Variation Character of Grain Yield per Unit Area in Main Grain-producing Area of Northeast China

Based on the surveys and the statistic data during 1980-2003, the variation character of grain yield per unit area in Northeast China and its main factors have been discussed by the methods of statistics and grey correlation analysis. The results show that: 1) the grain yield per unit area has been taking on an increasing trend in the recent 20 years. It increased from 2519.80kg/ha in 1980 to 4216.11kg/ha in 2003, with an increasing rate of 67.32%; 2) the variation of grain yield per unit area is considerably prominent and its range is also very great, with the maximal increase rate of 42.59% and maximal decrease rate of 21.13%, respectively, which are far above the whole Chinese average level; 3) the variation of main crops' yield per unit area is remarkable, which takes on the character that the yield of corn is much higher than that of soybean and rice; and 4) the grey correlation analysis shows that the most important factors impacting the variation of grain yield per unit area are the total power of agricultural machinery, the consumption of chemical fertilizer and effective irrigated area. However, the influence of natural disaster and income level should not be ignored. Effective ways to improve grain yield per unit area are to construct farmland improvement groundwork, reclaim the middle- and low-yield farmland, etc.

Study on Relative Soil and Water Conservation Benefits of Ridge Tillage in Different Terrain Conditions in the Black Soil Area of Northeast China

Ridge tillage, which is a very common and important tillage measure in the black soil area of northeast China, has some soil and water conservation bene- fits, but has little attention. It is very important to explore the spatial distribution of the ridge direction of the arable land and its soil and water conservation benefits in different terrain conditions in the black soil area. So Binxian County of Heilongjiang Province was selected as the study area, and 168 field investigation units were ex- tracted by stratified sampling method and investigated. According to equations of slope gradient factor and slope gradient in ridge direction, and based on the soft- ware of Arcmap, SPSS and Excel, the investigation data of soil and water loss in Binxian County were analyzed and counted, The results show that in plain, hilly and mountainous areas, the average ground slope gradients are 1.92°, 6.20° and 8.27° respectively, and the average slope gradients along ridge direction are 1.33°, 4.52°and 6.45° respectively, which account for about 70%, 73% and 78% of the average ground slope gradients in the same terrain condition; the relative quantities of soil erosion in the present ridge tillage condition account for about 55%, 69% and 67% respectively of that in down-slope ridge tillage conditions, so the present ridge tillage has obviously relative soil and water conservation benefits. Based on these results, the reasons of the present ridge tillage status were analyzed, and some reform measures were proposed. The results could not only help to comprehend the spatial distribution and soil and water conservation benefits of ridge tillage in the black soil area of Northeast China, but also provide scientific references for the layout of local soil and water conservation measures.

Spatio-Temporal Changes in the Rice Planting Area and Their Relationship to Climate Change in Northeast China: A Model-Based Analysis

Rice is one of the most important grain crops in Northeast China （NEC） and its cultivation is sensitive to climate change. This study aimed to explore the spatio-temporal changes in the NEC rice planting area over the period of 1980-2010 and to analyze their relationship to climate change. To do so, the CLUE-S （conversion of land use and its effects at small region extent） model was ifrst updated and used to simulate dynamic changes in the rice planting area in NEC to understand spatio-temporal change trends during three periods： 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. The changing results in individual periods were then linked to climatic variables to investigate the climatic drivers of these changes. Results showed that the NEC rice planting area expanded quickly and increased by nearly 4.5 times during 1980-2010. The concentration of newly planted rice areas in NEC constantly moved northward and the changes were strongly dependent on latitude. This conifrmed that climate change, increases in temperature in particular, greatly inlfuenced the shift in the rice planting area. The shift in the north limit of the NEC rice planting area generally followed a 1＆#176;C isoline migration pattern, but with an obvious time-lag effect. These ifndings can help policy makers and crop producers take proper adaptation measures even when exposed to the global warming situation in NEC.

Simulation on the dynamics of forest area changes in Northeast China

There is plenty of forests in Northeast China which contributes a lot to the conservation of water and land resources, produces timber products, and provides habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants. With changes of socio-economic factors as well as the geophysical conditions, there are dramatic changes on the spatial patterns of forest area. In this sense, it is of great significance to shed light on the dynamics of forest area changes to find the underlining reasons for shaping the changing patterns of forest area in Northeast China. To explore the dynamics of forest area change in Northeast China, an econometric model is developed which is composed of three equations identifying forestry production, conversion from open forest to closed forest and conversion from other land uses to closed forest so as to explore the impacts on the forest area changes from demographic, social, economic, location and geophysical factors. On this basis, we employ the Dynamics of Land System （DLS） model to simulate land-use conversions between forest area and non-forest cover and the land-use conversions within the sub-classes of forest area for the period 2000-2020 under business as usual scenario, environmental protection scenario and economic growth scenario. The simulation results show that forest area will expand continuously and there exist various kinds of changing patterns for the sub-classes of forest area, for example, closed forest will expand continuously and open forest and shrub will decrease a little bit, while area of other forest will keep intact. The research results provide meaningful decision-making information for conserving and exploiting the forest resources and makJng out the planning for forestry production Jn the Northeast China region.

Prospering Revolution of Resource Efficiency in Northeast Industrial Area in China

Despite its strong advantages in resource, technology and human resource, China's Northeast Industrial Area is also experiencing problems of unreasonable industrial structure, envi- ronmental pollution, and the degradation of ecological condition, etc., which prevent this area from achieving a sustainable devel- opment. Through analyzing the resource problem, the present paper proposed a strategy of circular economy for the prosperity of this are, discussed the theories of circular economy and re- source recycling, and finally concluded that improving resource productivity is at the core of circular economy.

Study on Sustainable Development in Vulnerable Eco-areas

The vulnerable eco-area is one of the important research targets in the field of sustainable development. It is the requirement of building a well-off society in an all-round way that we should study more on the vulnerable eco-areas, deal with the relationship between environmental protection and economic development, speed up the economic development in these areas and increase the living standard of the local people. This paper puts forward the countermeasures of environment---economy coordination, on the basis of the recognition of eco-environment features and social economic conditions in the vulnerable eco-areas of China, in view of the progress in sustainable development studies of the vulnerable ones, taking the transitional areas of farming and pasturing in northeast China as an example to study the regional environment vulnerability.

“双碳”目标下东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率时空格局与演变趋势

[目的]探究东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空格局和演变趋势,将碳源与碳汇融入耕地利用过程,这对于实现黑土减排增效和“双碳”目标至关重要。[方法]基于超效率SBM模型、核密度估计、探索性空间数据分析和空间插值工具等方法,系统考察了2006—2020年东北黑土区耕地利用生态效率的时空特征与演进规律。[结果]黑土区耕地利用生态效率历经波动上升、显著下降和迅速回升3个阶段,总体处于较高发展水平,北部边缘城市的效率值明显高于中南部地区,基期和末期区间两极分化局势尤为显著,整体发展严重失衡;黑土区耕地利用生态效率全局空间相关特性并不明显,大致呈现“边缘—中心”空间扩散格局,由南北两端高值集聚向内及四周递减,而后形成多个块状高值区和低值分布带,规模集聚优势未能得到充分发挥;多数城市均存在不同程度的投入与产出冗余,劳动力和化肥冗余问题较为严重,碳排放冗余是造成黑土区耕地利用生态效率损失的普遍因素。[结论]优化要素配置和污染减排治理成为黑土利用重点改善方向,也是提升黑土区耕地利用生态效率的关键路径。

东北农村民宅可再生能源供热浅析

东北地区处于中纬度地带,冬季寒冷干燥,采暖是必须考虑的民生问题之一。为了抵御寒冷的天气,住宅要具备足够的保温防寒性能来保障居民日常生活。受地域、经济等因素影响,该地区供暖方式较为独特,最典型的就是传统火炕。随着节能社会的发展,新型农村住宅出现,提高了建筑的热舒适度和可再生资源利用率,降低了二氧化碳排放量。从东北地区住宅现状出发,结合以往的供暖方式及技术发展状况,根据可再生能源的利用情况,分析低碳节能供暖。

基于遥感技术的东北黑土区水土流失动态监测研究

东北黑土区是我国重要的商品粮基地,近年来面临水土流失严重、面积减小、土壤质量下降等问题,已成为目前土壤保护工作中亟待解决的重要问题。以东北黑土区2018年和2022年两期遥感影像与水土保持措施的实地调查数据作为数据源,利用目视识别法开展影像解译,并通过中国土壤流失方程CSLE进行土壤侵蚀模数的计算,对东北黑土区的水土流失变化情况及原因进行分析,结果表明:耕地、草地、建设用地、其他土地面积减少,园地、林地、交通运输用地、水域及水利设施用地面积增加,造林、种草、封育、地埂、水平阶/反坡梯田等面积共增加0.84万km^(2);对比2018—2022年东北黑土区的水土流失情况,整体呈向好趋势,土壤侵蚀面积共减少约1.01万km^(2);从侵蚀强度来看,除轻度侵蚀面积增加约0.45万km^(2)外,中度、强烈、极强烈、剧烈侵蚀面积分别减少约0.43万、0.24万、0.28万、0.51万km^(2);从不同省份侵蚀面积变化情况分析,内蒙古自治区东四盟的侵蚀面积减少最多,共减少约0.37万km^(2),辽宁省侵蚀面积变化最小,共减少约0.06万km^(2);耕地、建设用地等土地利用类型面积的减少,以及林地、交通运输用地等土地利用类型面积的增加,均可大幅减少土壤侵蚀面积,同时水土保持措施面积的增加也可有效阻止土壤侵蚀的发生。总体来看,东北黑土区水土流失治理效果显著,生态环境得到改善,持续进行东北黑土区水土流失治理对环境保护具有重要意义。

基于MaxEnt模型预测中华秋沙鸭在中国东北地区的潜在分布区

了解物种适宜生境的空间分布格局并准确地评估物种栖息地的适宜性对物种保护具有重要意义。通过野外调查、文献检索以及全球生物多样性信息平台(GBIF)获取东北地区中华秋沙鸭(Mergus squamatus)的87个分布点,利用ENMTools最终筛选79个有效分布点和10个重要环境变量,使用优化后的最大熵模型(MaxEnt)对中华秋沙鸭的潜在分布区进行预测。结果表明:东北地区中华秋沙鸭高适宜区主要位于长白山山脉和小兴安岭东部地区,较适宜区主要位于松嫩平原与辽河平原东部、长白山山脉西部地区,低适宜区主要位于三江平原、辽河平原与辽东丘陵地区。影响模型预测的主导环境特征变量是年降水量(61.2%)、降水量变异系数(14.9%)和等温性(10.8%)。此外,在地形因子中,距水源距离(5.9%)和海拔(1.7%)对中华秋沙鸭适宜生境选择同样有重要影响。其中AUC为(0.908±0.041),表明该模型可预测我国东北地区中华秋沙鸭的潜在分布区,可为制定中华秋沙鸭的保护政策提供理论依据。

东北及邻区过去两万年来有机碳同位素记录特征

末次冰盛期(LGM)距今大约21ka,两万年来气候演化是过去气候变化研究的重要内容,也是预测未来气候变化的关键。基于湖泊、泥炭长链正构烷烃单体碳同位素(δ^(13)C)和土壤有机质碳同位素(δ^(13)CSOM)记录,重建了LGM以来东北及邻区区碳同位素时间演化序列。结果表明,从LGM至早全新世δ^(13)C值增加至最大值(-23‰),中全新世下降后趋于稳定。对比古气候记录,揭示LGM以来有效湿度可能是东北及邻区δ^(13)C值变化的主导因素。

粮食主产区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展耦合协调评价——以东北地区为例

粮食主产区产业振兴是实现乡村振兴的基础与关键,对农业高质量发展具有显著影响。以粮食主产区东北地区为研究区域,采用耦合协调模型分析东北地区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调发展水平,选用2014—2023年东北地区产业链供应链韧性相关数据,构建基于东北地区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调度模型。结果表明,东北地区的产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展的耦合协调度由原来的轻微失调转变为目前的良好协调。基于此,提出构建协同发展共建共享机制与协同评价机制的建议,以期推动粮食主产区产业链供应链韧性与农业高质量发展深度耦合。

1848—2019年大兴安岭卧牛湖湖泊环境演变及其驱动因素

湖泊生态环境演变过程和驱动机制研究对湖区生态系统的恢复至关重要。本文针对东北近现代湖泊生态环境重建研究相对不足的现状,以阿尔山浅水湖泊——卧牛湖为研究对象,在210Pb和137Cs建立的精确年代基础上,通过沉积岩芯的正构烷烃、粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)和碳氮比(C/N)等多指标分析,结合流域现代监测和历史资料,重建了1848—2019年来卧牛湖生态环境(包括藻类、水生植物等)的演化过程,并评价了多种环境压力对湖泊生态演变的影响。20世纪40年代之前,湖泊生态环境处于自然演化阶段,20世纪40年代之后,人类开始通过农业施肥和用水灌溉对湖泊环境产生影响,并在20世纪90年代显著加强,导致短链正构烷烃指示的藻类生物急剧上升。冗余分析和方差分解分析结果显示,在20世纪40—90年代,营养因子、气候因子和流域侵蚀共同作用影响湖泊生态环境演化;20世纪90年代以来,人类活动和营养因子成为湖泊生态环境变化的主控因子,人为干扰对湖泊环境影响显著加强,多种压力的胁迫作用导致了湖泊向富营养化状态的转变。

东北稻区秸秆直接还田技术与机具研究进展

秸秆直接还田作为保护性耕作的主要内容在我国东北稻区已广泛应用。在综述东北稻区目前主要的秸秆直接还田技术模式与配套机具基础上,重点分析了各环节不同种类机具工作原理及其技术特点。在阐述现有秸秆直接还田技术及配套装备存在问题和短板的基础上,建议重点对水稻秸秆切割技术、抛撒扩抛技术、耕作部件材料和加工工艺、耕作部件防堵技术、秸秆离田成本控制、秸秆压茬和全区域调平技术、农机农艺融合等方面展开深入研究,以期为东北稻区秸秆直接还田技术与机具研究提供装备技术支持。

东北区域音乐史研究四十年回眸

区域音乐史研究是当今学者们关注的领域,对东北音乐史的研究始于20世纪80年代,在吕金藻先生领衔的“东北音乐史专题研究”为系统研究的开端,其专注于“沦陷区音乐”及对解放战争时期东北音乐活动的探索,这些研究至今已走过四十年多的历程。文章论述吕金藻先生的研究及这以后出现对东北区域音乐史研究,对互通有无的东北古代音乐史研究、对多民族音乐交融的东北民族音乐研究、对东北亚区域音乐交流史研究、近代中俄音乐文化传播交流,等等。文章论述了东北区域音乐史研究的特征、成就与不足,并展望东北亚“丝绸之路”音乐史,论证东北区域音乐史研究将成为我国区域音乐史研究的学术新高地。

中国东北地区夏季旱涝的分析研究

利用东北三省及内蒙东北部均匀分布的 80个测站 4 0年 (196 1～ 2 0 0 0年 )夏季 (6～ 8月 )月降水资料以及正态化Z指数变换、小波分析和正交旋转主成份分析等方法 ,对东北地区夏季降水进行了旱涝等级划分 ,并探讨了旱涝发生的时间演变规律和空间分布特征。结果表明 ,东北地区夏季不同级别旱涝出现的几率存在着一定的差异 ,并且旱涝异常还具有明显的年际、年代际和周期性变化以及阶段性和群发性特征 ,地理分布上 ,可将东北地区夏季降水分为 7个旱涝型 (或敏感区 ) 。

东北漫岗黑土区切沟侵蚀发育特征

随着人们对土壤侵蚀空间尺度认识的加深,发育在更大空间尺度上的切沟愈来愈受到重视。切沟是土壤侵蚀的重要组成部分,但现有的土壤侵蚀模型尚未包括切沟侵蚀部分。本研究利用高精度差分GPS,在对东北典型漫岗黑土区切沟监测的基础上,借助GIS平台生成DEM,通过DEM的叠加分析,探讨了沟内蚀积变化特征。并在此基础上,提出了东北切沟侵蚀的概念模型,认为冬春季冻融侵蚀产生沟内堆积—雨季径流产生侵蚀的过程可能是该区切沟发育的一种重要模式。

气候变暖与东北地区水稻种植的适应行为

统计东北地区1960年～1999年对水稻生产有意义的5月～9月份气温的均值和标准差,结果显示近10年来东北地区的热量资源显著增加。根据东北地区水稻极早熟、早熟、中熟、中晚熟、晚熟品种的产量与热量资源的定量关系,采用风险-效益决策法中期望值评价的方法,建立计算作物期望单产的数学模型。计算的结果显示气候变暖对黑龙江、吉林大部分地区的水稻产生正面影响,而对辽宁大部分地区产生负面影响。改种更适应较暖气候的作物品种或调整种植结构是对这种影响的两种主要适应行为,可以在一定程度上扩大气候变暖的正面影响,减弱负面影响。近20年东北地区水稻单产和播种面积变化的统计数据在一定程度上反映了这种适应行为的结果:吉林、黑龙江水稻单产增加的幅度明显大于辽宁,水稻播种面积占主要粮食作物(水稻、小麦、玉米)播种面积的比例以黑龙江增加的幅度最大,吉林次之,而辽宁则呈现减小趋势。

中国东北地区森林覆被变化的原因与趋势

以中国东北地区森林覆被变化为研究对象,构建了涵盖林业生产、疏林地向有林地转换和其他用地向有林地转换三个方程组成的计量经济模型,研究了自然环境条件和社会经济因素对森林覆被变化的驱动作用。在此基础上,应用土地系统动态(DLS)模拟系统预测了2000-2020年在环境保育情景、基准情景和发展优先情景下中国东北地区森林覆被变化的趋势。研究结果表明,自然环境条件是森林覆被变化的重要控制因素,对林业生产和林地面积转移有显著的制约作用;区位条件、退耕还林政策和天然林保护工程等社会经济因素也均在不同程度影响了东北地区森林覆被的变化。在2000-2020年间,东北地区林地面积整体将呈现增长态势。其中,有林地面积逐年增长,而疏林地和灌木林地均有所下降,其他林地变化幅度较小。本研究结论将为东北地区森林资源开发利用与保护、林业发展规划提供决策参考信息。

长白山风倒区植被恢复26年后物种多样性变化特征

20世纪80年代后期,长白山遭受了罕见的台风袭击,原始森林遭到了大面积破坏。为了弄清风倒区自然恢复26a后的植被恢复状况,通过调查和对比分析风倒区和相邻的原始林区(对照区)3种典型森林类型的物种多样性的特征,评估了风倒区植被的恢复状况。结果表明,与没有受到干扰的对照区相比,阔叶红松林风倒区乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性差异性不显著(P>0.05),而云冷杉林和岳桦林风倒区的乔木层物种丰富度和α多样性显著降低;阔叶红松林风倒区的灌木层物种丰富度和α多样性均呈降低趋势,且丰富度差异性显著,云冷杉林和岳桦林风倒区的灌木层α多样性显著升高;阔叶红松林和云冷杉林风倒区的草本层α多样性显著降低,但岳桦林风倒区草本层α多样性变化不显著。阔叶红松林乔木层更新恢复的较好,灌木层和草本层更新较差;云冷杉林和岳桦林均是乔木层更新较差,灌木层更新较好;云冷杉林草本层物种较单一,岳桦林变化不大。经过风干扰后的长白山不同海拔森林物种组成和多样性还需要较长时间才能恢复到干扰前水平。