Discussion of the Relationship between Fairness and Efficiency——Based on Rawls'“A Theory of Justice”

Since China’s reform and opening up,from the Third Plenary Session of the 14th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China that put forward"efficiency first and fairness"to the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China,"first distribution and redistribution must deal with the relationship between fairness and efficiency,and redistribution pays more attention to fairness"Distribution policy,in 2021,the tenth meeting of the Central Finance and Economics Committee clearly stated that it is necessary to promote common prosperity in stages.The relationship between fairness and efficiency has always been the basic principle and standard for the country to formulate policies,and it is also the core issue discussed by scholars.Both utilitarianism and Rawls'two principles of justice provide us with different perspectives to explore the relationship between fairness and efficiency.This article focuses on Rawls's critique of utilitarianism and the specific content of the two justice principles,and makes a simple discussion on the relationship between fairness and efficiency and its enlightenment on the formulation of distribution policies in our country.

The Impact of Personality Traits and Problem Structures on Management Decision-Making Outcomes

Since decision-making behavior has been in the focus both from a scientific and a professional position, there seems to be a dispute whether rational or intuitive decision making leads to better outcomes. By now, scholars have agreed that effective organizations do not have the luxury to choose between the ＂applications＂ of intuitive or rational decision making. Instead, they try to understand how different factors like personality traits and problem characteristics influence the decision-making process. Reviewing the literature reveals that personality pre-determination and the structure of problems （e.g., well-structured problems （WSPs） versus ill-structured problems （ISPs）） seem to have a significant impact on the decision-making efficiency. Further, the review also shows that there is a lack of application-oriented empirical studies in this area of research. Therefore, the aim of this research paper is to propose a framework for an empirical study on how personality traits and problem structure influence the decision-making process. First, hypotheses are derived from the literature on how personality pre-determination and behavioral patterns in the decision-making process lead to higher socioeconomic efficiency within certain problem categories. Second, a causal model and a setup for a laboratory experiment are proposed to allow testing the hypotheses. Finally, the conclusions provide an outlook on how this research could support organizations in their decision-making processes.

Analysis on Irrational Decision Making of Tobacco Family Farmers from the Perspective of Optimal Scale of Efficiency

The larger the difference between the willingness scale of tobacco family farmers and the optimal scale of efficiency,the greater the degree of irrationality,and the higher the decision making risk.With the aid of DEA model,this study calculated the optimal scale of efficiency of Guiyang tobacco family farms.Using the ratio of willingness scale and efficiency optimal scale,it measured the degree of irrationality of family farmers.In addition,with the help of multiple linear regression model,it explained the irrational decision making mechanism of family farmers.Finally,it made a portrait of farmers who tend to make irrational decisions,to find specific farmers and guide them in their production and operation,reduce the risk of planting scale decision making and stabilize the sustainable development of the tobacco industry.

Application of a mixed DEA model to evaluate relative efficiency validity

Data envelopment analysis(DEA) model is widely used to evaluate the relative efficiency of producers. It is a kind of objective decision method with multiple indexes. However, the two basic models frequently used at present, the C2R model and the C2GS2 model have limitations when used alone,resulting in evaluations that are often unsatisfactory. In order to solve this problem, a mixed DEA model is built and is used to evaluate the validity of the business efficiency of listed companies. An explanation of how to use this mixed DEA model is offered and its feasibility is verified.

Ranking approach of cross-efficiency based on improved TOPSIS technique

The cross-efficiency evaluation method is reviewed which is developed as a data envelopment analysis （DEA） extensive tool. The cross-efficiency evaluation method is utilized to identify the decision making unit （DMU） with the best practice and to rank the DMUs by their respective cross-efficiency scores. The main drawbacks of the cross-efficiency evaluation method when the ultimate average cross-efficiency scores are used to evalu- ate and rank the DMUs are also pointed out. With the research gap, an improved technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution （TOPSIS） is introduced to rank the crossfficiency by eliminating the average assumption. Finally, an empirical example is illustrated to examine the validity of the proposed method.

Energy Efficiency-Based Decision Making in Cognitive Radio Networks

As a constraint for smart devices,energy consumption has attract people's attention for a long time period. How to get higher resource utilization with less energy consumption is a challenge for cognitive radio networks. Secondary users have to participate in spectrum sensing at the cost of energy and access idle spectrum without interfering primary users. However,not all participating secondary users can access idle spectrum. How to ensure the participation users access spectrum efficiently with a larger probability is an urgent problem to be solved. We propose an Energy Efficiency-based Decision Making(EEDM) for cognitive radio networks,which fully considers residual energy and probability of obtaining spectrum resources. Simulation and analysis show that the proposed scheme can maximize proportion of allocated users under the premise of ensuring the accuracy of spectrum sensing,then balance users' energy consumption and access efficiency,so as to effectively improve the utilization of spectrum resources.

一种农业自动化灌溉系统的高效能设计研究

以进一步提升农业自动化灌溉系统的作业效率为研究目标,选取其核心结构组件布局作为研究对象,基于通信控制优化理念展开高效能设计研究。结合自动化灌溉系统的运行机理,从通信网络架构分层角度入手,建立灌溉系统参数计算处理模型。针对系统软件控制和硬件配置完成优化,选定灌溉作物进行灌溉试验,结果表明:此通信网络架构理念下的控制优化布局,可实现灌溉系统的响应准确率与决策准确率同步提升,系统运行稳定有效;整体系统的灌溉效率可达94.55%,满足智能化灌溉控制设计要求,具有很好的应用推广价值。研究结果对于灌溉系统向智能化精准化提升有较好的启示意义。

Fuzzy data envelopment analysis approach based on sample decision making units

The conventional data envelopment analysis （DEA） measures the relative efficiencies of a set of decision making units with exact values of inputs and outputs. In real-world prob- lems, however, inputs and outputs typically have some levels of fuzziness. To analyze a decision making unit （DMU） with fuzzy input/output data, previous studies provided the fuzzy DEA model and proposed an associated evaluating approach. Nonetheless, numerous deficiencies must still be improved, including the α- cut approaches, types of fuzzy numbers, and ranking techniques. Moreover, a fuzzy sample DMU still cannot be evaluated for the Fuzzy DEA model. Therefore, this paper proposes a fuzzy DEA model based on sample decision making unit （FSDEA）. Five eval- uation approaches and the related algorithm and ranking methods are provided to test the fuzzy sample DMU of the FSDEA model. A numerical experiment is used to demonstrate and compare the results with those obtained using alternative approaches.

Robust data envelopment analysis based MCDM with the consideration of uncertain data

The application of data envelopment analysis （DEA） as a multiple criteria decision making （MCDM） technique has been gaining more and more attention in recent research. In the practice of applying DEA approach, the appearance of uncertainties on input and output data of decision making unit （DMU） might make the nominal solution infeasible and lead to the efficiency scores meaningless from practical view. This paper analyzes the impact of data uncertainty on the evaluation results of DEA, and proposes several robust DEA models based on the adaptation of recently developed robust optimization approaches, which would be immune against input and output data uncertainties. The robust DEA models developed are based on input-oriented and outputoriented CCR model, respectively, when the uncertainties appear in output data and input data separately. Furthermore, the robust DEA models could deal with random symmetric uncertainty and unknown-but-bounded uncertainty, in both of which the distributions of the random data entries are permitted to be unknown. The robust DEA models are implemented in a numerical example and the efficiency scores and rankings of these models are compared. The results indicate that the robust DEA approach could be a more reliable method for efficiency evaluation and ranking in MCDM problems.

AIDS Treatments Efficiency Analysis Based on Cost Efficiency Data Envelopment Analysis Model

Three data envelopment analysis (DEA) models were used to analyse the relative efficiencies of four AIDS treatments in AIDS Clinical Trial Group (ACTG) Study 193A(1 309 patients in total, classified into 4 age groups). Results from the output-oriented BCC model show that Treatment 4 ( 600 mg of zidovudine plus 400 mg of didanosine plus 400 mg of nevirapine) is particularly efficient for age group 14—25, but not efficient for the older age groups; Treatment 1 (600 mg of zidovudine alternating monthly with 400 mg of didanosine)and Treatment 2 (600 mg of zidovudine plus 2.25 mg of zalcitabine) are efficient for the age groups 35—45 and 45— ; age group 25—35 does not have a particularly efficient treatment, but Treatments 1 and 2 are relatively good. The cost efficiency BCC model, which takes the treatment cost into account, gives similar results as the output-oriented model. Results from the indirect output-oriented BCC model, which allows the replacement among medicines, show that the efficiency of Treatment 2 has greatly decreased compared with that of the output-oriented model, and a set of optimal medicine amounts for different age groups is obtained.

Modeling the energy retrofit decision in commercial office buildings

Retrofitting existing buildings has emerged as a primary strategy for reducing energy use and carbon emissions, both nationally and in cities. Despite the increasing awareness of retrofitting opportunities and a growing portfolio of successful case studies, little is known about the decision-making processes of building owners and asset managers with respect to energy efficiency investments. Specifically, the research presented here examines the effects of ownership type, tenant demand, and real estate market location on building energy retrofit decisions in the commercial office sector. This paper uses an original, detailed survey of asset managers of 763 office buildings in nineteen cities sampled from the CBRE, Inc. portfolio. Controlling for various building characteristics, the results demonstrate that ownership type and local market do, in fact, influence the retrofit decision.Overall, this analysis provides new evidence for the importance of understanding ownership type and the varying motivations of differing types of owners in building energy efficiency investment decisions. The findings of both the survey analysis and the predictive model demonstrate additional support for the targeting of energy efficiency incentives and outreach based on ownership entity, local market conditions, and specific physical building characteristics.

Stability Analysis and Efficiency Improvement of a Multi-converter System Using Multi-objective Decision Making

Multi-converter system is mainly used in advanced automotive systems.Different converters and inverters are taking part in automotive systems to provide different voltage levels in a multi-converter system.It involves constant voltage load(CVL),constant power load(CPL)and other loads.The CPL in such systems offers negative impedance characteristic and it creates a destabilizing effect on the main converter.The effect of destabilization can be reduced by increasing the CVL or inserting parasitic components.Attempts have been made by authors to improve the stability by using parasitics of different components such as switch,diode and inductor.Influence of insertion of parasitics including the series equivalent resistance of the filter capacitor and variation in CVL on the performance of main converter is mathematically analyzed and conflicting behavior between system stability and efficiency is observed.The optimum solution between these two functions is obtained by using multi-objective decision making(MODM)by varying parasitics of different components and CVL.An attempt has been made to demonstrate the effect of CVL load and the parasitics on the stability and efficiency of the main converter,experimentally.

Multiobjective Decision Making: the Combined Approach

In this paper, a new approach for generating all or partly efficient solutions called the Combined Approach is developed. The property of efficient solutions generated by the combined approach and its relationships with other four approaches: weighting approach, sequential approach, ε-constraint approach and hybrid approach, are discussed. Based on this combined approach, a decision-making support method called the Combined Decision-Making Method (CDMM) for multiobjective problems is developed, which is an interactive process with the decision maker. Only the aspiration levels, which reflect the decision maker's satisfying degrees for corresponding objectives, are needed to be supplied by the decision maker step by step as he will. This interactive way for objectives can easily be accepted. Finally, the application of the proposed decision making method in the resource allocation problem is discussed, and an example for the production decision analysis of the solar energy cells given.

刑事司法领域自动化决策的风险与规制

自动化决策在中外各国的刑事司法领域已有广泛应用,其原因在于自动化决策符合刑事司法预防和打击犯罪、提高诉讼效率、实现案件公正办理的需求,也有相应的观念和技术条件予以支持。然而自动化决策在刑事司法中的应用可能带来准确性不足、公正性偏离和机械性三方面的风险,应采取措施对自动化决策进行规制,以达到补足准确性、保障公正性和消解机械性的效果,实现自动化决策在刑事司法领域的法治化应用。

Policy-Making for Households Appliances-Related Electricity Consumption in Indonesia—A Multicultural Country

Household energy consumption is strongly influenced by culture. Therefore, the study of the influence of culture on energy consumption is important for designing the most suitable energy conservation policy to increase society’s adaptation to policy. The present paper has the following aims: 1) to analyze and compare decision-making in the use of electrical appliances;and 2) to compile a strategy to improve the adoption of higher-efficiency appliances and the wise use of electricity in Indonesia to optimize households’ energy conservation. All aims are in the framework analysis of the different cultural backgrounds and ethnicities represented by two cities—Yogyakarta and Bandung. The finding indicates that people in Yogyakarta show greater awareness of the benefits of adopting higher-efficiency appliances than people in Bandung. Therefore, the awareness rate of energy consumed by appliances and energy efficiency of appliances is significantly higher in Yogyakarta. This study shows the integration of intervention strategy in the purchase and use of electrical appliances with regard to the consumers’ decision and behaviors within a framework of the local culture to manage electricity consumption in the household sector.

我国公路桥梁养护管理系统发展及展望

为促进我国公路桥梁管养智慧化转型,提高管养效率,综述了我国公路桥梁养护管理系统的研究历程与发展趋势。围绕桥梁养护管理系统发展的3个阶段:无纸信息化的桥梁数据库信息管理阶段,改善状态评估与决策方法的桥梁技术状态评估及维护决策阶段,融合可视化、巡检终端及健康监测系统等手段的桥梁高效化管理阶段,总结各阶段系统功能模块与特点、主要解决的问题及存在的弊端;结合当前桥梁智慧管养方面的研究热点,探讨与展望了以减少人为干预、实现经济高效养护为目标的公路桥梁智慧养护管理系统发展方向。结果表明:当代公路桥梁养护管理系统已基本满足桥梁管养部门的精细化管理需求,但仍存在智慧化程度不足、资源配置合理化欠缺等问题,而融合了智慧感知、智慧判别与决策、多源信息融合手段的桥梁智慧管养系统,将通过多种智能技术感知桥梁多源信息,采用大数据分析与挖掘方法评估桥梁状态,指导管理者实现经济高效的管养决策,达到公路桥梁智慧化养护目的。

基于模糊DEMATEL-超效率DEA的可再生能源发电技术综合效益评估方法

“双碳”目标下,各类可再生能源发电技术发展迅速,综合权衡不同可再生能源发电方案的综合效益对可再生能源的优化设计具有重要意义。综合考虑经济效益、环境效益、能源效益和社会效益4个层面,提出了一种基于模糊决策试验和评价实验(decision making trial and evaluation laboratory,DEMATEL)与超效率数据包络分析(data envelopment analysis,DEA)模型的可再生能源发电技术综合效益评估方法。该方法分为投入-产出指标体系构建和综合评估2个阶段。首先,利用三角直觉模糊数处理模糊评价信息,将其与DEMATEL相结合量化各指标之间相互影响关系,基于指标间逻辑分析结果建立投入-产出评估指标体系。然后,基于超效率DEA模型对各可再生能源发电方案进行评估排序,结合投入冗余和产出不足分析结果给出各方案的针对性改善建议,以期为进一步选择和确定可再生能源产业发展战略提供参考。最后以某省10类可再生能源发电单元为研究对象,基于所提研究方法进行综合评估和分析,并与多准则妥协解排序法和熵权法进行对比分析,验证了所提方法的有效性。

在线民事诉讼的当代法治价值

2021年,新的《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》颁布,明确规定了在线诉讼模式的法律效力,使诉讼模式灵活多样,既与时代需求和高科技发展的步伐相契合,又符合当代各民事主体对公平正义和效率价值的追求,能够有效协调各民事主体间的不同价值目标的实现。目前,在线诉讼尚存在公信力不足、专业司法人员在线诉讼能力有待提升及监督制度体系有待完善等问题。因此,基于法治建设的要求,在线诉讼的改革发展仍然要始终坚持公平正义和效率的价值方向,在实践中不断自我完善。

基于消费者心理距离和感知价值视角的触点竞争逻辑建构

通过分析消费者的触点消费行为,探究触点竞争的内在机制。在深化“触点”概念的基础上聚焦移动端交易触点,延续门店竞争、渠道竞争的理论逻辑,类比推知触点与消费者的心理距离差异是触点竞争的核心,借助刺激-机体-反应模型(促销力度-感知价值-决策效率)验证这一推测。基于真实交易数据和实验数据进行递进的实证检验,研究表明:促销力度能显著提升消费者的决策效率,且感知价值在其中起中介作用;消费者与触点的心理距离负向调节促销效果,具体来说是负向调节感知价值对决策效率的影响,即短心理距离触点能够提高促销的边际收益。

论我国强制答辩制度的构建

《民事诉讼法》第128条“被告不提出答辩状的,不影响人民法院审理”,即我国没有强制答辩制度,但域外大部分国家都确立了明确的逾期答辩规则和较为严厉的答辩失权后果,以对被告的答辩进行规范和约束。基于当事人诉讼权利平等原则和诉讼效率的需要,我国也应明确答辩状的内容和形式、细化提交答辩状的期限、规定不按时提交答辩状的后果并完善强制答辩的配套制度,以规范被告的诉讼行为,提高民事诉讼的庭审质效。