藏期平湖组烃源层顶面构造与花港组储集层构造叠合关系决定局部构造汇烃强度;中南部花港组强水道化背景下,断层与砂体耦合关系决定单层油气成藏规模。

川西南部茅口组台洼边缘礁滩相新认识

四川盆地中二叠统茅口组已发现气藏多为裂缝孔洞型灰岩气藏,规模有限。近年来,川北地区YB7井和JT1井相继钻遇茅口组高能滩相储层并均获高产工业气流,取得了四川盆地茅口组台缘油气勘探的重要突破。为了更好地指导川西南部茅口组油气勘探,在沉积、地质及古地貌等基础研究上,结合最新高品质三维地震、时频重磁等资料发现:1)川西南部茅口组发育开阔台地-台洼边缘-斜坡-台内洼地沉积,台洼边缘礁滩相大规模分布,在三维地震剖面上“丘状、杂乱、断续中弱振幅”反射特征明显;2)川西南部北东向基底断裂发育,主要形成于晋宁期,在峨眉地裂时期重新活动,产生堑垒拉分格局,是茅口组台洼边缘形成的主控因素之一;3)茅口组台洼边缘礁滩相沉积叠加东吴期淡水岩溶,有形成规模优质储层基础,且其紧邻筇竹寺组生烃中心,基底断裂疏导,源储配置佳。研究对扩大川西南部勘探领域、增储上产具有一定指导意义。

Advances and problems in hydrocarbon exploration in the Tazhong area, Tarim Basin

Located in the middle of the Tarim Basin, Tazhong is a typical area of compound reservoirs rich in oil and gas found in the Carboniferous, Silurian and Ordovician strata. The proved, probable and possible reserves （3P reserves） in the area amount to 5×108 tons, so it is of great significance to study the advances and problems in hydrocarbon exploration in the Tazhong area. On the basis of exploration history and analysis of scientific problems, we outline eight achievements： distribution characteristics of reservoirs, stages of reservoir formation, different sources of oil and gas and their respective contributions, the effective regional caprock and reservoir-caprock combinations dominating the vertical distribution of hydrocarbon reservoirs, the control of the Tazhong Palaeo-uplift on reservoir formation and establishing geologic models, structure balance belts influencing the reconstruction and residual potential of reservoirs after accumulation, the rules and mechanisms of fractures controlling oil and gas, and the types of favorable reservoirs and their characteristics of controlling oil and gas distribution. We further point out the main problems about the oil and gas exploration in the Tazhong area and put forward some relevant proposals.

Controlling Factors and Accumulation Model of Hydrocarbon Reservoirs in the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation, Koulele Area, Termit Basin, Niger

Based on the sedimentary and tectonic background of the Termit Basin, this paper focuses on the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation and uses organic geochemistry, logging, oil testing and seismic data to analyze the primary control factors of the hydrocarbon accumulation and establish corresponding model in order to predict favorable exploration target zones of hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study demonstrates that the Upper Cretaceous Yogou Formation is a self-generation and self-accumulation type reservoir. The Yogou Formation hydrocarbon reservoirs in the Koulele area are controlled by four factors：（1） the source rock is controlled by a wide range of YS1-YS2 marine shale,（2） the sandstone reservoir is controlled by the YS3 underwater distributary channel and storm dunes,（3） migration of hydrocarbons is controlled by faults and the regional monocline structure, and（4） the accumulation of hydrocarbons is controlled by lateral seal. The structures in the western Koulele area are primarily reverse fault-blocks with large throws, and the structures in the east are dominantly fault-blocks with small throws（co-rotating and reverse） and a fault-nose. In the western Koulele area, where the facies are dominated by storm dunes on a larger scale, it is easier to form lithologic reservoirs of sandstone lens. In the eastern Koulele area, high-quality channel sandstone reservoirs, fault-blocks with small throws, and the monocline structure benefit for the formation of updip pinch out lithologic traps, fault lithologic reservoirs and fault-nose structural reservoirs. Future exploration targets should be focused in the western storm dunes zone and eastern distributary channel sand zone with small fault-blocks.

西非北部塞内加尔盆地油气富集规律与勘探方向

西非北部塞内加尔盆地是位于前寒武系—古生界结晶基底之上的巨型裂谷−被动陆缘叠合盆地。笔者基于地震、典型钻井、测井资料及国际油气商业数据库和勘探的最新成果,结合区域地质背景和盆地构造沉积演化特征,分析盆地油气成藏条件、成藏特征和富集规律,并预测未来勘探方向。研究表明,盆地经历前裂谷、同裂谷和被动陆缘3期构造演化阶段,盆地结构呈“北缓南陡”形态,具体表现为“北部窄陆架缓陆坡、南部宽陆架陡陆坡”特征。盆地发育裂陷期湖相和被动陆缘期海相两套烃源岩,裂陷期烃源岩对盆地深水区白垩系成藏具有重大贡献,被动陆缘期烃源岩在上覆地层较厚时才成熟。盆地可划分为3种油气成藏模式。①陆架区下生上储,断层沟通不整合,陆架三角洲前缘浊积砂岩成藏模式。②斜坡坡脚区下生上储、断砂配置输导、近源供烃成藏模式。③深水−超深水区下生上储,垂向运移,构造−地层型浊积砂岩成藏模式。陆架边缘三角洲前缘砂体、斜坡坡脚处的浊积水道和海底扇、深水区浊积水道和浊积扇是塞内加尔盆地重点勘探领域,深水区大型构造−地层圈闭为盆地最重要的勘探目标。

冀中坳陷束鹿潜山带油气成藏主控因素与成藏模式

近年来,束鹿潜山带油气勘探取得重大突破,展现出冀中坳陷南部潜山较大的油气勘探潜力。但是,潜山带油气成藏主控因素与成藏模式还未开展系统研究和总结,严重制约了研究区下一步的油气勘探。本论文基于大量的钻井、测录井、地球化学资料、样品测试分析以及盆地模拟的方法,系统剖析了束鹿潜山带不同类型潜山的油气成藏条件,揭示了油气成藏主控因素,并建立了油气成藏模式。结果表明,束鹿潜山带油气成藏主控因素为供烃条件、输导体系以及保存条件,其中供烃条件一定程度上控制了油气成熟度与分布,输导体系控制了油气的运聚和规模,而保存条件控制了原油性质与富集。束鹿潜山带的洼中隆潜山经历了古近系沙河街组二段(Es2)沉积末期—东营期(Ed)和明化镇期(Nm)—现今两期油气充注过程,为近源断层输导断背斜聚集的油气成藏模式;而斜坡带潜山只经历了明化镇期(Nm)—现今一期低熟—正常原油充注过程,为远源不整合输导反向断块-高潜山聚集的油气成藏模式。研究成果可为研究区潜山带油气成藏机理的认识和油气勘探提供科学依据。

川西拗陷东部斜坡沙溪庙组气藏断砂配置及成藏差异性

四川盆地川西拗陷东部斜坡地区早期勘探表明侏罗系沙溪庙组油气显示频繁,而测试产量却比较低,属于丰度及效果都偏低且动用难度大的气藏,主要原因是断砂配置十分复杂,且成藏模式及关键的控制因素尚未明确。为此,通过对钻井和岩芯实验数据进行分析,深化对沙溪庙组气藏成藏地质条件研究,解剖3个典型气藏。研究结果表明:(1)气藏以断控成藏为主;(2)成藏的先决条件为通源断层;(3)河道砂体及断层的较佳配置关系是其充分必要条件。基于不同形变程度区对二者配置关系的整理,设立起中江、高庙子中—强变形区沙溪庙组“网状供烃、断砂输导、高效运移”的成藏模式,得到结论认为:(1)河道砂体与通源断层配置关系有“三型七类”,结合构造演化细分中—强形变区为三种动态断砂配置类型,即早期成藏后期保持型、早期成藏后期调整型和早期未有效成藏型;(2)成藏主控因素总结为“源、相、位”—即烃源情况、储层沉积相和气藏位于构造部位;(3)将沙溪庙组气藏划分为富集区、有利区和较有利区,把富集区作为下一步勘探开发的目标。在新认识的指导下获得勘探商业发现,并实现当年发现当年建产,已建成规模气田。

松辽盆地三肇凹陷葡萄花油层油气成藏主控因素及成藏模式

针对松辽盆地三肇凹陷葡萄花油层油气富集主控因素不清的问题,运用测试资料和地震数据综合分析了油气成藏主控因素,并建立了油气富集模式,为油气勘探提供理论依据。研究结果表明:沉积微相控制了优质储层展布;油源断层和砂体组成优势输导通道;三肇凹陷发育了构造-岩性和岩性圈闭两大类构造,细分为鼻状构造-岩性圈闭、断层-岩性圈闭、低幅背斜-岩性圈闭、砂岩上倾尖灭圈闭4个小类,圈闭控制了研究区的油水分布,形成了沉积微相控储、油源断层和砂体控运移和圈闭控富集的油气成藏模式。该研究可为松辽盆地三肇凹陷葡萄花油层的勘探提供有效指导。

东营凹陷滩坝油气成藏主控因素与成藏模式

东营凹陷南坡东段沙四上亚段滩坝油藏具有良好的勘探潜力,由于滩坝储层分布复杂、油气成藏规律不清,制约了勘探工作的深入开展,因此需要对其油藏主控因素和成藏模式展开研究。通过对研究区有效储层、源藏关系与压力环境、断裂系统与优势运移路径等的综合分析,明确了控制油气成藏的主要因素,并建立了成藏模式。

古龙凹陷姚一段致密油藏成藏主控因素及成藏模式

综合地震、地质、地球化学、生产测试等资料,在古龙凹陷姚一段致密油藏类型和分布规律研究的基础上,明确其成藏主控因素及成藏模式。结果表明:古龙凹陷姚一段发育5种致密油藏,由古龙向斜向周缘斜坡由砂岩透镜体油藏变为上倾尖灭岩性油藏、断层-岩性油藏和断块油藏,鼻状凸起顶部为断背斜油藏;致密油藏的形成受烃源岩及超压分布、圈闭类型、油源断裂和优质储集层联合控制,青一段湖相泥岩不仅是致密油藏的物质基础,其形成的异常高压是古龙向斜致密油充注的主要动力;大规模成藏前各类圈闭已形成,两侧高部位构造圈闭和构造-岩性圈闭是致密油运移指向区以及有利的聚集部位,主成藏期开启的反转期断层是致密油垂向运移的主要通道,分流河道优质储集层是致密油聚集的有利储集层;各构造单元成藏主控因素和模式存在差异,古龙向斜为“超压驱动、断层垂向输导、局部甜点富集”成藏模式,新站鼻凸为“超压+浮力接力驱动、断层垂向输导、有利圈闭聚集”成藏模式,新肇斜坡为“超压+浮力联合驱替、断-砂接力运移、有利储集层聚集”成藏模式。

西非几内亚湾油气差异分布主控因素分析

西非几内亚湾蕴藏了极为丰富的油气资源,是国际油气勘探开发的热点地区。以西非几内亚湾尼日尔三角洲盆地、下刚果盆地、宽扎盆地和加蓬海岸盆地为例,在对其油气成藏条件进行研究的基础上,总结各盆地油气分布规律,并分析油气成藏主控因素。研究结果表明,西非几内亚湾4个主要含油气盆地油气成藏条件较为优越,发育盐下、盐间和盐上多套生储盖组合,其中尼日尔三角洲盆地和下刚果盆地以发育盐上生储盖组合为主,宽扎盆地以发育盐下生储盖组合为主,加蓬海岸盆地北加蓬次盆以发育盐上生储盖组合为主,南加蓬次盆以主要发育盐下生储盖组合为主。各盆地油气分布特征差异较大,尼日尔三角洲盆地油气分布具有纵向上“集中”、平面上“广泛”的特点,下刚果盆地具有“陆下海上”的特点,宽扎盆地具有“陆上海下”的特点,加蓬海岸盆地具有“北上南下”的特点。烃源岩是4个盆地油气成藏最主要、最直接的控制因素,其次是沉积构造演化作用和盐岩。

珠江口盆地神狐隆起北缘油气富集主控因素及成藏模式

珠江口盆地神狐隆起北缘邻近文昌A凹陷,油气分布不均。根据三维地震和钻井资料,分析生物标志物、碳同位素和流体包裹体特征等,研究珠江口盆地神狐隆起北缘油气分布特征,明确油气富集主控因素,探讨油气成藏模式。结果表明:研究区发育轻质和挥发型原油,主要来源于文昌A凹陷文昌组浅湖—半深湖相和恩平组浅湖相优质烃源岩;天然气为油型气,天然气组分中含CO_(2),靠近珠三南断裂转换带的油气藏中CO_(2)质量分数较高;神狐隆起北缘前排近洼带油气富集于珠江组二段,后排高部位油气富集于珠江组一段。神狐隆起北缘具有双源多期成藏和油气差异聚集特征,早期少量文昌组烃源岩生成原油充注,晚期大量恩平组烃源岩生成原油、一定规模天然气和CO_(2)充注;烃源岩分布和供烃面积控制油源规模,隆起区构造脊、区域盖层、断层共同控制油气运聚规律,圈闭位置和保存条件控制油气富集规模。神狐隆起北缘表现为双源供烃、断—脊—盖控运、阶梯运移、高点构造—岩性圈闭控聚、保存条件控富集的成藏特征。该结果对相似地质条件区带勘探具有指导意义。

塔里木盆地玉北地区奥陶系鹰山组油藏成藏特征及主控因素

油气成藏主控因素不明是目前制约玉北地区油气勘探的主要原因。玉北1断裂带成藏特征研究表明,玉北1井区奥陶系鹰山组油藏为受不整合控制的、与碳酸盐岩古岩溶有关的岩溶-缝洞型油气藏。鹰山组碳酸盐岩发育孔隙、孔洞、裂缝3类储集空间,从而形成裂缝-溶蚀孔洞型、裂缝型、孔洞型3类储层,其中裂缝-溶蚀孔洞型储层是该区最重要的储层类型。油藏范围主要受分布不均一的岩溶缝洞储集体控制,储层非均质性极强,具有大面积叠置连片和不均匀含油特点。鹰山组油藏经历多期成藏,海西晚期为主成藏期。油气成藏主控因素研究表明,玉北地区油气聚集成藏主要受油源、储层、输导体系和盖层的综合控制。油源是该区油气成藏的基础;断裂、不整合面构成的立体输导网络,为油气运移提供了优质的运移通道;储层发育程度控制了油气藏的形成及规模;巴楚组下泥岩段、中泥岩段等区域性盖层为油气保存提供了保障。在成藏特征和成藏主控因素分析的基础上建立了"断裂通源,网状输导,储层控富,海西晚期成藏,后期调整"的玉北地区奥陶系鹰山组油气成藏模式。