Air pressure law of a reservoir constructed in karst sinkholes

Karst sinkholes with natural negative landform provide favorable conditions for the pumped storage reservoir construction for less excavation work.However,the construction of the reservoir would plug the natural karst channels for water and air,which would cause remarkable air pressure in karst channels when the groundwater level fluctuates.A large laboratory simulation test was carried out to study the air pressure variation of a reservoir built on the karst sinkhole.The air pressure in the karst channel and inside the model was monitored during the groundwater rising and falling process.Result showed that the variation of air pressure in the karst channel and the surrounding rock exhibited a high degree of similarity.The air pressure increased rapidly at the initial stage of water level rising,followed by a slight decrease,then the air pressure increased sharply when the water level approached the top of the karst cave.The initial peak of air pressure and the final peak of air pressure were defined,and both air pressure peaks were linearly increasing with the water level rising rate.The negative air pressure was also analyzed during the drainage process,which was linearly correlated with the water level falling rate.The causes of air pressure variation in karst channels of a pumped storage reservoir built on the karst sinkhole were discussed.The initial rapid increase,then slight decrease and final sudden increase of air pressure were controlled by the combined effects of air compression in karst channel and air seepage into the surrounding rock.For the drainage process,the instant negative air pressure and gradual recovering of air pressure were controlled by the combined effects of negative air pressure induced by water level falling and air supply from surrounding rock.This work could provide valuable reference for the reservoir construction in karst area.

Relationship between Formation Water Rate,Equivalent Penetration Rate and Volume Flow Rate of Air in Air Drilling

Formation water invasion is the most troublesome problem associated with air drilling. However, it is not economical to apply mist drilling when only a small amount of water flows into wellbore from formation during air drilling. Formation water could be circulated out of the wellbore through increasing the gas injection rate. In this paper, the Angel model was modified by introducing Nikurade friction factor for the flow in coarse open holes and translating formation water rate into equivalent penetration rate. Thus the distribution of annular pressure and the relationship between minimum air injection rate and formation water rate were obtained. Real data verification indicated that the modified model is more accurate than the Angel model and can provide useful information for air drilling.

Study on the Relationship between the Oceanic Nino Index and Surface Air Temperature and Precipitation Rate over the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Abnormal weather conditions and extreme weather existed over the Kingdom Saudi Arabia (KSA) through the last decades. The present paper investigates the relationship between the Oceanic Nino Index (ONI) and variability of surface air temperature and precipitation rate over KSA through the period from 1950 to 2015 year. The NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis of monthly data sets of the mean surface air temperature and precipitation rate for the domain of the KSA is used. In addition, El Nino3.4 monthly data through the period (1950-2015) are used. For that period, the data set of the three months moving average of Nino3.4 anomaly, Oceanic Nino index (ONI), is used and analyzed. The time series, anomaly and correlation coefficient techniques are used to analyze the data sets through the present study. The results revealed that the KSA climate parameters, temperature and precipitation rates are controlled by ONI mainly in the autumn and winter seasons.

Measurement of air kerma rate and ambient dose equivalent rate using the G(E) function with hemispherical CdZnTe detector

Since the room-temperature detector CdZnTe(CZT) has advantages in terms of detection efficiency,energy resolution, and size, it has been extensively used to detect X-rays and gamma-rays. So far, nuclear radiation detectors such as cerium chloride doped with lanthanum bromide(LaBr_3(Ce)), thallium doped with cesium iodide(sI(Tl)), thallium doped with sodium iodide(NaI(Tl)),and high-purity germanium(HPGe) primarily use the spectroscopy-dose rate function(G(E)) to achieve the accurate measurement of air kerma rate(K_a) and ambient dose equivalent rate(H*(10)). However, the spectroscopy-dose rate function has been rarely measured for a CZT detector. In this study, we performed spectrum measurement using a hemispherical CZT detector in a radiation protection standards laboratory. The spectroscopy-dose rate function G(E) of the CZT detector was calculated using the least-squares method combined with the standard dose rate at the measurement position. The results showed that the hemispherical CZT detector could complete the measurement of air kerma rate(K_a) and ambient dose equivalent rate(H*(10)) by using the G(E) function at energies between 48 keV and 1.25 MeV, and the relative intrinsic errors were, respectively, controlled within ± 2. 3 and ± 2. 1%.

Improvement of uniformity in cultivation environment and crop growth rate by hybrid control of air flow devices

A complete control type plant factory has high efficiency in terms of cultivation area by constructing vertical multiple layered cultivation beds.However,it has a problem of irregular crop growth due to temperature deviation at upper and lower beds and increases in energy consumption by a prolonged cultivation period.In this work,air flow rate inside a facility was improved by a hybrid control of air flow devices like air conditioning and air circulation fan with an established wireless sensor network to minimize temperature deviations between upper and lower beds and to promote crop growth.The performance of proposed system was verified with an experimental environment or Case A wherein air conditioning device was operated without a control algorithm and Case B wherein air conditioning and circulation fans were alternatively operated based on the hybrid control algorithm.After planting leafy vegetables under each experimental condition,crops were cultivated for 21 days.As a result,Case B wherein AC(air conditioning) and ACF(air-circulation fan) were alternatively operated based on the hybrid control algorithm showed that fresh mass,number of leaves,and leaf length for the crops grown were increased by 40.6%,41.1%,and 11.1%,respectively,compared to Case A.

Investigation of oil-air two-phase mass flow rate measurement using Venturi and void fraction sensor

Oil-air two-phase flow measurement was investigated with a Venturi and void fraction meters in this work. This paper proposes a new flow rate measurement correlation in which the effect of the velocity ratio between gas and liquid was considered. With the pressure drop across the Venturi and the void fraction that was measured by electrical capacitance tomography apparatus, both mixture flow rate and oil flow rate could be obtained by the correlation. Experiments included bubble-, slug-, wave and annular flow with the void fraction ranging from 15% to 83%, the oil flow rate ranging from 0.97 kg/s to 1.78 kg/s, the gas flow rate ranging up to 0.018 kg/s and quality ranging nearly up to 2.0%. The root-mean-square errors of mixture mass flow rate and that of oil mass flow rate were less than 5%. Furthermore, coefficients of the correlation were modified based on flow regimes, with the results showing reduced root-mean-square errors.

Influence of Air Flow Rate on Functional Evaluation of Semicircular Canals

Objective To study the influence of unilateral air flow rate change on the result of caloric test.Materials and Methods The unilateral weakness(UW) index was calculated when the air flow rate was set at 6 L /min in both ears(called symmetric stimulation) and again when it was set at 6 L /min in left ear and 3 L /min in the right ear(called asymmetric stimulation).Each individual subject was tested with both symmetrical and asymmetrical stimulations.Paired t test was used to examine the differences between results from symmetrical and asymmetrical stimulations.Result UW index decreased in response to asymmetrical stimulation.Conclusion Unilaterally decreased air flow rate can produce indices suggesting ipsilateral UW,which can be misleading.

基于多维空间的航路利用率

航路利用率表征了空域中航路的利用情况,通过计算航路利用率可以实现对空域资源进行更合理、高效的利用。为了更加准确地计算给定时间段内固定航路的利用率,通过构建抽象的三维空间,提出了一种基于多维空间的航路利用率计算方法。在考虑时间和空间两个角度之间的相互联系有了突破,从时间、航路、高度层三个维度建立航路时空利用率计算模型计算航路时空利用率,结合航路容量利用率,从时间、空间、容量三个角度出发,建立了航路利用率计算模型。最后通过算例分析计算得到某一空域四条航路的利用率。

The Comparison of Measurement Methods for Air-Kerma Rate in Narrow-Spectrum Series

The air-kerma is one of the most important physical quantities in ionizing radiation dosimetry. The measurement of airkerma rate in narrow-spectrum series is the basis to determine the radiation dose at protection level. In this article, the absolute measurement method is used to derive the standard air-kerma rate of the ISO 4037 narrow-spectrum series that ranges from 60 kV to 150 kV by a primary standard ionization chamber,it is used in direct comparison for air kerma. The indirect method is used to obtain the air-kerma rate by a secondary standard transfer ionization chamber named A5 chamber with calibration factors of the corresponding reference qualities. The results are very similar comparing between absolute and indirect methods for air-kerma rate, all the differences are within ±3.3%.

基于高度层与飞机类型的航路利用率研究

航路利用率表征了空域中航路的利用情况.为了更加准确地计算航路的利用率,针对在航路上不同的高度层对不同类型的飞机具有不同的适用性问题,根据不同高度层和飞机类型的组合情况,从时间、空间、容量三个角度建立了一种基于高度层与飞机类型的航路利用率计算模型.在考虑航路利用率的多维影响因素方面有了突破,通过算例分析计算得到某四条航路的利用率.

空气过滤棉荷尘阻力特性的实验研究

为研究复合式空气过滤棉的阻力特性,选择3层复合空气过滤棉作为主要研究对象,通过实验系统地研究荷尘速率对其阻力变化的影响,并与过滤纸进行对比。研究结果表明:在相同过滤风速下,荷尘质量浓度越低,过滤棉阻力上升速度越快;过滤棉等级越低,荷尘质量浓度对其阻力增长影响越大,归一化阻力随单位面积荷尘质量的增长越快;过滤风速对过滤棉归一化阻力的增长有影响,过滤风速越大,归一化阻力增长越缓慢,但对效率较高的过滤棉影响不大。相同荷尘条件下,相较于过滤纸,过滤棉的归一化阻力上升更慢;基于实验归纳得到3层复合空气过滤棉的阻力增长特性方程。研究结果可为其使用寿命预测提供参考。

岩巷综掘面抽尘参数影响粉尘污染扩散规律研究

抽尘系统是岩巷综掘面长压短抽通风方式中控除粉尘污染的重要组成部分,而确定适宜的抽尘参数是实现有效除尘的关键。利用Solidworks软件对某矿632岩巷综掘面进行了物理建模,并进行了ICEM-CFD网格划分,通过网格无关性检验确认了后续所用的网格模型,运用FLUENT计算流体力学软件对不同抽尘位置Dn(n分别为0、1/4、1/2、3/4、1)与抽风量(300~350 m^(3)/min)影响粉尘污染扩散状况进行了数值模拟,并通过仿真试验验证了数值模拟结果的准确性。结果表明:抽尘位置为D0、D1/4、D1/2、D3/4时,巷道内风流整体均处于较为紊乱的状态,粉尘污染经风流运载最终均扩散至整个巷道;抽尘位置为D1时,在抽风与压风协同作用下,距迎头4.6~6 m范围内形成了风向指向迎头、流动均匀且覆盖巷道全断面的有效控尘风幕,粉尘污染被风幕控制在掘进机司机与迎头之间的封闭空间内。抽风量在330 m^(3)/min及以上时,在司机处均形成了有效控尘风幕。为了在有效控尘的前提下尽可能降低能耗,最优抽风量选取最小值330 m^(3)/min。

亚热带常见室内绿植对甲醛净化效果及生理机制

为探究室内绿植对不同浓度甲醛净化效果及生理机制,以白鹤芋、花叶万年青、也门铁和麒麟尾为研究对象,采用玻璃箱密闭熏蒸法,设置甲醛浓度分别为2.70,4.53,7.87 mg•m^(-3)共3个处理(每个处理下光照强度均为50μmol•m^(-2)•s^(-1)),测定不同甲醛浓度下植物甲醛净化速率及生理生化指标。结果表明:1)4种植物均具有净化甲醛能力,且净化速率随甲醛浓度增加显著增加,高甲醛浓度下(7.87 mg•m^(-3))4种植物净化甲醛能力排序为:也门铁(219.81 ng•cm^(-2)•h^(-1))>麒麟尾(197.29 ng•cm^(-2)•h^(-1))>白鹤芋(173.47 ng•cm^(-2)•h^(-1))>花叶万年青(125.15 ng•cm^(-2)•h^(-1))。2)白鹤芋甲醛净化速率与丙二醛、总有机酸含量以及甲醛脱氢酶呈极显著正相关;麒麟尾甲醛净化速率与丙二醛和可溶性糖含量显著负相关。这可能与甲醛脱氢酶和可溶性糖等生理指标与甲醛在植物体内代谢过程密切相关。3)利用隶属函数法对植物叶绿素、丙二醛和可溶性糖含量进行综合分析,结果表明,白鹤芋甲醛抗性最强,花叶万年青抗性最弱。

陕西省环境气象条件评估指数时空变化特征研究

基于陕西省10地市2015—2020年PM_(2.5)浓度实况监测数据和气象条件评估指数EMI,统计分析EMI和PM_(2.5)相关性及近年EMI的时空分布特征,定量评估气象条件变化及综合治理措施对陕西环境空气质量的影响。结果表明:陕西省2015—2020年EMI可较好地表征和评估气象条件变化导致的PM_(2.5)浓度变化。2015—2020年EMI呈线性降低趋势,气象条件持续向好。月EMI均呈明显的单谷分布特征,EMI冬半年大,夏半年小。各区域EMI总体上呈关中高、陕南次之、陕北最低的分布特点,关中中部、东部EMI最大。EMI正距平百分比高值区主要分布在关中地区,各年关中均有60%以上面积正距平,其中2016年冬季关中83.0%面积正距平,37.5%面积正距平超过100%。2020年陕西省各区域环境空气质量较2015—2019年均有明显改善,全省PM_(2.5)浓度较前5 a平均降低24.8%,全省气象条件改善使PM2.5浓度较近5 a降低16.4%,排放变化使得PM_(2.5)浓度较前5 a平均下降9.4%,可见,近年陕西省大气污染综合治理措施成果显著,环境质量明显改善。

减小喉罩型号改善通气效果的临床观察

目的探讨减小喉罩型号改善通气效果的临床观察。方法选取喉罩固定翼距门齿距离>3 cm的男性患者60例为研究对象,随机分为试验组和对照组,每组30例。比较试验组(3号喉罩)与对照组(4号喉罩)的通气优良率、FOB理想位置比例、气道峰压差及2组喉罩置入后的密封压、套囊内压、漏气率,比较2组喉罩远端与食道入口距离,观察2组喉罩拔出时带血丝情况,术后24 h咽部并发症发生情况(包括术后咽痛、声嘶)及咽痛持续时间。2组患者设置的呼吸参数相同。结果试验组喉罩置入后通气成功率、FOB理想位置置入比例及通气效果优良率提高,漏气率值降低,密封压值提高,喉罩远端距食道入口距离较对照组减小,术后咽部并发症发生率较对照组低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论对于喉罩固定翼距门齿距离>3 cm的患者,通过减小喉罩型号,使喉罩放置理想位置比例增加,通气优良率升高,漏气率降低,密封压值提高,咽部并发症降低,可改善喉罩通气效果,安全有效。

等离子体发生器导流板结构优化研究

高效滤芯是空气净化器的关键部件,当空气净化器中流向高效滤芯部分的送风不均匀时,会导致滤芯利用率较低,从而影响滤芯的过滤性能.为提高滤芯的使用效率进而改善装置的净化性能,可以在风机和高效滤芯之间放置导流型等离子体发生器,利用发生器的导流板使送风气流更均匀的吹向滤芯.为探究适宜的导流板结构参数,采用数值模拟的方法对不同结构参数导流板下的流动过程进行分析,通过对比滤芯使用率和送风均匀性等指标,给出适宜的导流板长度和张开角度设计方案.研究结果表明,对于本文研究的净化器尺寸,导流板设计长度为100 mm、张开角度为10°时的送风更均匀.优化后的尾部导流板结构简单、设计合理、使用方便,分散了送风气流的方向,更有利于提高后端高效滤芯的利用率和使用寿命.

定向送风对隔离病房开门时段空气泄漏的抑制效果研究

患有高传染性疾病的患者一般被安置在医院的负压隔离病房中来限制这些疾病在医院内部的传播。然而隔离病人员进出时房门开启可能会导致大量携带有病菌的空气通过房门传递到隔离病房外部走廊,从而引起走廊中的人员被感染。为了减少和预防门开启带来的室内空气泄露问题,有必要使得门开启时室内外交换的气流最小化。为了解决这个问题,我们在隔离病房门口安装有定向气流送风口,通过将定向气流引向隔离病房门口,以减少由门的开启过程,人员移动通过过程和室内外温差引起的室内外空气气流交换量。使用烟雾对流场可视化后发现在门开启或者关闭的过程中使用朝向隔离病房的定向气流能够明显减小室内外的空气交换量。示踪气体测试结果显示,定向气流90L/s时室内外等温条件下可将隔离病房内的空气泄漏量减少38%,而室内外温差3℃时,使用定向气流可减小泄漏量31%。若将定向气流风量调节到190L/s时,等温条件下可减小室内外60%的空气交换量。在室内外存在3℃的温差时,空气交换量可减少39%。尽管测试的定向气流并未能够完全防止空气泄漏,但是它们是可以有效的减少由门的开启,人员通过和室内外温差引起的室内外空气交换量。

交流高压静电防护服装标准的解读

为推动标准的有效推广和实施,以及交流高压静电防护服装的科学制备和合理适用,对GB/T18136—2008《交流高压静电防护服装及试验方法》和DL/T 1238—2013《1000 kV交流系统用静电防护服装》中的关键技术指标进行了探讨。对比分析了两个标准的异同点,并提出了合理化建议,为标准的修订提供参考。认为:应进一步增加衣料撕破强力、透湿量、色牢度、甲醛含量、pH值、接缝强力等考核指标,并明确相关考核指标的测试参数。

跨临界CO_(2)汽车空调中润滑油影响特性研究进展

应对新能源汽车复杂应用环境和应用需求,润滑油是影响跨临界CO_(2)热泵空调性能、可靠性的关键因素。油品及油充注量对于充分发挥系统性能,保障系统安全稳定运行具有重要作用。讨论了跨临界CO_(2)汽车热泵空调中润滑油的作用与影响。总结了应用于CO_(2)汽车热泵空调的几种常用润滑油,并对各种润滑油的各项应用性能进行了对比。分析了加入润滑油对跨临界CO_(2)热泵空调系统中各部件性能产生的作用与影响,以及对空调系统整体性能的影响。润滑油在压缩机中起到减小运动件磨损和工作噪声,防止制冷剂泄漏和排温过高等作用,但过量的油积聚于压缩腔中会导致容积效率降低和功耗升高;在换热器及管路中,油在流动壁面上形成的油膜增大了流动流阻及换热热阻,同时油在蒸发器中起到抑制核态沸腾和气泡扰动的效果,对换热起到恶化作用。总结了相关领域现有研究成果与结论,并对领域内关键研究方向进行了展望。

新风量对地铁客室咳嗽飞沫传播影响的数值模拟研究

优化通风系统参数以降低乘客呼吸道传染病的感染风险是创造安全、舒适的地铁客室出行环境的重要途径。利用欧拉−拉格朗日数值模拟方法对地铁客室中呼吸道飞沫传播进行模拟,研究不同送风量下乘客咳嗽释放的飞沫扩散规律和时空分布特性。研究结果表明:随着新风量增加,车厢通风系统对飞沫粒子的清除速度和效率也相应提高;当新风量为2000 m3/h时,仅有3.9%的飞沫在30 s内进入废排口;而当新风量为8000 m3/h时,在10 s内38.9%的粒子进入废排口;车厢内悬浮的粒子数量并非呈线性下降,而是随新风量的增加呈现复杂的变化;随着新风量提高,车厢内主导飞沫运动的气流逐渐由回风产生的气流转变为废排口产生的气流,同时,废排口气流在车厢内形成的涡流区域逐渐增大,导致部分未能快速进入废排口的部分飞沫在车厢内的悬浮时间延长;废排口附近乘客摄入粒子的比例随着新风量的增加表现出显著的差异;随着新风量的增加,在感染乘客同侧区域的乘客被感染风险逐渐减小,而在感染乘客面对区域的乘客被感染风险随着新风量的增加先增加后减小。研究结果可为制定预防地铁客室内呼吸道传染病毒空气传播的控制策略提供参考。