Genetic Analysis of Stripe Disease Resistance in Rice Restorer Line C224 Using Major Gene plus Polygene Mixed Effect Model

The inheritance of stripe disease resistance in a rice restorer line C224 was analyzed using the mixed effect model of major gene plus polygene for quantitative traits.In addition,the resistance was investigated in seven crosses of C224 with maintainer lines.The results showed that the stripe resistance of C224 was controlled by two major genes with additive-dominance-epistasis effects plus polygenes with additive-dominance effects （E-1 model）.These two genes had additive effects of-12.47% and-24.75%,respectively,showing negative dominance effects.There were significant epistasis and interaction effects between the two major genes.The heritability of the two major genes was 92.12%,while that of polygenes was 2.74%,indicating that the stripe resistance had dominant major gene effect.Of the seven crosses,five displayed high or medium resistance to the stripe disease.

Inheritance Analysis of Bolting Associated Traits Using Mixed Major Gene Plus Polygene Model in Brassica rapa

[ Objective ] This study aimed to analyze the inheritance of bolting associated traits in Brassica rapa, which will provide useful information in a breeding program for late-bolting or bolting-resistant cultivars of Chinese cabbage. [ Method] Three phenotypic measurements, bolting index, flowering time, days to 5 cm elongated stalk, respectively were used for inheritance analysis of six generations, P, （bolting resistant inbreed line ）, P2 （vernalization independent type） and their filial generations F1 , B1, B2 and F2, using the mixed major-gene plus polygene inheritance model. [ Result] The two traits, bolting index and days to 5 cm elongated stalk, both were controlled by two major genes with additive-dominant-epistatic effects （ B-1 model） in hybrid. The flowering time was controlled by one major gene with addltive-dominant effects plus additive-dominant-epistatic effects （D model）. The heritability of the major genes in B1, B2 and F2 were 96.22%, 93.33%, 93.55% for bolting index, 70.68%, 70.68%, 70.64% for flowering time, 79.44%, 79.55%, 79.38% for days to 5-cm elongated stalk, respectively, but no polygene heritability was detected in BI, B2 and F2 generation. It indicated that the bolting trait in Brassica rapa was controlled by one or tow major genes. [ Conclusion] This implied that in the genetic improvement for bolting resistant trait major gene was a main factor. It is fit for early selection and environment factor should be mentioned.

Rapid Prototype Development Approach for Genetic Programming

Genetic Programming (GP) is an important approach to deal with complex problem analysis and modeling, and has been applied in a wide range of areas. The development of GP involves various aspects, including design of genetic operators, evolutionary controls and implementations of heuristic strategy, evaluations and other mechanisms. When designing genetic operators, it is necessary to consider the possible limitations of encoding methods of individuals. And when selecting evolutionary control strategies, it is also necessary to balance search efficiency and diversity based on representation characteristics as well as the problem itself. More importantly, all of these matters, among others, have to be implemented through tedious coding work. Therefore, GP development is both complex and time-consuming. To overcome some of these difficulties that hinder the enhancement of GP development efficiency, we explore the feasibility of mutual assistance among GP variants, and then propose a rapid GP prototyping development method based on πGrammatical Evolution (πGE). It is demonstrated through regression analysis experiments that not only is this method beneficial for the GP developers to get rid of some tedious implementations, but also enables them to concentrate on the essence of the referred problem, such as individual representation, decoding means and evaluation. Additionally, it provides new insights into the roles of individual delineations in phenotypes and semantic research of individuals.

Animal models of genetic causes of male infertility

Introduction In the past 10 years, more than 100 different genetically engineered mice have been developed with an abnormality in spermatogenesis. More than half of these male infertility animal models have been reported in the past three years alone. Spermatogenic defects in these models vary considerably, ranging from the inappropriate migration of primordial germ cells to the inability of mature spermatozoa to bind the zona pellucida. Many of

The application of hidden markov model in building genetic regulatory network

The research hotspot in post-genomic era is from sequence to function. Building genetic regulatory network (GRN) can help to understand the regulatory mechanism between genes and the function of organisms. Probabilistic GRN has been paid more attention recently. This paper discusses the Hidden Markov Model (HMM) approach served as a tool to build GRN. Different genes with similar expression levels are considered as different states during training HMM. The probable regulatory genes of target genes can be found out through the resulting states transition matrix and the determinate regulatory functions can be predicted using nonlinear regression algorithm. The experiments on artificial and real-life datasets show the effectiveness of HMM in building GRN.

Genetic Analysis on Plant Height in Rice in Different Growing Seasons

[Objective] The aim was to carry out the genetic analysis on plant height of rice（Oryza sativa L.）cultivated in different seasons.[Method] Three rice parents with great difference in plant height including CB1（83.1 cm）,CB4（105.5 cm）and CB7（115.6 cm）were chosen to construct two parental combinations：CB1×CB4 and CB7×CB4,and the corresponding filial generations P1,F1,P2,B1,B2 and F2 were obtained.The 6 populations were planted in middle and late seasons respectively to measure their height traits.The Akaike＇s information criterion（AIC）of the mixed major gene and polygene model was used to indentify the existence of major genes affecting quantitative traits in B1,B2,F2 populations.When the major genes existed,the genetic effects of the major genes and polygenes and their genetic variance were estimated through segregation analysis.[Result] One additive major gene plus additive-dominance polygenes was the most fitted genetic model for the trait in all B1,B2,F2 populations in two planting seasons.The heritability values of the major genes varied from 38.63% to 78.53% and those of polygenes varied from 1.72% to 36.04%,and the total heritability values were 45.52-92.93%.The additive effect d value of the two genetic populations under two planting seasons was-4.56,-9.16,-7.19,and-9.38,respectively,as suggested that additive effect of the major genes would decrease the express of the plant height trait.[Conclusion] The heritability of plant height trait was affected by planting seasons and the combinations clearly as a whole.

Genetic Analysis of Embryo Production Frequency in Wheat × Maize Cross

A DH population derived from C49S-87/01Y1-1069 was used to study the inheritance of wheat haploid embryo production frequency（EPF） in wheat × maize cross with the mixed major gene and polygene inheritance model of quantitative traits. The results showed that the EPF of wheat × maize cross was controlled by two dominant epistatic genes and polygene with gene effects of 1.95 for the first major gene, 6.69 for the second one and 2.80 for the polygene. The inheritability of major genes was as high as 72.09%, suggesting that the differences in EPF among wheat materials were mainly influenced by genotype. However, non-genetic factors were still important, especially for wheat materials with low EPF.

Genetic structure and historical demography of Malus sieversii in the Yili Valley and the western mountains of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, China

Malus sieversii, a wild progenitor of domesticated apple, is distributed in western Xinjiang of China, eastern part of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in Central Asia. To well understand the genetic structure and the his- torical demography of this important germplasm resource, we sampled 15 populations with 110 individuals of Malus sieversii from the Yili Valley and the western mountains of the Junggar Basin, Xinjiang, and sequenced two nrDNA fragments for these 110 individuals. Meanwhile, we modeled and compared species distributions under the current and the Last Glacial Maximum climatic conditions. The results showed that populations of M. sieversfi from Xinjiang had low levels of genetic diversity and genetic differentiation. During the LGM period, populations of M. sieversfi had lost their northern distributions in the western mountains of the Junggar Basin. M. sieversfi has ex- perienced a demographic expansion from the south of the Yili Valley to the north of the western mountains of the Junggar Basin during the warm interglacial epochs. Due to the high sensibility of M. sieversii to disturbance, we proposed more attention should be paid to the M. sieversfi populations in the western mountains of the Junggar Basin.

Genetic association study of P2x7 A1513C(rs 3751143) polymorphism and susceptibility to pulmonary tuberculosis: A meta-analysis based on the findings of 11 case-control studies

Objective:To summarize the precise association between pulmonary tuberculosis(PTB) and P2x7 A1513 C gene polymorphism.Methods:PubMed and Google Scholar web-databases were searched for the studies reporting the association of P2x7 A1513 C polymorphism and PTB risk.A meta-analysis was performed for the selected case-control studies and pooled odds ratios(ORs) and 95%confidence intervals(95%CIs) were calculated for all the genetic models.Results:Eleven studies comprising 2 678 controls and 2 113 PTB cases were included in this meta-analysis.We observed overall no significant risk in all the five genetic models.When stratified population by the ethnicity,Caucasian population failed to show any risk of PTB in all the genetics models.In Asian ethnicity,variant allele(C vs.A:P=0.001;QR=1.375,95%CI=1.159-1.632) and heterozygous genotype(AC vs.AA:P=0.001;OR=1.570,95%CI=1.269-1.944) demonstrated significant increased risk of PTB.Likewise,recessive genetic model(CC+AC vs.AA:P=0.001;OR=1.540,95%CI= 1.255-1.890) also demonstrated increased risk of PTB in Asians.Conclusions:Our meta-analysis did not suggest the association of P2x7 A1513 C polymorphism with PTB risk in overall or separately in Caucasian population.However,it plays a significant risk factor for predisposing PTB in Asians.Future larger sample and expression studies are needed to validate this association.

Genetic segregation analysis of unsaturated fatty acids content in the filial generations of high-linolenic-acid rapeseed(Brassica napus)

Alpha linolenic acid(ALA)is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acids that can improve human health.Rapeseed is the second largest oil crop in the world but the ALA content in its seed fatty acids is only about 10%.Two rapeseed germplasms YH25005 and R8Q10 with high content(up to 21%)ALA were developed by intervarietal crossing.They were used as the maternal parent(P_(1))when crossed with a low ALA parent SW(P2)to produce the seeds of the F1 hybrid,F2,and backcrosses to P1(BCP1)and P2(BCP2).A multigeneration joint segregation analysis was conducted to determine major gene t polygene effects of the content of three major unsaturated fatty acids including oleic(OA),linoleic(LA)and ALA.The results showed that,although some genes favorable to ALA accumulation were not allelic in R8Q10 and YH25005,all the inheritances of OA,LA and ALA in YH25005×SW and R8Q10×SW followed a genetic model of‘two pairs of additive major genes t additive-dominant polygenes’.It is suggested that the contents of OA,LA and ALA are closely related and the major genes in the parent SW containing loss-of-function mutations in FAD2 and FAD3 loci had strong effect to reduce ALA and elevate OA.However,total genetic effect of the polygenes was greater than that of the two major genes,especial on ALA content.It indicated that it is necessary to employ a larger F2 population to find the plant that accumulate enough minor-effect polygenes for high ALA content.The results are useful for high ALA rapeseed breeding and future work of gene mapping.

Mapping novel genetic loci associated with female liver weight variations using Collaborative Cross mice

Background: Liver weight is a complex trait, controlled by polygenic factors and differs within populations. Dissecting the genetic architecture underlying these variations will facilitate the search for key role candidate genes involved directly in the hepatomegaly process and indirectly involved in related diseases etiology.Methods: Liver weight of 506 mice generated from 39 different Collaborative Cross(CC) lines with both sexes at age 20 weeks old was determined using an electronic balance. Genomic DNA of the CC lines was genotyped with high-density single nucleotide polymorphic markers.Results: Statistical analysis revealed a significant(P < 0.05) variation of liver weight between the CC lines, with broad sense heritability(H^2) of 0.32 and genetic coefficient of variation(CV_G) of 0.28. Subsequently, quantitative trait locus(QTL) mapping was performed, and results showed a significant QTL only for females on chromosome 8 at genomic interval 88.61-93.38 Mb(4.77 Mb). Three suggestive QTL were mapped at chromosomes 4, 12 and 13. The four QTL were designated as LWL1-LWL4 referring to liver weight loci 1-4 on chromosomes 8, 4, 12 and 13,respectively.Conclusion: To our knowledge, this report presents, for the first time, the utilization of the CC for mapping QTL associated with baseline liver weight in mice. Our findings demonstrate that liver weight is a complex trait controlled by multiple genetic factors that differ significantly between sexes.

Hybrid zone and its genetic analysis: implication for conservation

Hybrid zone is a very critical concept within the evolutionary biology, because it would offer us a better insight to understand the evolutionary role of gene flow and hybridization based on the cline model. This minireview presents an expatiation of history perspectives and research developments upon basic concepts including hybrid zones, hybridization, hybrid and its the genetic cline model. Moreover, by figuring out the existing problem around the hybrids within conservative theory and practices, it suggests that the theory of hybrid zone be introduced into conservation biology and it would be provide a broader and more open theoretical background for conservative research and practices.

Electromagnetic Treatment of Genetic Diseases

The paper offers an overview of quantum and macro gravity, two of the three pillars of the Grand Unified Theory (GUT), the other thermodynamics, developed in a series of papers since the solution of the gravitational n-body problem in 1997 (J. Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series: Theory, Methods and Applications, Vol. 30, No. 8, 1997, pp. 5021 - 5032) and consolidated in the paper, The Grand Unified Theory (J. Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series: Theory: Method and Applications, Vol. 69, No. 3, 2008, pp. 823 - 831). GUT is further advanced by the paper, The Mathematics of GUT (J. Nonlinear Analysis, A-Series: Theory: Method and Applications, Vol. 71, 2009, pp. e420 - e431) and the discovery of more natural laws in the course of analyzing and explaining the disastrous final flight of the Columbia Space Shuttle in 2004 (J. Nonlinear Studies, Vol. 14, No. 3, 2007, pp. 241 - 260). Qualitative modeling was the key to the development of GUT and its theoretical and practical applications. The relevant natural laws of GUT that provide the foundations of the Unified Theory of Evolution are stated. GUT provides the basis for the development of the electromagnetic engine and the Unified Theory of Evolution, its theoretical application, for the development of appropriate technology for electromagnetic treatment of genetic diseases such as cancer, systemic lupos erythematosus, diabetes, muscular dystrophy and mental disorder, the central focus of this paper.

辣椒白粉病抗性主基因+多基因混合遗传分析

辣椒白粉病是一种常见的真菌病害,该病严重影响辣椒生产。以辣椒白粉病高抗材料(NSR和NVD)为母本,高感材料(20c89、20c93)为父本,分别构建两组P_(1)、P_(2)、F_(1)、F_(2)四世代遗传群体(2021组和2022组),通过调查统计辣椒不同世代群体内单株的白粉病病情指数,利用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分析法对辣椒白粉病抗性进行遗传分析。结果表明:两组群体辣椒白粉病抗性遗传均受两对加性-显性上位性主基因+加性-显性多基因控制,并且基因遗传效应和遗传力等参数在两组群体中表现出较高的一致性。2021组第1对主基因加性效应和显性效应值分别为12.7065和-34.7107,第2对主基因加性效应和显性效应值分别为-9.1706和-16.9432,主基因遗传率为86.11%;2022组第1对主基因加性效应和显性效应值分别为20.0431和-18.0682,第2对主基因加性效应和显性效应值分别为-1.0668和-6.0904,主基因遗传率为97.16%。

花生RIL群体出仁率的遗传特性分析

出仁率是花生的产量性状之一,是籽仁产量的重要影响因子。本研究以花育44×DF12构建的重组自交系(RIL)群体为试验材料,出仁率作为表型数据,利用主基因+多基因混合遗传模型对3个环境下的出仁率进行遗传特性分析。结果表明,3个环境下的出仁率的最适遗传模型均为4MG-AI,即4对加性—上位性主基因调控,3个环境下的主基因遗传率分别为91.93%,90.60%,96.85%。本研究结果为出仁率遗传机制挖掘奠定了重要理论依据。

花椰菜“坐球高度”性状的主基因+多基因遗传分析

“坐球高度”是评价花椰菜品种是否适合机械化采收的重要农艺性状之一。为了解析花椰菜“坐球高度”性状的遗传规律,使用早熟、紧实型花椰菜F 7代自交系ZAASC4101与芥蓝F_(6)代自交系ZAASJ1401为亲本构建了包括P_(1)、P_(2)、F_(1)、F_(2)、B_(1)、B_(2)的6个联合世代群体,利用主茎高度(六世代群体)和叶痕间距(F_(2)群体)两个指标来锚定“坐球高度”性状。研究结果表明,F_(2)群体中主茎高度与叶痕间距数值呈极显著相关(相关系数为0.652),并且这两个指标均为连续性的近似正态分布,符合数量遗传的特征;主茎高度的六世代群体遗传分析和叶痕间距的F_(2)群体遗传分析结果均表明,花椰菜“坐球高度”性状的最适遗传模型为:两对加性显性上位性主基因+加性显性上位性多基因遗传模型,表明该性状主要受两对主基因+多个微效基因的控制,并且遗传率达到97.84%。因此,可以利用连锁分子标记在早期世代对花椰菜“坐球高度”性状进行辅助选择和遗传改良。综上,本研究结果为进一步定位和挖掘控制花椰菜“坐球高度”性状的关键基因,最终利用生物技术手段育成适宜机械化采收的花椰菜新品种奠定了前期研究基础。

芥菜型油菜种子中神经酸、芥酸和油酸含量的遗传分析

神经酸等有益脂肪酸对人体健康具有重要作用。芥菜型油菜作为神经酸潜力来源,是具有高品质的功能型油料作物。为探究芥菜型油菜神经酸等重要脂肪酸的遗传规律,本文以芥菜型油菜高神经酸种质JH1和低神经酸种质JL4为亲本,创制遗传分析世代(P_(1)、P_(2)、F_(1)/RF_(1)、B_(1)/RB_(1)、B_(2)/RB_(2)、F_(2)/RF_(2)),测定各世代种子的脂肪酸含量,对神经酸、芥酸和油酸含量进行相关性分析和遗传分析。结果发现,油酸与芥酸、神经酸呈极显著负相关(P<0.01),神经酸与芥酸极显著正相关(P<0.01)。两个亲本的神经酸含量分别为(2.998±0.274)%和(0.000±0.000)%,芥酸含量分别为(47.644±2.343)%和(0.000±0.000)%,油酸含量分别为(8.853±1.963)%和(48.649±3.395)%,亲本之间存在显著差异。F1和RF1的三种脂肪酸含量介于两个亲本之间,分离世代的表型分布广泛。遗传分析表明:三种脂肪酸含量的加性效应较强,其最佳遗传模型均为MX2-ADI-ADI(2对加性-显性-上位性主基因+加性-显性-上位性多基因)。B2/RB2和F2/RF2中三种脂肪酸的遗传都以主基因为主,遗传率较高,环境影响小。B1和RB1的神经酸和芥酸以主基因或多基因遗传为主,环境影响小,油酸受环境影响较大。本文结果为高神经酸芥菜型油菜品质育种提供了理论依据。

有棱丝瓜早熟相关性状主基因+多基因遗传模型分析

【目的】通过主基因+多基因遗传模型分析有棱丝瓜早熟性相关性状的遗传规律,为早熟丝瓜品种选育提供理论参考。【方法】以高代自交系有棱丝瓜LC034(♀)和LC052(♂)为亲本构建6世代群体,采用主基因+多基因遗传分离法分析有棱丝瓜的4个早熟相关性状(第一雌花节位、始花期、第一坐果节位和始收期)遗传规律。【结果】LC034的4个早熟相关性状均极显著低于LC052(P<0.01)。F_(1)、BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的4个早熟相关性状变异系数为8.70%~25.46%、14.77%~37.67%、19.93%~38.97%和22.37%~46.81%,且4个早熟相关性状在F_(2)代群体的分离频率分布均包含多种正态分布的混合分布。MX2-ADI-ADI为第一雌花节位和第一坐果节位的最优遗传模型,受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因+加性—显性—上位性多基因控制;第一雌花节位在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的主基因遗传率(h^(2)_(mg))分别为4.63%、84.69%和79.99%,多基因遗传率(h^(2)_(pg))为74.60%、0和0;第一坐果节位在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为2.38%、82.86%和76.45%,h^(2)_(pg)为57.04%、0和0。2MG-ADI为始花期的最优遗传模型,受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因控制,在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为72.02%、79.05%和86.53%。2MG-AD为有棱丝瓜始收期最优遗传模型,属于2对主基因控制的加性—显性遗传模型,在BC_(1)P_(1)、BC_(1)P_(2)和F_(2)代群体的h^(2)_(mg)分别为62.33%、84.79%和85.07%。【结论】有棱丝瓜的第一雌花节位、始花期、第一坐果节位和始收期均表现为数量性状的特点,受多基因的控制,其中第一雌花节位和第一坐果节位受2对主加性—显性—上位性主基因+加性—显性—上位性多基因控制,始花期受2对加性—显性—上位性主基因控制,始收期受2对加性—显性主基因控制。

黄瓜枯萎病抗性的遗传分析

为研究黄瓜枯萎病抗性的遗传规律,选择华南生态型黄瓜枯萎病高感材料Han203为母本与华南生态型黄瓜枯萎病高抗材料BLF-2-1A为父本,华南生态型黄瓜枯萎病高感材料NS为母本与其近等基因系黄瓜枯萎病高抗材料NR为父本,分别杂交获得2个四世代杂交组合,采用主基因与多基因混合模型分析了黄瓜枯萎病的遗传规律。结果显示,Han203×BLF-2-1A在2018年秋季符合E-1(MX2-ADI-AD)模型,在2019年春季符合E-0(MX2-ADI-ADI)模型;NS×NR在2023年春季符合E-1(MX2-ADI-AD)模型,在2023年秋季符合E-0(MX2-ADI-ADI)模型。在这4个模型中,主基因遗传效率分别为87.98%、77.30%、73.96%和72.33%,多基因遗传效率分别为0、2.7%、0和0,环境方差占表型方差百分比分别为12.22%、22.70%、26.40%和27.67%。研究结果为黄瓜枯萎病抗性材料的选育及挖掘黄瓜枯萎病抗性相关基因提供了参考依据。

不结球白菜叶片皱缩性状的遗传分析

【背景】不结球白菜(BrassicacampestrisL.ssp.chinensis(L.)Makino)属十字花科(Cruciferae)植物,是我国南方地区广泛栽培的叶菜类蔬菜作物。在叶片性状中,叶面的皱缩是不结球白菜的一个重要农艺性状,不仅决定不结球白菜的外观商品性,还因影响叶片的光合作用而对其产量、营养品质、抗逆性等产生显著影响。但是,目前对该性状的遗传和形成机制尚无清晰认识,从而限制了对该性状的高效遗传改良。【目的】对不结球白菜的叶片皱缩性状进行数量化描述,探究不结球白菜叶片皱缩性状的遗传和形成机制,提高对该性状的高效选择和调控,从而指导不结球白菜的育种工作。【方法】以不结球白菜中叶片皱缩明显的塌菜(Brassicacampestrisssp.chinensisvar.rosularisTsen et Lee)为亲本之一构建6个不同F2群体,通过指标“最大叶叶面凸起数量”在莲座期对F2植株进行叶片皱缩性状的量化,运用数量性状主基因-多基因遗传分离分析方法对这一性状的遗传规律进行分析。【结果】F2群体单株间叶片皱缩性状变异幅度较大,呈现连续性变化,拟分布曲线呈现正态分布或偏正态分布。通过主基因+多基因遗传模型计算方法对叶片皱缩性状进行遗传分析,显示不结球白菜叶片皱缩性状的最佳遗传模型为2对加性-显性-上位性主基因模型(2MG-ADI),主基因遗传率为99.08%,第1主基因的显性效应使皱缩程度减弱,而第2主基因的显性效应使皱缩程度加强,2对主基因的加性效应均导致叶片皱缩程度加深。两主基因加性×加性互作效应、加性×显性互作效应对叶片皱缩程度起到减效作用,显性×加性、显性×显性互作效应对性状呈现增益效果。【结论】不结球白菜叶片皱缩性状是由2对主基因控制的数量性状,且主基因在该性状的形成调控中发挥主要作用。