Effects of Slow-release Nitrogen on Dry Matter Accumulation,Translocation and Yield of Summer Maize

[Objectives]This study was conducted to investigate the effects of slow-release nitrogen fertilizer on dry matter accumulation and translocation of summer maize.[Methods]With Zhoudan 9 as the test variety,six different treatment were set up:blank control(CK1),slow-release urea 75 kg/hm^(2)(C1),slow-release urea 150 kg/hm^(2)(C2),slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C3),slow-release urea 300 kg/hm^(2)(C4)and ordinary urea 300 kg/hm^(2)(CK2),to study the change law of dry matter accumulation and translocation in summer maize.[Results]Treatment slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C4)showed summer maize yield,dry matter translocation between organs,grain contribution rate and proportion of grain dry matter in the full ripe stage higher than other treatments.Considering the weight loss and cost factors,slow-release urea 225 kg/hm^(2)(C3)could be recommended as the fertilizing amount for summer maize.[Conclusions]This study provides theoretical reference for rational selection of fertilizers for reducing fertilizer application and increasing fertilizer efficiency,and for production of summer maize in Shajiang black soil region.

Effects of Intercropping Patterns on Dry Matter Accumulation and Transportation of Maize(Zea mays L.) and Soybean[Glycine max(L.) Merrill]

[Objective] The aim was to discuss the group dry matter accumulation and economic benefits under the patterns of intercropping maize （Zea mays L.） with soy-bean [Glycine max （L.） Merril ]. [Methods] Zhengdan-958 and Luhuang-1 were used as the testing breeds to study the effects of intercropping patterns on dry matter accumulation and transportation of maize and soybean in Huang-huai-hai. [Results] For maize, the dry matter accumulation amounts per hectare of intercropping was significant higher than that of the monoculture patterns, especial y after silking, when it reached extremely level; while for soybean, the dry matter accumulation amounts before flowering and after flowering of monocropping were al significantly higher than that of the intercropping patterns. For both maize and soybean, the transfer amounts of monocropping were al significantly or extremely significantly higher than that of intercropping; and the transfer ratio of maize intercropping was 0.59% higher than that of maize monocropping, while for soybean, it was 4.74% higher. Fitted dry matter accumulation with Logistic equation, it showed that the difference in maximum dry matter accumulation rate between maize monocropping and intercropping reached significant level, while for soybean, the maximum dry matter accumulation rate and its appearance time as wel as duration time between intercropping and monocropping were al reached significant level. The total land equivalent ratio of intercropping was 1.30. From yield and output value, the total yield of intercropping were 10.97 t/hm2, 0.64% and 326.85% higher than monocropping of maize and soy-bean, respectively. The total output value of intercropping was 25 796.23 yuan/hm2, respectively 12.67% and 104.68% higher than of maize and soybean monocropping. [Conclusion] The study lays a basis for improving grain yield and economic benefits.

Dynamic Simulating to the Accumulation and Distribution of Dry Matter for Black Walnut(Juglans hindsii) Seedlings

It is very important to study eco-physiological processes of plants and to determine quantitative relations between accumulation, distribution of dry matter and environmental factors for regionalization, standardization and precision agriculture. Meanwhile, global changes, e.g., atmospheric CO2 concentration rising, global warming, and climate abnormity, have been effecting on agricultural productivity. This study provides a theoretical basis for predicting productive potentials and development trends in different agricultural regions. One-year-old black walnut （Juglans hindsii） seedlings were employed as subjects for setting up the dynamic models of dry matter accumulation and distribution, based on mechanistic models of photosynthesis, matter conservation and concentration gradient. Under optimum conditions of soil moisture and mineral nutrient, during the period of the canopy construction, the dry matter accumulation of the canopy conformed to logistic curves; but the accumulation of both total biornass and dry matter of stem-root could be divided into two phases： the first phase was exponential increase, the second was linear increase. The total biomass, dry matter of canopy and stem-root all presented a fluctuant increase, which was affected by the environmental factors. Ratio of daily increase of dry matter in the canopy and the steem-root （dWJdWs） was changeable along with growth periods and environmental factors. At the initial stage of the canopy forming, dW/dWs was larger, about 3.2 on average, which indicated that the photosynthetic product was mainly used to develop leaves; in the midterm, it was about 1.9, which indicated that the distribution of dry matter in the canopy and in the stem-root was relatively balanced; when the plant tended to stop growing, dWl/dWs decreased linearly, and the main distribution of dry matter moved to the roots.

Influence of Straw Incorporation on Maize Yield,N Accumulation and Remobilization on Slope Farmland in Northeast China

Slope farmland is a main type of agricultural land throughout northeast China.Long-term high intensity utilization and unreasonable farming have caused the deterioration of soil resources and a decrease in crop production.Here,it was hypothesized that crop straw incorporation might help to reduce nutrient losses and increase maize yields across time and space.A field experiment for testing straw management practices on maize across three slope positions(top,back and bottom slopes)was conducted in Northeast China in 2018 and 2019.In this study,the dry matter accumulation(DMA),N accumulation(NA),N remobilization,postsilking N uptake and grain yield were measured under SI(straw incorporation)and NSI(no straw incorporation)across three slope positions of 100-m-long consecutive black soil slope farmland during the maize(Zea mays L.)growth stages.Compared with NSI,SI significantly increased DMA and NA at the silking and maturity stages.SI typically increased the N remobilization in all slope positions,and significantly increased N remobilization efficiency and contribution of N remobilization to grain on the back and bottom slopes.However,post-silking N uptake was only increased by SI on the top slope.SI generally increased the crop yield in three slope positions.In the SI treatments,the bottom slope was the highest yield position,followed by the top,and then the back slopes,suggesting that the bottom slope position of regularly incorporated straw might have increased the potential for boosting maize yield.Overall,the study demonstrated the outsized potential of straw incorporation to enhance maize NA and then increase the grain yield in black soil slope farmland.

Combined effects of high temperature and waterlogging on yield and stem development of summer maize

The purpose of this study was to identify the physiological mechanism underlying the effects of high temperature and waterlogging on summer maize.The stem development and yield of the maize hybrid Denghai 605 in response to high-temperature stress,waterlogging stress,and their combination applied for six days at the third-leaf,sixth-leaf,and tasseling stages were recorded.The combined stresses reduced lignin biosynthetic enzyme activity and lignin accumulation,leading to abnormal stem development.Reduction of the area and number of vascular bundles in stems led to reduced dry matter accumulation and allocation.Decreased grain dry weight at all three stages reduced grain yield relative to a control.In summary,high temperature,waterlogging,and their combined stress impaired stem development and grain yield of summer maize.The combined stresses were more damaging than either stress alone.

Characterization of low-N responses in maize(Zea mays L.) cultivars with contrasting nitrogen use efficiency in the North China Plain

Over-use of N fertilizer in crop production has resulted in a series of environmental problems in the North China Plain(NCP).Thus,improvement of nitrogen use efficiency(NUE)in summer maize has become an effective strategy for promoting sustainable agriculture in this region.Using twenty maize cultivars,plant dry matter production,N absorption and accumulation,yield formation,and NUE in summer maize were investigated under three N levels in two growing seasons.Based on their yield and yield components,these maize cultivars were categorized into four groups including efficient-efficient(EE)cultivars,high-nitrogen efficient(HNE)cultivars,low-nitrogen efficient(LNE)cultivars and nonefficient-nonefficient(NN)cultivars.In both two seasons,the EE cultivars improved grain yield together with increased plant biomass,and enhanced accumulative amounts as well as higher average grain yields than the other cultivar groups under deficient-N conditions.Significant correlations were observed between yield and kernel numbers(KN),dry matter(DM)amount and N accumulation at both post-silking and maturity stages.DM and N accumulation at late growth stage(i.e.,from silking to maturity)contributed largely to the enhanced yield capacity and improved NUE under N-deficient conditions.Compared with the NN cultivars,the EE cultivars also showed increased N assimilation amount(NAA)and N remobilization content(NRC),and elevated N remobilization efficiency(NRE),NUE and nitrogen partial factor productivity(PFPN).Our investigation has revealed N-associated physiological processes and may provide guidance for cultivation and breeding of high yield and NUE summer maize under limited N conditions in the NCP.

Effects of post-silking water deficit on the leaf photosynthesis and senescence of waxy maize

Waxy maize is widely cultivated under rainfed conditions and frequently suffers water shortage during the late growth stage.In this study,a pot trial was conducted to examine the effects of post-silking drought on leaf photosynthesis and senescence and its influence on grain yield.Two waxy maize hybrids,Suyunuo 5(SYN5)and Yunuo 7(YN7),were grown under the control and drought(soil moisture content was 70–80%and 50–60%,respectively)conditions after silking in 2016 and 2017.The decrease in yield was 11.1 and 15.4%for YN7 and SYN5,respectively,owing to the decreased grain weight and number.Post-silking dry matter accumulation was reduced by 27.2%in YN7 and 26.3%in SYN5.The contribution rate of pre-silking photoassimilates transferred to grain yield was increased by 15.6%in YN7 and 10.2%in SYN5,respectively.Post-silking drought increased the malondialdehyde content,but decreased the contents of water,soluble protein,chlorophyll,and carotenoid in the leaves.The weakened activities of enzymes involved in photosynthesis(ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase)and antioxidant system(catalase,superoxide dismutase and peroxidase)reduced the photosynthetic rate(Pn)and accelerated leaf senescence.The correlation results indicated that reduced Pn and catalase activity and increased malondialdehyde content under drought conditions induced the decrease of post-silking photoassimilates deposition,ultimately resulted in the grain yield loss.

授粉期高温胁迫对夏玉米植株形态、叶片光合及产量的影响

针对黄淮海地区花期高温影响夏玉米安全生产的问题,本研究以热敏感型品种‘先玉335’为试验材料,以大田常温为对照(CK),设置授粉期高温处理(HT),研究授粉期高温胁迫对夏玉米植株形态、叶片光合特性、干物质积累与分配及产量形成的影响。结果表明:2021年和2022年,HT处理的冠层最高温度超过40℃的天数分别为7 d和8 d,高温处理期间冠层最高温度分别较CK高1.7~6.8℃和1.5~4.6℃。HT处理显著提高了夏玉米株高和穗位高,对茎粗和叶面积无显著影响,但延缓了生育后期叶片衰老,2021年和2022年成熟期的叶面积较CK分别显著提高34.69%和163.72%。高温处理期间,HT处理的玉米叶片气孔导度、蒸腾速率和胞间CO_(2)浓度显著升高(P<0.05,P<0.01),叶片羧化效率、气孔限制值和水分利用效率显著降低(P<0.05,P<0.01);叶片净光合速率随处理温度而变化,处理温度过高(一般>40℃时)则显著降低(P<0.05),反之则显著升高(P<0.05)或无显著变化,叶片整体光合性能下降。高温胁迫解除后,HT处理的叶片光合性能相关参数逐渐与CK趋于一致。经授粉期高温胁迫处理后,玉米茎秆、叶片、苞叶、穗轴和单株干重降低,其中穗轴干重降幅最大,而雄穗和花丝干重增加,使得干物质向茎秆、叶片、雄穗、花丝等部位的分配比例增加,而向穗轴的分配比例显著减少(P<0.05)。至成熟期,HT处理造成玉米籽粒和单株干重显著减少48.32%和16.71%(P<0.05),而玉米茎秆和叶片干重显著增加35.01%和9.48%(P<0.05)。HT处理的结实率和穗粒数分别显著下降54.43%和53.19%(P<0.05),百粒重显著提高10.13%(P<0.05),但籽粒产量显著降低46.82%(P<0.05)。综上,授粉期高温胁迫增强了玉米叶片气孔蒸腾,增加了胞间CO_(2)浓度,降低了叶片羧化效率和水分利用效率,导致植株整体光合性能下降,制约了光合同化物积累及向穗部的转移分配,导致结实率显著下降,穗粒数显著减少,制约了花后光合同化物从“源”(茎秆和叶片)向“库”(籽粒)的转运,最终导致籽粒产量大幅下降。

施氮与种间距离下大豆/玉米带状套作作物生长特性及其对产量形成的影响

为明确施氮和种间距离下套作作物生长特性及其对产量形成的影响。本文以大豆/玉米带状套作系统为研究主体,探究不同氮水平(施氮与不施氮)与种间距离(玉豆间距30、45、60和75 cm、单作100 cm)下作物生长率、干物质积累与分配及产量差异,并对作物干物质积累过程进行拟合,综合分析作物生长规律和产量效益。结果表明:玉米生长率在抽雄期至乳熟期达最大,不施氮下以间距30 cm(MS30)最高,较玉米单作(MM100)高出34.99%。套作大豆生长率在初花期前显著低于单作(SS100),而初花期后高于SS100,以间距60cm(MS60)最高,盛花期—盛荚期在不施氮下较SS100高出78.91%。Logistic方程可较好的拟合玉米、大豆的干物质积累过程,且R2均在0.95以上。与不施氮相比,施氮推迟了玉米干物质积累高峰,提高了干物质积累量;套作大豆生育前期干物质积累慢于单作,而生育后期间距45cm(MS45)、MS60干物质积累逐渐与单作持平甚至超过单作。施氮提高了玉米籽粒干物质分配率而显著提高产量,2年间玉米产量分别提高10.05%、40.90%。随种间距离增加套作大豆产量呈先增后减趋势,以MS60最高,MS30最低,MS60两年间在不施氮与施氮下较MS30分别平均高出23.88%、31.77%。套作下土地当量比均在1.35以上,其中以施氮下MS60最大(1.89)。适宜的种间距离(间距60 cm)可实现套作下玉米和大豆协同生长,提高作物生长率、促进干物质积累与分配、提高系统产量和土地当量比。

绿洲灌区增密对水氮减量玉米产量的补偿机制

针对河西绿洲灌区水资源短缺、玉米田氮肥施用量高等生产生态问题,在节水减氮条件下,分析增加种植密度补偿水氮减量导致玉米减产的效应,为水氮节约型玉米高效生产提供理论依据与技术支撑。基于2016年布设的裂裂区田间试验,主区为2种灌水定额:灌水减量20%(W1,3240 m^(3) hm^(–2))和传统灌水(W2,4050 m^(3) hm^(–2)),裂区为2种施氮量:减量施氮25%(N1,270 kg hm^(–2))和传统施氮(N2,360 kg hm^(–2)),裂裂区为3种玉米密度:传统种植密度(D1,7.50万株hm^(–2))、增密30%(D2,9.75万株hm^(–2))和增密60%(D3,12.00万株hm^(–2)),通过测定2020—2021年玉米籽粒产量和生物产量,分析干物质积累及其分配、转运特征,量化产量构成因素,明确增密对水氮减量玉米产量的补偿效应及机制。研究表明,减水、减氮降低了玉米籽粒产量和生物产量,而增密30%能够补偿因水氮同步减量造成的产量负效应,且维持较高的施氮量有利于玉米增产节水。W1N1D1(减量灌水减量施氮及传统密度)较W2N2D1(对照:传统灌水传统施氮及传统密度)籽粒产量和生物产量分别降低9.1%~15.0%与10.0%~11.0%,但W1N1D2(减量灌水减量施氮及增密30%)与W2N2D1差异不显著。W1N2D2(减量灌水传统施氮及增密30%)较W2N2D1籽粒和生物产量分别提高12.9%~15.4%与6.4%~12.0%。增密30%能够补偿水氮同步减量造成玉米减产的主要原因是W1N1D2能增加玉米穗数,进而提高玉米灌浆初期至成熟期干物质积累量和苗期到大喇叭口期群体生长速率及花前转运率。增密30%在灌水减量和传统施氮条件下促进玉米增产的主要原因是W1N2D2可增加玉米穗数,提高玉米生育期干物质积累量与群体生长速率,促进穗部干物质分配,提高花前转运量、转运率及转运贡献率。因此,增密30%是绿洲灌区水氮同步减量玉米稳产高产的可行措施,是氮肥不减但减水20%玉米节水增产有效举措。

玉米与大豆间作对干物质累积分配、产量相对竞争 及土地当量比的影响

为充分利用光热水肥土资源,间作是提高单位土地面积生产力、作物产量和经济效益的一种重要种植方式。设置了玉米与大豆间作行比M4S6(4∶6)、M2S4(2∶4)、M4S4(4∶4),玉米单作(MCK)与大豆单作(SCK)5种种植模式,研究了玉米与大豆间作对干物质累积分配、产量相对竞争及土地当量比的影响。结果表明:不同生育时期间作处理玉米干物质累积均大于单作玉米,M4S6、M2S4大豆干物质累积高于单作大豆。间作处理营养干物质输出量均大于单作,玉米与大豆间作处理显著增加了营养干物质的输出量,呈现处理M2S4>M4S6>M4S4>CK,玉米与大豆间作其输出率低于贡献率,间作玉米的输出率低于大豆,而贡献率显著高于大豆。玉米间作处理雌穗分配比重显著大于单作处理,处理M4S6显著提高雌穗干物质分配比重,结荚期间作处理大豆干物质向豆荚分配比重低于单作处理,成熟期豆荚干物质分配比重显著升高,处理M4S6豆荚干物质分配比重最大。处理M2S4、M4S6、M4S4玉米产量分别为单作玉米MCK的70.81%、84.58%、66.33%,大豆产量分别为单作大豆SCK的9.89%、17.97%、14.18%,处理M4S4产量相对竞争优势极强,处理M4S6、M2S4比M4S4竞争优势显著减弱,处理M4S6、M2S4、M4S4的产量土地当量比LER均大于1,处理M4S6产量土地当量比最大,其次是M2S4,处理M4S6、M2S4比M4S4产量土地当量比分别增加了19.42%、12.62%。处理M4S6、M2S4经济效益比单作玉米MCK分别增加了19.41%、15.75%,比单作大豆分别增加了113.01%、106.47%。整体上,相较其它间作处理,M4S6是最有益于挖掘玉米与大豆间作优势,提高土地生产力的间作模式。

Night warming increases wheat yield by improving pre-anthesis plant growth and post-anthesis grain starch biosynthesis

Global climate change is characterized by asymmetric warming,i.e.,greater temperature increases in winter,spring,and nighttime than in summer,autumn,and daytime.Field experiments were conducted using four wheat cultivars,namely‘Yangmai 18’(YM18),‘Sumai 188’(SM188),‘Yannong 19’(YN19),and‘Annong 0711’(AN0711),in the two growing seasons of 2019-2020 and 2020-2021,with passive night warming during different periods in the early growth stage.The treatments were night warming during the tillering-jointing(NW_(T-J)),jointing-booting(NWJ-B),and booting-anthesis(NWB-A)stages,with ambient temperature(NN)as the control.The effects of night warming during different stages on wheat yield formation were investigated by determining the characteristics of dry matter accumulation and translocation,as well as sucrose and starch accumulation in wheat grains.The wheat yields of all four cultivars were significantly higher in NW_(T-J)than in NN in the 2-year experiment.The yield increases of semi-winter cultivars YN19 and AN0711 were greater than those of spring cultivars YM18 and SM188.Treatment NW_(T-J)increased wheat yield mainly by increasing the 1,000-grain weight and the number of fertile spikelets,and it increased dry matter accumulation in various organs of wheat at the anthesis and maturity stages by increasing the growth rate at the vegetative growth stage.The flag leaf and spike showed the largest increases in dry matter accumulation.NW_(T-J)also increased the grain sucrose and starch contents in the early and middle grain-filling stages,promoting yield formation.Overall,night warming between the tillering and jointing stages increased the pre-anthesis growth rate,and thus,wheat dry matter production,which contributed to an increase in wheat yield.

东北典型黑土种植密度与施钾量对玉米干物质积累与产量的调控效应

为探讨东北典型黑土种植密度与钾肥用量对玉米干物质积累转运、产量及钾素利用效率的影响,在吉林省公主岭市,通过连续2 a定位试验,研究了不同密度(D1:5.5×10^(4)株/hm^(2),D2:7.0×10^(4)株/hm^(2),D3:8.5×10^(4)株/hm^(2))和钾肥用量(K0、K40、K80、K120和K160)对玉米干物质积累转运、钾素利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明,种植密度和钾肥用量的交互作用对玉米干物质积累的影响达到显著或极显著水平,其中D2密度下K120处理干物质最大积累速率和平均积累速率均为最高,并且干物质转运量和转运贡献率维持在较高水平。相同密度下,钾素回收率、农学利用率和偏生产力均随施钾量增加呈下降趋势,相同施钾量下均以D2密度最高。相同施钾量下,玉米产量以D2密度最高,2 a玉米平均产量较D1和D3分别提高6.9%,3.0%,相同密度下,施钾均显著提高了玉米产量,其中D1密度下施钾量增至80 kg/hm^(2)后增幅不再显著;D2和D3密度下施钾量增至120 kg/hm^(2)后增幅不再显著。通过线性加平台模型得出,D1、D2和D3密度下适宜施钾范围分别为72~80 kg/hm^(2),10^(4)~115 kg/hm^(2),105~116 kg/hm^(2)。而D2处理钾肥用量在较D1处理提高44.5%以及与D3处理相持平条件下,玉米产量分别提高9.8%,3.2%。钾素回收率分别提高4.1,4.9百分点。综上,在东北典型黑土区,以玉米种植密度70 000株/hm^(2),钾肥用量10^(4)~115 kg/hm^(2)较为适宜。

缓控释肥对春玉米干物质积累、产量和经济效益的影响

以桂单162为供试品种,采用大田试验,研究常规施肥(CK)、“一炮轰”和一次性缓控释肥(2种)共4个处理对春玉米农艺性状、干物质积累与分配、产量和经济效益的影响。结果表明:与常规施肥(CK)相比,一次性缓控释肥处理下玉米株高、穗位高、茎粗、叶面积和单株干物质积累量均较高;一次性缓控释肥处理下前期干物质在叶片和茎鞘中的分配比例均较低,后期在籽粒中的分配比例较高;一次性缓控释肥有助于增加玉米吐丝阶段穗的干物质积累量,提高成熟期玉米籽粒产量;一次性缓控释肥处理不仅能提高玉米百粒重,同时也能提高玉米穗行数和行粒数,穗长、穗粗和秃尖长均有不同程度的改善。T3处理条件下,百粒重较CK提高7.36%,秃尖长减少28.8%,产量提高3.96%,农民收益增长25.20%。综之,与常规施肥相比,选用茂施牌一次性缓控释肥进行一次性底施,不仅可以为植株生长过程提供充足肥料,同时还可以合理调配干物质分布,增加籽粒中干物质分配比例,最终提高产量和收益。

黄淮海区域现代夏玉米品种产量与资源利用效率的差异分析

品种改良对夏玉米单产的提升有重要贡献,但目前对现代夏玉米品种间产量形成差异的原因尚不明确。本研究在商河国家农作物品种展示示范中心设置大田试验,选用我国黄淮海区域近年来审定或将要审定的390个玉米品种,于玉米完熟期进行植株取样,测定不同品种产量及其构成因素、完熟期干物质积累与分配、氮素的积累、分配与利用以及光温利用效率,探究不同夏玉米品种的产量及资源利用效率的差异及其形成原因。不同品种的夏玉米产量存在显著差异,收获穗数、穗粒数和千粒重对产量的直接通径系数分别为0.57、1.00和0.88,表明品种间产量差异主要由穗粒数的变化影响。植株的干物质和氮素的积累与分配均对夏玉米产量有极显著影响,与籽粒产量<7 t hm^(–2)的品种相比,7.0~8.0、8.0~9.0、9.0~10.0、10.0~11.0和>11.0 t hm^(–2)产量范围内的品种植株群体总干物质积累量分别提高了12.25%、20.52%、29.61%、40.11%和54.04%;籽粒氮素积累量分别提高了16.62%、24.85%、38.45%、48.42%和68.41%;籽粒干物质分配比例分别增加了5.11%、9.93%、13.32%、15.51%和17.94%,籽粒氮素分配比例分别增加了4.09%、7.24%、7.37%、7.31%和10.91%;籽粒光能利用效率分别提高了12.50%、21.25%、30.00%、41.25%和55.00%;籽粒温度利用效率分别提高了11.36%、20.45%、29.55%、39.77%和53.41%。高产玉米品种通过提高玉米群体干物质和氮素积累量,增加籽粒干物质及氮素分配比例,提高植株氮素和光温利用效率,促进产量构成三因素的协同提升,特别是穗粒数的提升,从而实现夏玉米高产高效生产。

玉米生产上3个主推品种光合特性、干物质积累转运及灌浆特性

以当前玉米生产主推品种郑单958、先玉335和京科968为试验材料,考察其光合特性、干物质积累与转运及籽粒灌浆特性,以揭示高产玉米品种的产量形成特性,为玉米高产生产提供依据。结果表明:(1)产量以京科968最高、先玉335次之、郑单958最低,京科968分别较郑单958和先玉335高14.55%和7.93%。(2)穗位叶净光合速率和冠层光合能力表现为京科968>先玉335>郑单958,且吐丝期>乳熟期。京科968吐丝期和乳熟期的穗位叶净光合速率分别比先玉335高7.84%和16.78%,比郑单958高22.23%和24.44%;冠层光合能力分别较先玉335高38.77%和58.41%,较郑单958高50.83%和56.49%。(3)花后干物质积累量、转移量、干物质转运率和干物质转运对籽粒贡献率均以京科968最高,分别比先玉335高13.72%、21.20%、6.32%和4.77%,比郑单958高31.87%、39.96%、18.49%和10.42%。(4)籽粒灌浆参数在不同品种间存在较大差异,京科968与先玉335的平均灌浆速率(0.73和0.75 g100-grain–1 d–1)相当,且均高于郑单958(0.67 g 100-grain–1 d–1);活跃灌浆期以郑单958(53.69 d)最长、京科968(51.02d)次之、先玉335(48.95 d)最短。(5)相关分析表明,产量与净光合速率显著正相关,与花后干物质积累量及转运率极显著正相关。京科968具有较高的光合效率、花后干物质积累量及转运率、灌浆速率及较长的灌浆持续期,是较郑单958和先玉335高产的重要原因。

吐丝期干旱胁迫对玉米生理特性和物质生产的影响

以玉米品种郑单958(抗旱性强)和陕单902(抗旱性弱)为材料,采用抗旱池栽控水试验,研究了2个品种叶片光合特性、保护酶活性以及干物质转运对吐丝期干旱胁迫的响应。结果表明,在吐丝期干旱胁迫下2个品种产量分别降低39.10%和44.87%;叶片净光合速率(Pn)和气孔导度(Gs)显著下降,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)先升后降。PSII最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)、实际量子产额(ΦPSII)、光化学猝灭(qP)降低,非光化学猝灭(qN)升高;抗氧化酶(SOD、POD和CAT)活性先升高后降低,而丙二醛(MDA)含量一直升高。吐丝期干旱胁迫增加了花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量(率)及其对籽粒转运的贡献率;但郑单958受干旱影响程度小于陕单902。抗旱品种郑单958具高抗氧化酶活性清除活性氧,使得膜脂过氧化程度轻,维持较高的光化学效率,延长叶片光合功能期,促进花前营养器官贮藏同化物转运量对籽粒的贡献率。这可能是其在干旱胁迫下仍能获得较高产量的重要原因之一。

超高产玉米品种干物质积累与分配特点的研究

以4个玉米品种为试验材料,比较研究了超高产玉米干物质积累和分配的特点。结果表明:高的生物产量是获得高产的物质基础;高产和超高产品种的物质生产优势表现在生育中期和后期,玉米植株个体干物质积累呈S形曲线变化;玉米干物质在各器官的分配随生长中心的转移而发生变化,小喇叭口以前干物质主要分配在叶片,之后转为茎、叶;散粉后,各器官干物质开始向子粒转移,高产品种子粒产量主要来源于生育后期叶片制造的光合产物即成为光合产物的分配中心,并与抽雄后具有较高的叶面积指数且持续时间较长密切相关。

钾素营养对玉米生育后期干物质和养分积累与转运的影响

为揭示钾素营养与玉米产量形成的关系,研究了3个施钾水平（K2O 0、113和225 kg/hm2）对玉米生育后期植株不同器官干重及氮、磷、钾积累和转运的影响。结果显示,施钾能显著提高玉米产量。随着施钾量的增加,玉米生育后期干物质积累的最大速率和平均速率提高,最大速率出现时间提前。玉米干物质在各器官中的分配比例随生长发育中心的转移而变化。生育后期干物质和养分由营养体向子粒转运,其中干物质和氮、磷主要来源于穗部营养体的转运,而钾则主要来源于叶片的转运。子粒中氮、磷、钾的积累量分别占总积累量的50.3%～57.1%,59.6%～67.2%和14.0%～33.3%。施钾不但能增加子粒中干物质和氮、磷、钾养分的分配比例,而且还有助于提高干物质和氮、磷、钾养分向子粒转运的转运率。氮的转运率以K1处理（K2O 113 kg/hm2）最大,为45.7%;干物质、磷和钾的转运率以K2处理（K2O 225 kg/hm2）最大,分别为7.4%、62.6%和22.4%;子粒养分中54.5%～60.6%的氮,56.0%～85.8%的磷及52.4%～100.0%的钾可以依赖于营养体的转运。

控释肥对夏玉米产量和氮素积累与分配的影响

在大田条件下研究树脂包膜控释肥(CRF)和硫包膜控释肥(SCF)对夏玉米花后光合产物和氮素积累与分配及产量的影响。结果表明,花后控释肥处理的光合速率始终较高,在相同施肥量(N、P、K量相同)情况下,控释肥CRF(1428kghm-2)和SCF(1668kghm-2)及其减量25%处理的单株干物质和氮素积累量都显著高于等量普通复合肥(CCF,1260kghm-2)处理;控释肥减量25%时,干物质向籽粒中的分配比例显著高于CCF处理;成熟期籽粒的氮素积累,控释肥处理都显著高于CCF处理,并随着控释肥比例的增加而增加,全量与减量25%的处理无显著差异。控释肥能显著提高玉米产量,等量控释肥增产13.15%和14.15%;控释肥减量25%时,分别比CCF增产9.69%和10.04%;其氮肥利用率和农学效率也均显著高于普通肥处理。