Variation Character of Grain Yield per Unit Area in Main Grain-producing Area of Northeast China

Based on the surveys and the statistic data during 1980-2003, the variation character of grain yield per unit area in Northeast China and its main factors have been discussed by the methods of statistics and grey correlation analysis. The results show that: 1) the grain yield per unit area has been taking on an increasing trend in the recent 20 years. It increased from 2519.80kg/ha in 1980 to 4216.11kg/ha in 2003, with an increasing rate of 67.32%; 2) the variation of grain yield per unit area is considerably prominent and its range is also very great, with the maximal increase rate of 42.59% and maximal decrease rate of 21.13%, respectively, which are far above the whole Chinese average level; 3) the variation of main crops' yield per unit area is remarkable, which takes on the character that the yield of corn is much higher than that of soybean and rice; and 4) the grey correlation analysis shows that the most important factors impacting the variation of grain yield per unit area are the total power of agricultural machinery, the consumption of chemical fertilizer and effective irrigated area. However, the influence of natural disaster and income level should not be ignored. Effective ways to improve grain yield per unit area are to construct farmland improvement groundwork, reclaim the middle- and low-yield farmland, etc.

Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Spatio-Temporal Changes in the Rice Planting Area and Their Relationship to Climate Change in Northeast China: A Model-Based Analysis

Rice is one of the most important grain crops in Northeast China （NEC） and its cultivation is sensitive to climate change. This study aimed to explore the spatio-temporal changes in the NEC rice planting area over the period of 1980-2010 and to analyze their relationship to climate change. To do so, the CLUE-S （conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent） model was ifrst updated and used to simulate dynamic changes in the rice planting area in NEC to understand spatio-temporal change trends during three periods： 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. The changing results in individual periods were then linked to climatic variables to investigate the climatic drivers of these changes. Results showed that the NEC rice planting area expanded quickly and increased by nearly 4.5 times during 1980-2010. The concentration of newly planted rice areas in NEC constantly moved northward and the changes were strongly dependent on latitude. This conifrmed that climate change, increases in temperature in particular, greatly inlfuenced the shift in the rice planting area. The shift in the north limit of the NEC rice planting area generally followed a 1＆#176;C isoline migration pattern, but with an obvious time-lag effect. These ifndings can help policy makers and crop producers take proper adaptation measures even when exposed to the global warming situation in NEC.

Simulation on the dynamics of forest area changes in Northeast China

There is plenty of forests in Northeast China which contributes a lot to the conservation of water and land resources, produces timber products, and provides habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants. With changes of socio-economic factors as well as the geophysical conditions, there are dramatic changes on the spatial patterns of forest area. In this sense, it is of great significance to shed light on the dynamics of forest area changes to find the underlining reasons for shaping the changing patterns of forest area in Northeast China. To explore the dynamics of forest area change in Northeast China, an econometric model is developed which is composed of three equations identifying forestry production, conversion from open forest to closed forest and conversion from other land uses to closed forest so as to explore the impacts on the forest area changes from demographic, social, economic, location and geophysical factors. On this basis, we employ the Dynamics of Land System （DLS） model to simulate land-use conversions between forest area and non-forest cover and the land-use conversions within the sub-classes of forest area for the period 2000-2020 under business as usual scenario, environmental protection scenario and economic growth scenario. The simulation results show that forest area will expand continuously and there exist various kinds of changing patterns for the sub-classes of forest area, for example, closed forest will expand continuously and open forest and shrub will decrease a little bit, while area of other forest will keep intact. The research results provide meaningful decision-making information for conserving and exploiting the forest resources and makJng out the planning for forestry production Jn the Northeast China region.

Prospering Revolution of Resource Efficiency in Northeast Industrial Area in China

Despite its strong advantages in resource, technology and human resource, China's Northeast Industrial Area is also experiencing problems of unreasonable industrial structure, envi- ronmental pollution, and the degradation of ecological condition, etc., which prevent this area from achieving a sustainable devel- opment. Through analyzing the resource problem, the present paper proposed a strategy of circular economy for the prosperity of this are, discussed the theories of circular economy and re- source recycling, and finally concluded that improving resource productivity is at the core of circular economy.

“双碳”目标下东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率时空格局与演变趋势

[目的]探究东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空格局和演变趋势,将碳源与碳汇融入耕地利用过程,这对于实现黑土减排增效和“双碳”目标至关重要。[方法]基于超效率SBM模型、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析和空间插值工具等方法,系统考察了2006—2020年东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空特征与演进规律。[结果]黑土区耕地利用生态效率历经波动上升、显著下降和迅速回升3个阶段,总体处于较高发展水平,北部边缘城市的效率值明显高于中南部地区,基期和末期区间两极分化局势尤为显著,整体发展严重失衡;黑土区耕地利用生态效率全局空间相关特性并不明显,大致呈现“边缘—中心”空间扩散格局,由南北两端高值集聚向内及四周递减,而后形成多个块状高值区和低值分布带,规模集聚优势未能得到充分发挥;多数城市均存在不同程度的投入与产出冗余,劳动力和化肥冗余问题较为严重,碳排放冗余是造成黑土区耕地利用生态效率损失的普遍因素。[结论]优化要素配置和污染减排治理成为黑土利用重点改善方向,也是提升黑土区耕地利用生态效率的关键路径。

东北农村民宅可再生能源供热浅析

东北地区处于中纬度地带,冬季寒冷干燥,采暖是必须考虑的民生问题之一。为了抵御寒冷的天气,住宅要具备足够的保温防寒性能来保障居民日常生活。受地域、经济等因素影响,该地区供暖方式较为独特,最典型的就是传统火炕。随着节能社会的发展,新型农村住宅出现,提高了建筑的热舒适度和可再生资源利用率,降低了二氧化碳排放量。从东北地区住宅现状出发,结合以往的供暖方式及技术发展状况,根据可再生能源的利用情况,分析低碳节能供暖。

基于遥感技术的东北黑土区水土流失动态监测研究

东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮基地,近年来面临水土流失严重、面积减小、土壤质量下降等问题,已成为目前土壤保护工作中亟待解决的重要问题。以东北黑土区2018年和2022年两期遥感影像与水土保持措施的实地调查数据作为数据源,利用目视识别法开展影像解译,并通过中国土壤流失方程CSLE进行土壤侵蚀模数的计算,对东北黑土区的水土流失变化情况及原因进行分析,结果表明:耕地、草地、建设用地、其他土地面积减少,园地、林地、交通运输用地、水域及水利设施用地面积增加,造林、种草、封育、地埂、水平阶/反坡梯田等面积共增加0.84万km^(2);对比2018—2022年东北黑土区的水土流失情况,整体呈向好趋势,土壤侵蚀面积共减少约1.01万km^(2);从侵蚀强度来看,除轻度侵蚀面积增加约0.45万km^(2)外,中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积分别减少约0.43万、0.24万、0.28万、0.51万km^(2);从不同省份侵蚀面积变化情况分析,内蒙古自治区东四盟的侵蚀面积减少最多,共减少约0.37万km^(2),辽宁省侵蚀面积变化最小,共减少约0.06万km^(2);耕地、建设用地等土地利用类型面积的减少,以及林地、交通运输用地等土地利用类型面积的增加,均可大幅减少土壤侵蚀面积,同时水土保持措施面积的增加也可有效阻止土壤侵蚀的发生。总体来看,东北黑土区水土流失治理效果显著,生态环境得到改善,持续进行东北黑土区水土流失治理对环境保护具有重要意义。

东北及邻区过去两万年来有机碳同位素记录特征

末次冰盛期(LGM)距今大约21ka,两万年来气候演化是过去气候变化研究的重要内容,也是预测未来气候变化的关键。基于湖泊、泥炭长链正构烷烃单体碳同位素(δ^(13)C)和土壤有机质碳同位素(δ^(13)CSOM)记录,重建了LGM以来东北及邻区区碳同位素时间演化序列。结果表明,从LGM至早全新世δ^(13)C值增加至最大值(-23‰),中全新世下降后趋于稳定。对比古气候记录,揭示LGM以来有效湿度可能是东北及邻区δ^(13)C值变化的主导因素。

粮食主产区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展耦合协调评价——以东北地区为例

粮食主产区产业振兴是实现乡村振兴的基础与关键,对农业高质量发展具有显著影响。以粮食主产区东北地区为研究区域,采用耦合协调模型分析东北地区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调发展水平,选用2014—2023年东北地区产业链供应链韧性相关数据,构建基于东北地区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调度模型。结果表明,东北地区的产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调度由原来的轻微失调转变为目前的良好协调。基于此,提出构建协同发展共建共享机制与协同评价机制的建议,以期推动粮食主产区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展深度耦合。

1848—2019年大兴安岭卧牛湖湖泊环境演变及其驱动因素

湖泊生态环境演变过程和驱动机制研究对湖区生态系统的恢复至关重要。本文针对东北近现代湖泊生态环境重建研究相对不足的现状,以阿尔山浅水湖泊——卧牛湖为研究对象,在210Pb和137Cs建立的精确年代基础上,通过沉积岩芯的正构烷烃、粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和碳氮比(C/N)等多指标分析,结合流域现代监测和历史资料,重建了1848—2019年来卧牛湖生态环境(包括藻类、水生植物等)的演化过程,并评价了多种环境压力对湖泊生态演变的影响。20世纪40年代之前,湖泊生态环境处于自然演化阶段,20世纪40年代之后,人类开始通过农业施肥和用水灌溉对湖泊环境产生影响,并在20世纪90年代显著加强,导致短链正构烷烃指示的藻类生物急剧上升。冗余分析和方差分解分析结果显示,在20世纪40—90年代,营养因子、气候因子和流域侵蚀共同作用影响湖泊生态环境演化;20世纪90年代以来,人类活动和营养因子成为湖泊生态环境变化的主控因子,人为干扰对湖泊环境影响显著加强,多种压力的胁迫作用导致了湖泊向富营养化状态的转变。

东北稻区秸秆直接还田技术与机具研究进展

秸秆直接还田作为保护性耕作的主要内容在我国东北稻区已广泛应用。在综述东北稻区目前主要的秸秆直接还田技术模式与配套机具基础上,重点分析了各环节不同种类机具工作原理及其技术特点。在阐述现有秸秆直接还田技术及配套装备存在问题和短板的基础上,建议重点对水稻秸秆切割技术、抛撒扩抛技术、耕作部件材料和加工工艺、耕作部件防堵技术、秸秆离田成本控制、秸秆压茬和全区域调平技术、农机农艺融合等方面展开深入研究,以期为东北稻区秸秆直接还田技术与机具研究提供装备技术支持。

Study on Sustainable Development in Vulnerable Eco-areas

The vulnerable eco-area is one of the important research targets in the field of sustainable development. It is the requirement of building a well-off society in an all-round way that we should study more on the vulnerable eco-areas, deal with the relationship between environmental protection and economic development, speed up the economic development in these areas and increase the living standard of the local people. This paper puts forward the countermeasures of environment---economy coordination, on the basis of the recognition of eco-environment features and social economic conditions in the vulnerable eco-areas of China, in view of the progress in sustainable development studies of the vulnerable ones, taking the transitional areas of farming and pasturing in northeast China as an example to study the regional environment vulnerability.

粮食种植结构视角下东北黑土区耕地利用结构调控研究

科学模拟和调控耕地利用结构是实现种植结构优化的重要手段,对缓解粮食供求结构性矛盾具有重要意义。以东北黑土区典型县为例,基于粮食种植结构视角构建耕地利用系统动力学(System dynamics, SD)模型,预测水稻、玉米和大豆3种主要粮食作物的种植面积、产量和收益,通过经济、技术、市场多情景模拟提出耕地利用结构调控路径。结果表明:SD模型模拟效果良好,平均偏离度低于10%。预测2019—2030年研究区水稻和大豆种植面积将逐步增加,玉米种植面积缓慢减少。水稻和玉米产量均有所增加,大豆产量呈先增后减趋势。不同情景下3种作物的模拟结果存在明显差异,GDP水平提升、增加农业技术投入和农产品价格调控将有利于水稻种植面积、产量和收益增加。提升农民收入水平、加强农业技术支持和农产品价格调控对大豆种植面积、产量和收益的增加具有明显促进作用。而调控农民收入、农业技术和农产品价格对改善玉米的耕地利用结构效果不佳。通过建立种植结构调整补贴政策、推进农业机械化转型升级和健全农产品市场体系的路径组合实现耕地利用结构优化调控。研究系统阐释了耕地利用要素关系及其结构变化的内在逻辑,明确了不同情景下主要粮食作物耕地利用结构的调控路径,为区域未来粮食生产结构优化政策的制定提供依据,对实现粮食供求动态平衡、促进耕地资源高效可持续利用具有重要意义。

黑土区典型县域侵蚀沟时空分布特征和影响因素研究——以拜泉县为例

侵蚀沟严重威胁黑土地可持续利用,揭示侵蚀沟分布的时空格局及影响因素可为侵蚀沟防治提供依据。以典型黑土区拜泉县为研究区,基于GIS和RS技术,提取县-乡(镇)-村级尺度侵蚀沟空间分布数据,分析研究区2005~2020年侵蚀沟数量、分布情况及其裂度时空变化特征,探讨坡度、坡向及距河流远近三项因素对侵蚀沟发育扩张的影响,为黑土区侵蚀沟分级分区治理提供科学依据。结果表明,侵蚀沟数量、面积、长度指标呈增长态势,2005~2020年新增329条,长度由1169.52 km增至1325.23 km,面积由23.69 km2增至29.24 km^(2)。在空间分布特征方面,整体上裂度空间分布呈东高西低、北高南低的空间格局,东北部和东南部沟蚀明显增加。综合分析坡度、坡向和距河流远近三项因素,侵蚀沟主要分布在8°~15°、阳坡(S、E)且距河流距离在1500 m范围内的坡耕地,坡向上阳坡(S、E)更易发生侵蚀;坡度分异表明侵蚀沟呈现向高坡度发展趋势,在8°~15°坡耕地上存在阈值;水文特征方面表明与河流距离增加其面积及裂度下降。

寒地乡村韧性提升与规划响应路径

随着城镇化高速发展,乡村地区面临各种风险与挑战。在生态文明和乡村振兴战略背景下,研究乡村韧性,即乡村主动适应和调节外部风险的能力,有助于准确认知乡村现状并及时采取规划应对措施,促进乡村可持续发展。以东北地区为例,对寒地乡村韧性进行剖析,研究乡村的生态韧性、经济韧性、社会韧性、文化韧性和工程韧性等5个韧性构成及存在问题。进一步分析韧性提升的意义和影响因素,并探讨寒地乡村韧性提升的规划响应路径,将韧性提升融入国土空间规划,以期为国土空间治理提供科学的理论依据与方法支撑。

东北国有林区林下生态产品价值实现模式

基于生态位理论,以东北国有林区林下生态产品为研究对象,从资源、环境、需求和技术生态位等方面分析林下生态产品价值实现的状况,认识改革前林下生态产品价值实现面临的瓶颈,提出改革后林下生态产品价值实现的模式:“原生态种养+林X”资源开发模式、“EODF+林下生态产品”市场转化模式、“景城一体+多核吸引”需求扩大模式及“区块链+林下生态产品”价值实现模式。

进口资源约束下东北国有林区木材加工企业转型策略研究

在进口木材资源约束下,运用扎根理论分析东北国有林区木材加工企业以及伊春森工、吉林森工、龙江森工的部分林业局的转型策略。研究表明:停伐后东北国有林区受资源约束程度较两危时期有所缓解,但整体仍处于较高水平,木材加工企业过度依赖进口木材,企业经营成本与经营风险增加。从多元化发展、数字化发展、市场化发展角度分析企业转型路径,针对不同类型木材加工企业提出针对性建议。

建国初期川东北革命老区的传染病防治及启示

传染病是传统社会突出的社会问题。近代以来,川东北社会动荡、民生凋敝,始终未能有效开展疫病防治。建国初期,面对天花、霍乱、伤寒、痢疾、疟疾等多种传染病,在中国共产党领导下,川东北革命老区通过建立防疫体系、加强法治保障、扩大预防接种、消除顽固疫病、开展防疫宣传、整治城乡卫生、改善饮水卫生、加强饮食卫生等措施,防疫取得了巨大成就,到1956年,天花、霍乱、伤寒基本绝迹,其它传染病整体上得到有效控制,发病率、死亡率大幅下降,老区人民的生命安全有了坚实的保障。其启示有:防疫的政治之基,坚持中国共产党的领导;科学之策,坚持“预防为主”的原则;使命追求,坚持人民生命至上;力量源泉,坚持全社会力量整合。

地区经济发展对东北国有林区职工家庭收入的影响

基于2017—2021年东北国有林区民生监测数据,运用探索性空间数据分析,对东北国有林区职工家庭收入水平空间相关性和空间集聚特征进行检验,并利用空间面板交叉模型SAC进行空间计量分析,揭示政企分开后地区经济建设对东北国有林区职工家庭收入的影响。研究发现:东北国有林区职工家庭收入水平有空间依赖效应,存在显著的“高-高”和“低-低”空间集聚特征;国有林区职工家庭收入水平受到地区经济发展的正向影响,产业结构、对外贸易和教育程度对东北国有林区职工家庭收入增长具有显著的促进作用。