Classification and Integration of Storage and Transportation Engineering Technologies in Potato Producing Areas of China

Considering the development of potato （Solanum tuberosum） industry in China, the existing technologies of potato storage and transportation in the produc- ing area were analyzed through investigation on four main potato production areas. Unear classification was used to conduct the technology classification. According to the technical attributes and characteristics, the potato technologies of storage and transportation in producing area were classified with large classes, middle classes, small classes and subclasses, into the agricultural production area processing and storage engineering technology system, to reveal the structure and functions. Mean- while, the widely used technologies were integrated and summarized into 5 principal technology integration programs, which could be used for the technology integration of the new management subjects such as planting professional cooperatives, family farms, enterprises and so on.

Urban Expansion in Major Grain Producing Area from 1978 to 2017:A Case Study of Zhengzhou Metropolitan Area,China

The spatial form of urbanization in China has developed from single-core city expansion to a multi-center metropolitan area.However,little attention has been paid to the growth process of the emerging metropolitan area situated in major grain producing locations in the central China.Taking the Zhengzhou metropolitan area(ZZMA)as a case study,we developed an inverse S-shape model to characterize the spatial distribution of urban land density,and constructed an urban expansion core index,urban expansion intensity index,and urban compactness index to quantify the spatial structure change that has taken place from 1978 to 2017 during the process of urban expansion.Moreover,cropland contribution rate(CR)was constructed to evaluate the impacts of urban expansion on croplands.We uncovered four key findings.First,over the past 40 yr,the ZZMA has experienced dramatic expansion,and the central city of Zhengzhou expanded faster than other cities.The gravity centers of urban expansion of surrounding cities were moving toward to Zhengzhou City.Second,the urban land density decreased with the distance from the city center to the outskirts.As the only large city,Zhengzhou has experienced the fastest and most compact centralized urban expansion,especially after 2000,while other medium-and small-sized cities have experienced low-intensity decentralized expansion.Third,the urban core has been gradually expanding outward.From 1978 to 2017,the hot-zone of urban growth has moved progressively with the acceleration of urbanization.All cities except Jiaozuo had a single peak in different periods.Forth,the cities in national core grain-producing areas has higher cropland contribution rates and lower urban expansion areas,which was closely related to cropland protection.Further analysis showed that large city was relatively better positioned than smaller cities in the efficiency of their urban infrastructure and the effectiveness of wealth creation efficiency in the urbanized area could be tested in all cities,and the policy factor seemed to play an important role in the urban expansion process.

Do farmers care about climate change? Evidence from five major grain producing areas of China

Using a logistic model,this paper empirically investigated farmers’perception of climate change and its determinants based on a field survey of 1 350 rural households across five major grain producing provinces in China.The results show:i)There is an apparent difference in perception levels for long-term temperature and precipitation changes.Specifically,57.4%of farmers perceived the long-term temperature change correctly,but only 29.7%of farmers perceived the long-term precipitation change correctly;ii)The factors influencing the farmers’perceptions are almost completely different between precipitation and temperature,the former are mostly agriculture related,while latter are mostly non-agriculture related,except for farm size;and iii)Farmers are not expected to pay more attention to long-term precipitation changes over the crop growing seasons,because less than 30%of farmers can correctly perceive long-term precipitation change.Therefore,to improve the accuracy of farmers’perceptions of climate change,the government is recommended to:i)enhance education and training programs;ii)speed up land transfer and expand household land farm size;iii)develop farmer cooperative organizations;iv)invest more in agricultural infrastructure,specifically in major grain producing regions;and v)improve the agricultural environment and increase farming income.

Agricultural Production Structure Optimization: A Case Study of Major Grain Producing Areas, China

A large number of mathematical models were developed for supporting agricultural production structure optimization decisions; however, few of them can address various uncertainties existing in many factors （e.g., eco-social benefit maximization, food security, employment stability and ecosystem balance）. In this study, an interval-probabilistic agricultural production structure optimization model （IPAPSOM） is formulated for tackling uncertainty presented as discrete intervals and/or probability distribution. The developed model improves upon the existing probabilistic programming and inexact optimization approaches. The IPAPSOM considers not only food security policy constraints, but also involves rural households’income increase and eco-environmental conversation, which can effectively reflect various interrelations among different aspects in an agricultural production structure optimization system. Moreover, it can also help examine the reliability of satisfying （or risk of violating） system constraints under uncertainty. The model is applied to a real case of long-term agricultural production structure optimization in Dancheng County, which is located in Henan Province of Central China as one of the major grain producing areas. Interval solutions associated with different risk levels of constraint violation are obtained. The results are useful for generating a range of decision alternatives under various system benefit conditions, and thus helping decision makers to identify the desired agricultural production structure optimization strategy under uncertainty.

GC-MS Analysis on Form and Content of Phytosterol in the Beans from Different Producing Areas

This paper established the GC-MS method to analyze phytosterol in beans and study the content and distribution of phytosterol in green beans,red beans,black beans and soybeans in 5 main producing areas of China(Inner Mongolia,Heilongjiang,Jilin,Hebei,Shandong).This paper used GC-MS method to analyze the content and distribution of campesterol,stigmasterol,sitostanol,brassicasterol,ergosterol,cycloartanol,cycloartenol,2,4-methylenecycloartanol,spinasterol,cholesterol and cholestanol in the beans from different producing areas.Results showed that the content of sterol in green beans was higher than in three other kinds of beans,and the content of sterol in red beans was the lowest.Different producing areas had a significant impact on the content of sterol in beans,and the dominant producing areas included Inner Mongolia and Heilongjiang.The study provided a basis for quality assessment and nutritional evaluation of beans and provided a reference for traceability and variety distinction study of other edible beans.

GC-MS Analysis of Volatile Oils in Mango Leaves from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives]To analyze the composition of volatile oils from mango leaves from different producing areas.[Methods]The volatile oils in mango leaves from different areas was extracted by steam distillation,and the GC-MS method combined with retention index and peak area normalization method was used for qualitative and quantitative analysis.[Results]The volatile oils of mango leaves in southern provinces contained high content of terpenes,such asα-gurjunene(18.39%-34.13%),(+)-viridiflorene(8.95%-16.30%)and(E)-β-ocimene(3.49%-7.63%).The volatile oils components of mango leaves were significantly different in different provinces,for example,mango leaves produced in Hainan Province contained a large amount ofβ-selinene(23.00%),but not in other provinces.[Conclusions]The origin had a great influence on the composition and contents of volatile oils in mango leaves.

The Growth Path of Agricultural Labor Productivity in Major Grain Producing Areas

The growth of agricultural labor productivity in major grain producing areas arises from the increase in production factors or improvement of efficiency,and is related to the sustainability of agricultural economic growth and national food security. We study the growth path of agricultural labor productivity in 13 major grain producing areas of China,and the analysis results show that from the relative endowments of land and labor in major grain producing areas,the growth rate of the output value per unit of labor is higher than that of the productivity per unit of land; in essence,this growth path of increasing the output value relying on increasing the production factor inputs is the reduction of labor,and the reduction of agricultural labor has a great elasticity of impact on the total value of agricultural production. In the case of stable future number of agricultural labor in China,the growth of agricultural labor productivity will be impossible to rely more on the increase in agricultural production factor inputs,and the growth path of agricultural economy still has to rely on the improvement of land productivity and take the efficiency-based path.

On Regional Division of Suitable Producing Areas of Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza

With the aid of the Traditional Chinese Medicine Geographic Information System(TCMGIS-I),on the basis of planting base of Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza in Fangcheng County of Henan Province,we selected key ecological factors such as the temperature,altitude,soil type,and precipitation that affect growth of Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza,and analyzed ecological suitability of Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza in China and in Henan Province.Results show that Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza has large suitable area in China,up to 10 provinces.At the similitude degree of 90% to 100%,its suitable distribution area can reach 309 205 km 2 theoretically.Among the suitable areas,the distribution area is large in Sichuan,Shaanxi,Jiangsu,Hubei and Henan provinces,each of which up to 24 000 km 2.At the similitude degree of 80% to 90%,the suitable areas of Yu Salvia miltiorrhiza are mainly in Fangcheng,Xichuan,Dengzhou,Xinyang and Nanzhao counties,which are consistent with record of relevant data.

Technical Study on Extraction of Procyanidins in Lycium ruthenicum Murr. Using Sub-critical Fluid 1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane( R134a)and Content Determination from Different Producing Areas

[Objectives] To study the optimal conditions for extracting procyanidins fromLycium ruthenicum Murr. with sub-critical fluid R134 a( 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) in 1 L extraction kettle. [Methods]Taking the extraction rate of procyanidins as an indicator,the influence of pressure,temperature,and extraction time on extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. Ruthenicum Murr. was studied by single factor experimental methods and orthogonal array design. [Results]The order of factors affecting extraction rate of procyanidins was extraction temperature > extraction pressure > extraction time. The optimum extraction conditions were as follows: the extraction rate of procyanidins fromL. ruthenicum Murr. was the highest with extraction pressure of 1. 2 MPa,extraction temperature of 50℃ and extraction time of 90 min. The content of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr. from different producing areas was determined by vanillin-HCl method under the optimal conditions. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of easy operation,good selectivity,low extraction temperature and high extraction efficiency,which is suitable for extraction of procyanidins in L. ruthenicum Murr.

Study on Fluctuation of Grain Yield in China's Major Grain Producing Areas

By using the statistical data of grain yield in China's major grain producing areas from 1949 to 2008,and fluctuation theory,the historical process and main cause of fluctuation of grain yield in China's major grain producing areas are analyzed.The results of research show that the grain yield in China's major grain producing areas grows in unstable fluctuation,with high-frequency fluctuation cycle and regular length;the amplitude of fluctuation,on the whole,is moderate,with not strong stability;the fluctuation of grain yield has correspondence,reflecting the N-shape developmental trend of grain production at present;the fluctuation of grain yield has gradient characteristics;in the process of comparison of grain yield,the average growth rate annually of grain yield in China's major grain producing areas is higher than that of the national average,but the relative fluctuation coefficient is also higher than that of the national average.From five aspects,namely natural disaster,agricultural policy,production input,grain price and grain circulation,the cause of fluctuation of grain yield in China's major grain producing areas is analyzed,and measures of preventing and arresting super-long fluctuation of grain yield are put forward.Firstly,stick to strict farmland protection system,and strive to promote farmland quality;secondly,strengthen infrastructure construction of grain production and beef up the ability of preventing natural disaster;thirdly,quicken the pace of agricultural technology and establish robust technology supporting system;fourthly,lay stress on innovation of agricultural organization system and provide implementation path and vehicle for application of agricultural technology measures;fifthly,perfect disaster precaution system and grain market system,and strengthen the ability of preventing risk of grain production.

Industrial Policy Analysis of Restricted Development Zones in Western China——A Study of State-level Main Producing Areas of Agricultural Products and Key Ecological Functional Areas

As one of the important policies of promoting the formation of main functional areas, the industrial policy directly determines the sustainable growth of space control ability of main functional areas. A restricted development zone is a type of main functional area which provides agricultural products and ecological products, assures the supply of national agricultural products and the stability of ecosystems, as well as safeguards the ecological functions and agricultural functions of wider regions by restricting its own development. Therefore scientific, complete and operable industrial policy support is needed. Restricted development zones are distributed widely in western China. With the restriction of their main functions, differential industrial policies should be implemented in the development of the restricted development zones: Dealing well with the relationship between industrial development and ecological protection, developing special industries which are friendly to resources and environment and appropriate for local conditions, guiding and encouraging industries to learn from regions with favorable development conditions, orderly withdrawing industries and enterprises adverse to main functions, facilitating industrial structure upgrading, optimizing industrial organization, improving industrial technological level and rationalizing industrial layout.

Safety Limit Test of Heavy Metals and Pesticide Residues in the Zhuang Ethnic Medcine Herba Polygoni Chinensis from 13 Producing Areas

[Objectives]This study was conducted to determine the contents of such five heavy metals as lead(Pb),cadmium(Cd),arsenic(As),mercury(Hg)and copper(Cu)and the contents of nine kinds of organochlorine pesticide residues including total BHC(α-BHC,β-BHC,γ-BHC,δ-BHC)and total DDT(pp-DDE,pp-DDD,op-DDT,pp-DDT)and pentachloronitrobenzene in the Zhuang medicine Herba Polygoni Chinensis from 13 producing areas.[Methods]The five heavy metals were determined in accordance with the second method of general rule 2341,the inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method,in part 4 of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia;and the nine organochlorines were determined in accordance with the first method of general rule 2341,organochlorine pesticide residue determination method(chromatography),in part 4 of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia.[Results]In the Herba Polygoni Chinensis from 13 origins,the lead contents were in the range of 0.50-3.28 mg/kg;the cadmium contents were in the range of 0.06-4.21 mg/kg;the arsenic contents were in the range of 0.16-6.9 mg/kg;the copper contents were in the range of 10.5-45.1 mg/kg;the mercury contents were in the range of 0.00-0.003 mg/kg;and the nine organochlorines including the total benzene hexachloride(α-BHC,β-BHC,γ-BHC,δ-BHC),total DDT(pp-DDE,pp-DDD,op-DDT,pp-DDT)and pentachloronitrobenzene were all not detected.Referring to part 4 of the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia,the Cu and As of the Herba Polygoni Chinensis produced in Hezhou exceeded the standards,the Cu of the Herba Polygoni Chinensis produced in Wuzhou exceeded the standard,and the As of the Herba Polygoni Chinensis produced in Yulin City and Guilin City exceeded the standard.[Conclusions]This study provides safety limit test data for the development and utilization of Herba Polygoni Chinensis of the Zhuang medicine.

Characterization of mineral element fingerprints under soilcrop systems in eastern and western rice-producing areas of Jilin Province,China

To assess the indicative function of the fingerprint characteristics of mineral elements for small agricultural producing areas,20 sets of soil surface samples and corresponding rice samples were collected from Songyuan and Hunchun of Jilin Province,China.Forty-six mineral elements of brown rice,soil,and rice husk were examined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Ten characteristic elements(Li,Ag,Y,Bi,U,Eu,Er,Rb,Mo and As)were identified via multivariate statistics(Variance importance value analysis and rank sum test in SPSS and SIMCA software packages).The correlation of mineral elements in brown rice,soil,and rice husks of the two sample areas was analyzed and regression analysis models of characteristic mineral elements in brown rice were developed.The results indicate that a correlation exists among brown rice,soil,and rice husks in the same area,and the correlation tests using selected elements showed that all correlation coefficients were 0.65 or above.Differences in brown rice were found between different regions.Consequently,brown rice producing areas can be distinguished by the fingerprint characteristics of mineral elements.

Investigation and Green Prevention and Control Strategies of Pseudostellaria heterophylla Diseases in Genuine Producing Area in Zherong County

Zherong County of Fujian Province is a genuine producing area of Pseudostellaria heterophylla,and disease has become a main factor restricting the healthy development of P.heterophylla industry in the county.In order to scientifically understand the occurrence status of agricultural diseases and serve the GAP of P.heterophylla,P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County were investigated,and the information and regularity of diseases were summarized.P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County were infectious,and caused by fungi and viruses.The diseases occurred frequently in spring and summer,and symptoms were manifested in pathological changes of leaf and tuber.Eventually,green prevention and control strategies of diseases were put forward:cultivating new disease-resistant varieties,scientifically administrating drugs according to symptoms,administrating drugs in optimum period,strengthening biological control,strictly requiring drug safety period and paying attention to green prevention and control during the planting process.The occurrence of P.heterophylla diseases in Zherong County was investigated and summarized,and the corresponding strategies were put forward,so as to scientifically serve the agricultural industry in P.heterophylla genuine producing area,and to provide a basis for the sustainable development of modern pollution-free planting industry of P.heterophylla.

Research on the Formation Mechanism for the Co-agglomeration of Producer Services and Manufacturing in the Guangdong- Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

The Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area is witnessing a surge in economic development,showcasing robust resilience in the co-agglomeration of producer services and manufacturing industries,along with the increasingly evident impact generated by such co-agglomeration.Based on the panel data collected from ten cities in the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area(excluding Zhaoqing)spanning from 2010 to 2020,we examined the formation mechanism for industrial co-agglomeration in the area from three dimensions:industrial correlation,spatial correlation,and policy guidance.Our analysis was based on a vertical correlation model and was validated using the seemingly unrelated regressions(SUR)method.The findings are as follows:(a)There currently exists no spatial correlation between the producer services and manufacturing sectors in the area,and the correlation between the two remains limited to the former providing specialized services to the latter.(b)Policy guidance has a positive impact on the location selection of industries within the area.By implementing a comprehensive range of favorable policies,local governments can provide effective and scientifically guided recommendations regarding the location of producer services and manufacturing sectors.Therefore,it is crucial to foster the collaboration between producer services and manufacturing sectors and further enhance the co-agglomeration between the two sectors.In addition,the government authorities should also strive to enhance its economic governance capacity,thereby facilitating the formation of such co-agglomeration.

Fermented Corn Flour Poisoning in Rural Areas of China Ⅲ. Isolation and Identification of Main Toxin Produced by Causal Microorganisms

Flavotoxin A was isolated from Pseudomonas cocovenenans subsp. farinofermentans culture in semisolid potato-dextrose-agar medium, which was isolated from fermented corn meal that had caused food poisoning outbreaks in China. The isolation, purification, and chemical structure of this toxin were studied. The NMR spectra, the uv spectra, and molar extinction coefficients, and the mass spectra of Flavotoxin A are in good agreement with those reported for bongkrekic acid. Therefore, Flavotoxin A and bongkrekic acid are the same organic chemical compound; the molecular formula is C_(28)H_(38)O_7. The oral LD_(50) of the purified Flavotoxin A in mice was 3.16mg/kg (1.53-6.15mg/kg). The existence of bongkrekic acid in toxic fermented corn samples collected during food poisoning outbreaks was also confirmed. It is concluded that bongkrekic acid has played an important role in the outbreaks of fermented corn poisoning. 1989 Academic Press, Inc.

Investigation and Evaluation on Soil Heavy Metal Contents in Fruit Producing Area in Baise City,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region

[Objective] This study was conducted to investigate heavy metal conditions in fruit producing area in Baise City, Guangxi Province. [Method] Heavy metal contents in 106 soil samples collected from fruit producing area in Youjiang District, Baise City, Guangxi Province were analyzed, and soil heavy metal pollution condition in this area was estimated applying single factor index method and Hakanson＇ potential ecological risk index method with reference to the second grade of National Soil Environmental Quality Standard and soil background values of this area. [Result] According to the second grade of National Soil Environmental Quality Standard, soil heavy metals in this fruit producing area is at the level of no pollution; and the total potential ecological risk pollution risk （RI） of soil heavy metals was 97.7, indicating no risk. [Conclusion] The fruit producing area in Baise City, Guangxi Province is free of heavy metal pollution.

1.3 Billion Tons of Crude Oil Produced in Daqing Oil Area

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黄芩中国主产区栽培技术差异性调查分析

黄芩是常用的大宗药材,市场需求量大,为了解当前各产区黄芩栽培技术、管理水平、品质和产量的差异,对山西、陕西、甘肃、山东、河北、河南、内蒙古等我国黄芩主产区的生产现状进行调查,发现各主产区的生态环境、栽培方式、施肥技术、病虫害防治、采收加工等方面均存在一定差异。因此,建议当前应进行黄芩生态适宜性区分析及各产区适宜栽培技术研究,以便形成黄芩高产、优质、高效的栽培技术体系,进一步为黄芩栽培提质增效奠定基础。