Status of and Strategies for the Planning and Design, Maintenance and Management of Chinese Urban Green Land——Application of Ecological Concepts in This Field

The sustainability of the planning and design goals of urban green land and that of its maintenance and management are mutually related and act as an organic whole. For a long time, the independence of the two is more prominent than their organic connection. This research has made preliminary considerations from three aspects. First, it concerns infusing the concept of ecology, contemplating and demonstrating space, as well as reducing the incidence of plant diseases and insect pests of urban green land. Second, the arrangement of flowers and trees for the planning and design of urban green land should comply with the biological attributes of flowers and trees to realize the organic unification of biological and scenic attributes of flowers and trees. Third, the planning and design of urban green land should attach importance to the organic unification of biological and scenic attributes of lawn grass seeds and reduce the difficulty of maintaining lawn. This research attempts to reduce the pressure of maintaining urban green land from the beginning, i.e. the planning and design of urban green land. It also tries to reduce the cost of maintenance and management to the realize planning and design goals of urban green land and the sustainability concerning its maintenance and management and arrive at the mutual unification of the planning and design as well as maintenance and management of urban green land.

Statistic forecast of typhoons going over the Chinese coasts

According to the measured data of typhoons going over the Chinese coasts in 1949-2002, a statistic relative equation showing the relation between the central atmospheric pressure of typhoons in a certain region at a certain period of time and their accumulation of frequency is established, and the concept of recurrence interval of typhoons is put forward, which is of actual significance for typhoon disaster reduction along the coastal area.

AN ENSEMBLE FORECAST EXPERIMENT OF A LANDING TYPHOON

Based on the Global Regional Assimilation and Prediction System-Tropical Cyclone Model(GRAPES-TCM),an ensemble forecast experiment was performed,in which Typhoon Wipha during the period immediately prior to landfall was selected for the study and the breeding of growing mode(BGM) method was used to perturb the initial conditions of the vortex field and the environment field.The results of the experiment indicate that each member had a different initial status in BGM processing and they show a reasonable spread among members along with the forecast phase.Changes in the large-scale field,thermodynamic structure,and spread among members took place when Wipha made landfall.The steering effect of the large-scale field and the interaction between the thermodynamics and the dynamics resulted in different tracks of the members.Meanwhile,the forecast uncertainty increased.In summary,the ensemble mean did not perform as well as the control forecast,but the cluster mean provided some useful information,and performed better than the control in some instances.The position error was 34 km for 24 h forecast,153 km for 48 h forecast,and 191 km for 66 h forecast.The strike probability chart qualitatively described the forecast uncertainty.

ASYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION OF CONVECTION ASSOCIATED WITH TROPICAL CYCLONES MAKING LANDFALL ON THE EAST CHINA COAST

The asymmetric distribution of convection associated with tropical cyclones making landfall on the east China coast is studied with black-body temperature (TBB) data from Fengyun-2 (FY-2) geostationary weather satellite. The convection in various quadrants of the TCs is examined for the period of -24 to 6 h relative to landfall. The convection to the southern side of the TCs was much more intense than that to the northern side during the whole landfall period. The convection to the western side of the TCs was stronger than that to the eastern side for the time -8 h before and at the landfall. After landfall, the situation reverses. The asymmetric convection of the TCs was partly due to the vertical wind shear and storm motion, and partly because the process of landfall restrained the convection in relevant quadrants. Besides, the orographic uplift along the east of China was favorable to the enhancement of convection in the eastern side of the TCs. From the characteristics of convective asymmetry of the TCs landing on the south and east of China, it is known that their main difference might be the included angle between the TC path and the coastline as well as the terrain along the coast.

QUALITY CONTROL OF SINGLE DOPPLER RADAR DATA AND RETRIEVAL OF HORIZONTAL WIND FOR A LANDING TYPHOON

The removal of noise and velocity ambiguity and retrieval and verification of horizontal wind field is a prerequisite to make the best and fullest use of Doppler radar measurements. This approach was applied to the Doppler radar data collected during August 2005 for a landing typhoon Matsa (0509) in Yantai, Shangdong Province, and the verified result shows that the quality control for this dataset was successful. The horizontal wind field was retrieved and then verified by studying the characteristics of the radar radial velocity and large-scale wind field and the vertical cross section of the radial velocity determined with the typhoon center as the circle center and comparing it with satellite imagery. The results show that the meso- and small-scale systems in Matsa and its horizontal and vertical structure could be clearly retrieved using the dataset collected by single Doppler radar, and a shear or a convergence was corresponding with a band of severe storm around Matsa. At the same time, the retrieved wind field from single Doppler radar is proved to be a reliable and high-resolution dataset in analyzing the inner meso-scale structure of Matsa. It is also proved that the method for removing the velocity ambiguity could be an effective approach for preliminary quality control of the Doppler radar data, and the VAP method could also be a reasonable solution for the analysis of mesoscale wind field.

A preliminary analysis of physical mechanism of transformation process from a landed typhoon into an extratropical cyclone

A diagnostic study is performed in the paper on the process of typhoon Norris (1980) transforming into an ex-tratropical cyclone after its landing over Southeast China. The main findings are as follows:The changes of kinetic energy are mainly attributed to the generation due to non-divergent wind. During the early stage of the typhoon landing, there exits only a small quantity of kinetic energy exchanging with the environment. And after it is transformed into an extratropical cyclone, a large amount of kinetic energy is exported from the system toward the environment.The horizontal and vertical flux-divergence terms of eddy available potenlial energy are the prominent sinks in the budgets of eddy kinetic energy. The generations of eddy kinetic energy due to both the barotropic and baroclinic processes are source terms. The former is remarkable during the initial stage. But after the depression is transformed into an extratropical cyclone, the roles of the generation by the barotropic and baroclinic processes are reversed, 1. e. , the latter has become more significant than the former.Diabatic heating is the most dominant heat source. The terms of vertical heat flux by cumulus and large-scale motion are the major sinks. And the latter is prominent after the system is transformed into an extratropical cycfone.

The Greening Construction and Technology of the Management in the Lop Nur Potash Mine

Lop Nur potash mine greening projects is located in the heart of the Lop Nur, known as the ＂green zone ban＂. The project overcomes the extreme drought, high temperature, gale and dust salt and salt, and many other adverse environmen- tal factors. Adopted the suitable salt improvement measures and management tech- nology, the artificial green has emerged in the sea of death. At the same time the greening project improved the office environment of mining area, and shaped ex- treme environment greening projects successful cases.

Effects of cluster land reclamation projects on storm surge inJiaojiang Estuary,China

Variations in coastline geometry caused by coastal engineering affect tides, storm surges, and storm tides. Three cluster land reclamation projects have been planned for construction in the Jiaojiang Estuary during the period from 2011 to 2023. They will cause significant changes in coastline geometry. In this study, a surge-tide coupled model was established based on a three-dimensional finite-volume coastal ocean model （FVCOM）. A series of numerical experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of variations in coastline geometry on tides, storm surges, and storm tides. This model was calibrated using data observed at the Haimen and Ruian gauge stations and then used to reproduce the tides, storm surges, and storm tides in the Jiaojiang Estuary caused by Typhoon Winnie in 1997. Results show that the high tide level, peak storm surge, and high storm tide level at the Haimen Gauge Station increased along with the completion of reclamation projects, and the maximum increments caused by the third project were 0.13 m, 0.50 m, and 0.43 m, respectively. The envelopes with maximum storm tide levels of 7.0 m and 8.0 m inside the river mouth appeared to move seaward, with the latter shifting 1.8 km, 3.3 km, and 4.4 km due to the first project, second project, and third project, respectively. The results achieved in this study contribute to reducing the effects of, and preventing storm disasters after the land reclamation in the Jiaojiang Estuary.

温差对隧道洞口地表沉降影响的监测分析研究

乌尉高速公路是国家公路网G7北京至乌鲁木齐国家高速公路乌鲁木齐至若羌展望线的重要组成部分,为连接天山南北的纵向大通道,全线具有严寒、多风、大温差等气候条件。研究通过对该线路前峡2号隧道在建隧道洞口地表沉降速度和温差进行中长期监测,探究大温差与隧道洞口地表沉降发展间的密切关系,并阐释其机理,以期为严寒大温差地区隧道的高质量建设、养护及相关研究提供参考。

KQLandPS在安徽省农村土地二调中的应用

第二次土地调查是一项重大的国情国力调查,目的是全面查清全省土地利用现状,掌握真实的土地基础数据,建立和完善土地调查、统计和登记制度,实现土地调查信息的社会化服务,满足经济社会发展及国土资源管理的需要。本文以濉溪县为例,介绍安徽省农村土地二调内业建库流程及数据库维护步骤,发现并解决了内业建库过程中遇到的一些问题。

高、低空急流耦合对山东“利奇马”台风暴雨增幅影响的诊断研究

受登陆北上台风“利奇马”等影响,2019年8月9~12日山东省出现连续暴雨,其中10日夜间出现降雨峰值。利用中国气象局上海台风研究所(Shanghai Typhoon Institute of China Meteorological Administration,简称CMA-STI)热带气旋最佳路径数据、山东省自动气象站逐时降雨量、常规观测资料、中国风云二号地球静止气象卫星(FY-2G)0.1°×0.1°逐小时云顶相当黑体亮温和美国环境预报中心(National Center of Environmental Prediction,简称NCEP)1°×1°逐6 h再分析等资料,主要运用纬向风局地变化方程与大气动能方程,诊断分析降雨明显增幅与高、低层风场变化的关系。结果表明:(1)暴雨主要影响系统有高低空急流、500 hPa西风槽、850 hPa台风倒槽及“利奇马”本体环流等。10日200 hPa中纬度大尺度西南风急流东南移影响鲁西北,当天08:00(北京时,下同)850 hPa因双台风活动而形成的大尺度东南风急流突然北伸越过山东省。台风倒槽对流云与本体环流对流云先、后北移经鲁中,累积效应造成该地区10日夜间雨量最大。(2)10日20:00850 hPa章丘站东北侧出现了过程最快东风增幅,纬向运动方程诊断结果表明,东风平流是东风增加最主要原因,地转偏向力项则不利于东风增加。(3)10日20:00章丘站200 hPa西南风风力明显加大形成急流,10日08:00至11日08:00青岛站850 hPa维持东南风低空急流。同时位于高空急流右后侧与低空急流左前方是鲁中附近10日夜间降雨增幅的重要原因。章丘200 hPa与青岛850 hPa都是在最大风力之前12 h动能增加最快。动能方程诊断表明,最有利于鲁西北高空急流形成的是位能平流项,最有利于鲁东南低空急流形成的是动能垂直通量散度项。(4)10日20:00至13日08:00“利奇马”本体环流一直在影响山东,暴雨期间山东中部地形的动力作用也一直存在,而降雨的峰值是出现在10日夜间,说明10日20:00前后高、低空急流的耦合可能是山东暴雨增幅的主要影响因子。其主要作用至少有加强山东中部的垂直运动、整层水汽输送与静力不稳定度等方面。

1949–2022年海南岛登陆台风特征数据集

海南岛是我国受台风影响最频繁、灾害损失最严重的地区之一。探究海南岛登陆台风的特征、活动规律及变化趋势,对于台风防灾减灾工作具有重要意义。本研究基于中国气象局热带气旋资料中心和中国台风网数据,筛选并提取出登陆海南岛的台风及其每6 h的中心经纬度信息,应用Arc GIS平台和相关数学方法,计算得到台风登陆点经纬度、登陆时间、登陆时风速和强度、登陆时台风行进速度以及海南岛各市县台风过境频次和路径长度等数据,制作了1949–2022年海南岛登陆台风特征数据集。通过与其他台风数据源及历史台风事件记录对比验证,本数据集具有较高的可信度和准确性,在时空尺度上更加精确,提供的数据也更加全面,可直接用于海南岛登陆台风时空特征变化分析,也可为评估县市尺度的台风致灾危险性和台风灾害风险提供数据支撑。

Relationship of atmospheric boundary layer depth with thermodynamic processes at the land surface in arid regions of China

The atmospheric boundary layer （ABL） is an important physical characteristic of the Earth＇s atmosphere. Compared with the typical ABL, the ABL in arid regions has distinct features and is formed by particular mechanisms. In this paper, the depth of the diurnal and nocturnal ABLs and their related thermodynamic features of land surface processes, including net radiation, the ground-air temperature difference and sensible heat flux, under typical summer and winter conditions are discussed on the basis of comprehensive observations of the ABL and thermodynamic processes at the land surface carried out in the extreme arid zone of Dunhuang. The relationships of the ABL depth in the development and maintenance stages with these thermodynamic features are also investigated. The results show that the depth of the ABL is closely correlated with the thermodynamic features in both development and maintenance stages and more energy is consumed in the development stage. Further analysis indicates that wind velocity also affects ABL development, especially the development of a stable boundary layer in winter. Taken together, the analysis results indicate that extremely strong thermodynamic processes at the land surface are the main driving factor for the formation of a deep ABL in an arid region.

2203号台风“暹芭”的路径预报偏差及思考

针对2022年第3号台风“暹芭”的主要特点和预报难点问题进行分析和研究,得出如下主要结论:“暹芭”是2022年首个登陆我国的台风,在华南登陆减弱后,其残余环流继续北上,与西风带系统共同影响我国华中、华东、华北及东北等地的部分地区;累计雨量大、风雨强度强;台风外围出现多个龙卷。主要的预报难点问题有:弱台风准确定位问题表现突出,引进新的卫星产品有助于提高定位精度;72 h路径预报的偏差问题主要是由于模式对东台风、大陆高压和南压高压、西风急流等关键系统的预报偏差引起;台风登陆后北上长时间维持(含减弱后的残涡)的预报问题需关注持续的水汽通道和高层出流条件变化。

EL NIO AND TYPHOON ACTION OVER THE WESTERN PACIFIC

In the El Ni?o year, the positive anomaly of SST begins in March-ApriI and continues about one year or more; the maximum positive anomaly occurs in November-December and may reach to 1°C. If a negative anomaly of SST in the equatorial castern Pacific area takes place the year is called an inverse El Ni?o year.

2023年台风杜苏芮登陆后残涡维持的热力和动力机制研究

利用ERA5再分析数据和多源观测资料,分析2023年西北太平洋第5号台风杜苏芮登陆后台风残余旋涡(以下简称残涡)先减弱后增强过程,台风残涡的维持阶段出现在7月29日夜间至30日白天。研究发现,残涡维持阶段一直保持了暖心结构,并未发生变性过程;而残涡中心东北侧出现了明显的水汽辐合和湿位涡增加。“杜苏芮”残涡中心在北上过程中,北侧遭遇带状副热带高压阻挡移速减慢,对流层中高层副热带高压引导下的干冷气流进一步加剧了与中低层残涡和暖湿气团之间的温湿梯度,使得残涡北侧出现明显的等熵面倾斜,而倾斜涡度发展形成的动力抬升作用促发了残涡气旋性涡度的垂直发展。同时,残涡仍能从土壤湿度增加中获得一定的地表潜热释放加热。残涡东北侧出现的水汽径向流入和垂直上升运动释放的大量凝结潜热,也为残涡的维持和加强提供了必要条件。

重庆市级重大项目菖蒲盖景区农旅融合亚高山草场修复与养护

介绍重庆市酉阳县菖蒲盖亚高山草场概况,以及草场存在的水土流失、植被退化、景观效果不佳等问题。藉此提出清杂、整地、灌溉排水、土壤改造、植草等对草场加以生态修复的技术措施,以及相应的草场维护和景观养护措施。通过实施生态修复,认为初步取得了预期效果。

洞庭湖区耕地多功能时空演变及权衡与协同关系分析

为了解洞庭湖区耕地多功能时空演变特征,及各功能之间的权衡与协同关系,促进该地区粮食增产、生态安全和社会经济保障。本研究运用了熵权法、层次分析法、综合指数法及Spearman相关系数方法对研究区2000—2020年耕地的物质生产、生态维持和社会保障功能进行综合评价。结果表明,2000—2020年研究区物质生产功能呈先下降后上升的趋势,农业基础条件相对较好的西部地区其功能等级在空间上较强;生态维持功能变化不大,功能等级较强区域集中在西部,东部相对较弱;社会保障功能总体呈先下降后上升的趋势,东部功能等级在空间上强于西部。20年间社会保障功能与生态维持功能存在权衡关系,说明社会保障的提升对生态环境有一定影响;物质生产功能与社会保障功能由权衡关系转变为协同关系,说明粮食增产在一定程度上可以促进居民生活水平的提高;物质生产功能与生态维持功能经历了协同—权衡—协同的变化过程,说明近年来研究区在稳定提高粮食增产的过程中越来越注重对生态环境的保护。对研究区耕地多功能时空演变及权衡与协同关系进行分析,为合理制定耕地保护政策,提高居民生活水平提供参考。

Effects of typhoon "KAI-TAK" on deep ocean ambient noise in the South China Sea

By investigating the effects on deep ocean ambient noise of typhoon ＂KAI-TAK＂ which passed the north area of the South China Sea,it is shown that the wind speed,the rainfall intensity and the long wave swell caused by typhoon affect the ocean ambient noise significantly.The correlation between the ocean ambient noise and the wind speed during the typhoon is much better than that in the non-typhoon period in the same Beaufort scale.Analysis of the correlation between the 415 h ocean ambient noise measured data and wind speed shows that,when the frequency is greater than 300 Hz,the correlation coefficient between the ocean ambient noise and the wind speed is greater than 0.5,achieving a moderate correlation;when the frequency is greater than 630 Hz,the correlation coefficient is between 0.8 and 0.9,achieving a high degree of correlation.The correlation between the ocean ambient noise and the wind speed is better than that between the ocean ambient noise and the significant wave height when the frequency is greater than 300 Hz.The correlation between the ocean ambient noise and the wind speed in infrasonic band from 10 Hz to 20 Hz is poor in the South China Sea,because the shipping is busy in this sea area and the ocean ambient noise is contaminated by the ship noise even during the typhoon.

基于NM7000B的仪表着陆系统设备健康管理系统设计

故障预测与健康管理的提出和相关技术的发展为解决设备状态信息的实时感知、维修保障需求的快速响应提供了有效技术途径。文章对此提出以NM7000B为基础的仪表着陆系统模拟器改装方案。该系统采用数据模型仿真以展示设备运行状态并预测设备运行趋势。文章选择国内某大型枢纽机场信息系统提供的数据进行仿真测试。研究结果证明,文章提出的健康管理系统能有效应用于仪表着陆系统的运维,具有较高的估计精度。