Pollen Mother Cell Miosis and Male Gametophyte Development of Pumpkin

[Objective] Pollen mother cell miosis and male gametophyte development of pumpkin were observed in this study, to provide some cytological basis for pumpkin anther or microspore culture. [Method] Ehrlich＇s hematoxylin staining-methyl salicylate clearing technique was used for observation and research of the variation of cell structure and chromosomal behavior during pollen mother cell miosis and male gametophyte development of ‘Tianhong＇ pumpkin. [Result] The meiosis in pollen moth- er cells of pumpkin was simultaneous cytokinesis. In the process of nuclear division, nuclear membrane and nucleolus of pumpkin pollen mother cells gradually disappeared in the metaphase I and reappeared in telophase I , phragmoplast formed between the two generated crescent-shaped nuclei without cell wall, the phragmoplast gradually disappeared in the metaphase II and reappeared in telophase II. Phragmoplast spread outward from the center of spindle during the second division was connected with that formed on the central interface of two nuclei during the first division, cell wall of microspores generated from periphery to center. Most of the tetrads contained four sub-cells while a few contained extra small cells. During the period of uniuclete microspore at periphery, the single nucleolus split into 2-3 or more small nucleoli, mature pollen grain was two-celled. Mononucleate pollen cells were mostly appeared in the flower buds with length of 1.0-2.0 cm, which could be used as an important indicator to collect materials for anther or microspore culture. [Conclusion] This study laid the foundation for research of the cytogenetics of pumpkin.

Transcriptomic profiling of watermelon(Citrullus lanatus) provides insights into male flowers development

Watermelon(Citrullus lanatus(Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) is an important cucurbit crop grown worldwide. Watermelon fruit quality, fertility, and seed-setting rate are closely related to male flower development. In this study, the different developmental stages of flower buds of the watermelon cultivar ’Xinteda Zhengkang 9’ were distinguished by cytological observation, and transcriptome sequencing analysis was performed subsequently. Acetocarmine staining of anthers was performed and the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the unopened male flower buds were measured. Cytological observations of anthers at different developmental stages showed that the anther grew from the tetrad to the mature stage, and the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the flower buds increased. The length of the male flower buds also changed significantly during development. Transcriptome sequencing analysis at four periods, the tetrad(A group), mononuclear(B group), dikaryophase(C group), and mature stages(D group). A total of 16 288 differentially expressed genes(DEGs) were detected in the four stages, with the prolongation of developmental stages, the number of DEGs increased gradually in the comparison groups, there was 2 014, 3 259, 4 628, 1 490, 3 495 and 1 132 DEGs revealed in six comparison groups(A-vs.-B, A-vs.-C, A-vs.-D, B-vs.-C, B-vs.-D, and C-vs.-D), respectively. Gene Ontology(GO) and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched in cellular component and starch and sucrose metabolism, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and pentose sugar, etc. Finally, we completely screened 59 DEGs in the six comparison groups, interestingly, we found one pollen-specific protein(Cla001608) that was significantly down-regulated(the value of log2 Fold Change up to 17.32), which indicated that it may play an important role in the development of male flowers. This work provides insight into the molecular basis of the developmental stages of male flowers in watermelon and may aid in dominant cross breeding.

Microsporogenesis and Male Gametophyte Development of Euphorbar pulcherrima

The microsporogenesis and male gametophyte development of Euphorbia pulcherrima were studied with paraffin section method. The results showed that the anther of Euphorbia pulcherrima had four chambers. The development of anther wall was dicotyledonous type; its wall consisted of epidermis, endothecium, middle layer and tapetum. The mature male gametophyte development experienced seven major stages as the followings： archesporial cells, aporgenous cells, microspore mother cells, tetrads of microspores （tetrahedral）, uninucleate microspores, 2-uncleate pollens and 2-celled pollen stage. The anther wall varied with the pollen development： the epidermis of anther ruptures at the anther mature stage; the middle layer disappears at tetrad stage; the endothelium became fibrous layer at the anther mature stage; the tapetum （glandular） was the most development at the microspore mother cells stage and disappeared at anther mature stage. The abnormal anther development was observed simultaneously.

The Development of Metabolic Derangement in Male Offspring after Perinatal Exposure to Di-(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate

The prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）has been increasing throughout the world over the past 20 years.Environmental chemicals known to regulate the endocrine system have been considered as a risk factor for the development of metabolic diseases.Several people are exposed to environmental chemicals during their lives.

Developmental assets and age of first sexual intercourse among adolescent African American males in Mobile, Alabama

Background and Aims: Younger age at first sexual intercourse is associated with a variety of adverse health outcomes. We aimed to gain a clearer understanding of a wide range of individual, family and social factors that may influence sexual behavior of children and adolescents. Specifically, we examined the relationships of developmental assets with age of first sexual intercourse among a large sample (n = 1061) of adolescent African American males living in low-income neighborhoods in Mobile, Alabama. Methods: Using the Developmental Asset Model as a theoretical guide, we selected variables from adolescent survey data and conducted logistic regression analysis to determine predictors of early age of first sexual intercourse. Results: Nearly one half (49%) of the male survey participants reported that they first had sexual intercourse at the age of 12 or younger. The total number of assets was the strongest predictor of later age (13 years old or later) of first sexual intercourse (OR 1.49, 95% CI = 1.09, 2.04), followed by decision-making skills (OR 1.40, 95% CI = 1.04, 1.86), and positive view of the future (OR 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02, 1.74). Conclusion: There are several developmental assets related to the age of first sexual intercourse. This study found support for the Developmental Asset Model as a framework for promoting sexual and overall adolescent health. Recommendations for asset-building among this population are discussed.

Developmental Toxicity in Mice Following Paternal Exposure to Di-N-Butyl-Phthalate (DBP)

Objective The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of paternal Di‐N‐butyl‐phthalate （DBP） exposure pre‐ and postnatally on F1 generation offspring,and prenatally on F2 generation offspring.Methods Male mice were exposed to either 500 mg/kg or 2 000 mg/kg of DBP for 8 weeks,and mated with non‐exposed females.Three‐quarters of the females were sacrificed a day prior to parturition,and examined for the number of living and dead implantations,and incidence of gross malformations.Pups from the remaining females were assessed for developmental markers,growth parameters,as well as sperm quantity and quality.Results There were no changes in the fertility of parents and in intrauterine development of the offspring.Pups of DBP‐exposed males demonstrated growth‐retardation.Following paternal exposure to 500 mg/kg bw of DBP,there were almost twice the number of males than females born in the F1 generation.F1 generation females had a 2.5‐day delay in vaginal opening.Paternal exposure to 2 000 mg/kg bw of DBP increased the incidence of sperm head malformations in F1 generation males;however,there were no changes in the fertility and viability of foetuses in the F2 generation.Conclusion Paternal DBP exposure may disturb the sex ratio of the offspring,delay female sexual maturation,and deteriorate the sperm quality of F1 generation males.

Clinical Study of Liposuction Combined with Subareolar Incision Adenectomy for Gynecomastia

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of liposuction combined with subareolar incision glandectomy in the treatment of Simon Grade Ⅲ adipo-glandular gynecomastia (GYN). Methods: From March 2021 to March 2022, the data of patients with Simon Grade Ⅲ adipo-glandular GYN treated by liposuction combined with glandectomy in the Department of Plastic Surgery, Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Dalian University and Henan Plastic Surgery and Aesthetic Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Based on the medical records, color ultrasound was performed on the patient’s breast before surgery, which was determined to be GYN (more than 50% glandular tissue). A 3 mm long incision was made at the lower boundary of the surgical range, through which the adipose tissue in the hypertrophic region of the breast was repeatedly aspirated until a satisfactory thickness was achieved. The residual glandular tissue was removed by a semicircular arc incision under the areola, and then the areola incision was sutured in position. The blood flow, sensation, and wound healing of bilateral nipples and areola were observed after surgery, and the morphology of bilateral thorax and scar of incision were followed up. Results: A total of 15 GYN patients aged 18 to 35 years with body mass index of 23.8 to 26.5 kg/m2 (mean = 24.8 kg/m2) were included in this study. The average intraoperative liposuction volume of unilateral breast was 170 mL (150-200 mL), the average glandectomy volume was 115 g (95-125 g), and the average blood loss was about 40 mL (15-75 mL). Postoperative hypertrophic breast volume decreased significantly, and no complications such as hematoma, infection, skin ischemic necrosis, or sensory disturbance occurred in the nipple and areola, during the healing process. The patients were followed up for 3 to 6 months, and the bilateral thorax was smooth, symmetrical, and natural in contour. The incision was concealed, and the scar was not obvious. Conclusion: Liposuction combined with subareolar incision glandectomy in the treatment of Simon Grade Ⅲ adipo-glandular GYN is safe. The postoperative chest contour is smooth and natural, and the scar is small and invisible, which achieves good aesthetics.

W6154S×农垦58杂交后代育性转换株的发育感光性与育性转换特性

为了探讨水稻发育感光性与光、温敏雄性不育性之间的遗传关系,对W6154S/农垦58杂交组合F_2中发育感光性不同而具有明显育性转换特性的不育株及其衍生的F_3株系各单株进行了发育感光性与育性转换光温反应特性鉴定。结果表明:W6154S的育性转换特性可在发育感光性不同的背景中表达光敏不育性;所有F_2、F_3的育性转换株中没有分离出典型的温敏不育株;育性转换性状能在低世代稳定,而控制育性转换光温条件的遗传基础是复杂的。发育感光性强弱不是育性光敏性强弱的决定因子,育性光敏性强弱受遗传背景多因子综合作用,农垦58及其类似背景中可能存在增强光敏雄性不育主效基因表达的遗传因子。

水稻不育系和保持系不同发育时期花药mRNA差异展示

应用DDRT－PCR技术分析了粤泰不育系及保持系单核、二核及三核期的mRNA。不育系和保持系本身不同发育时期花药CDNA扩增带型相似，不育系和保持系同时期花药的CDNA扩增带型也很相似，说明大多数基因都是组成型表达的。在实验中共观察到24条差异带，通过与总RNA斑点杂交对部分差异带初步筛选，表明AGCK－20仅与不育系总RNA有杂交信号。

甜菜细胞质雄性不育与内源激素含量的关系

【目的】研究甜菜细胞质雄性不育与内源激素含量的关系。【方法】以表现型具明显差异的两对甜菜单胚CMS系及其O型系作为试验材料,采用间接酶联免疫(ELISA)检测技术,分析营养生长期和生殖生长期的功能叶片和花蕾中生长素、细胞分裂素、脱落酸、赤霉素等4大类内源激素的含量和比值变化。【结果】在营养生长的糖分积累期,ABA、IAA、GA3含量均为O型系高于CMS系,差异显著,而DHZR、IPA、ZR含量在营养生长期间均差异不显著;在开花初期的叶片,除IPA外,IAA、ABA、DHZR、ZR、GA3含量均为O型系高于CMS系;饱满花蕾的IAA、ABA、ZR、GA3含量均为O型系高于CMS系。甜菜激素变化较有规律的时期和器官依次为开花盛期的饱满花蕾、开花初期的叶片和和营养生长阶段糖分积累期的叶片。在上述3个时期,CMS系与O型系甜菜的激素含量变化较大,CMS系的IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA和GA3/ABA值分别为O型系的0.55倍、1.43倍、1.64倍;2.66倍、1.55倍、1.49倍和1.14倍、1.60倍、1.53倍。【结论】各种激素的含量变化与甜菜CMS相关密切。影响甜菜CMS的时期、器官和激素比值分别为饱满花蕾IAA/ABA的降低、ZR/ABA和GA3/ABA的提高,开花初期和糖分积累期的叶片为IAA/ABA、ZR/ABA和GA3/ABA的提高。该研究为探讨甜菜细胞质雄性不育的生理机制和育性的调控提供了理论依据。

杉木雄性不育株与可育株小孢子叶球的发育解剖和生理生化的比较研究

1978年我们在浙江省首次发现杉木(Cunnighamia lanceolata)雄性不育株。本文对杉木雄性不育株的小孢子叶球进行了有关形态学和生理生化方面的初步研究。结果表明:杉木的雄性不育属于无孢子型。造成雄性不育的直接原因是绒毡层的过早解体和小孢子母细胞不能完成减数分裂。雄性不育株的雌球花发育正常,并能正常开花、授粉和结籽。在小孢子发生和发育过程中,不育株小孢子叶球的呼吸强度明显低于可育株的小孢子叶球,并表现出一定的规律性。不育株与可育株之间过氧化物酶同工酶谱具有明显差异,前者的酶带数始终多于后者。作者认为,杉木不育株中可能存在雄性不育细胞质基因,通过影响或调节编码过氧化物酶的核基因的表达,或影响核基因遗传功能的正常发挥,引起核质之间的不协调而导致雄性不育。

大菱鲆选育家系雌、雄群体的生长发育差异

采用全长／体长、体高／体长、全长／体高和体质量为评价指标，分别对9～33月龄大菱鲆雌、雄群体在生长发育过程中体型的动态变化及生长性能差异进行了比较。大菱鲆雌、雄群体形态比较结果显示，雌、雄群体的全长／体长、体高／体长、全长／体高在不同发育阶段呈现特有的变化，但在雌、雄群体间，除33月龄的体高／体长和全长／体高差异达到显著水平外，3项指标在不同阶段没有差异或差异不显著，即可以认为，对于统计初始体质量相同或相近的大菱鲆雌、雄群体，全长／体长、体高／体长和全长／体高3个形态比例指标是随发育时间序列同步变化。基于Logistic模型对大菱鲆雌、雄群体生长性能的比较结果显示，雌性群体的拐点月龄、拐点体质量和最大月增重均大于雄性群体；对于雌性和雄性群体的瞬时增长率，除在9～13月龄雌性群体稍低于雄性群体外，13～33月龄的雌性群体均高于雄性群体，且随着生长发育和体质量差异的增大，雌、雄瞬时增长率的差异也呈增大趋势；雄性群体进入快速生长期的始速点和进入缓慢生长期的终速点均比雌性群体提前，雄性群体的快速生长期时间区间长度小于雌性群体，其对应的体质量区间长度也小于雌性群体，雌性群体在快速生长期的月增重显著高于雄性群体。研究表明，大菱鲆雌、雄群体在生长发育过程中存在着显著的生长差异，而形态差异不显著。

油棕雄花发育时期功能叶生理生化特性及叶绿素荧光基础研究

为了摸清油棕雄花发育时期主要供能器官功能叶的生理生化特性及与雄花发育的关系,笔者研究了4个油棕品种雄花发育时期功能叶可溶性糖、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白、抗氧化系统参数及叶绿素荧光的动态变化,并与雄花重量进行相关分析。结果表明,伴随雄花的发育,功能叶可溶性糖、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白、抗氧化系统参数及叶绿素荧光,表现出一定的协调同步性。苞期、开叉期功能叶转移大量营养物质到雄花,可溶性糖、蔗糖、可溶性蛋白表现为含量较低,开叉期"蔗糖/可溶性糖"比值最高,代谢最旺盛,超氧阴离子自由基伴随物质代谢产生,由POD、SOD、CAT3种保护酶协调清除,保障功能叶正常的生理功能。随着雄花的形态建成、内含物的积累及萎蔫,功能叶表现出开叉期Fo、Fv、Fm最高,Fo/Fm最低,光合机构受损最小,叶绿素含量高,光合电子传递效率高,而Fv/Fm保持稳定状态;试验得出,苞期、开叉期是雄花及功能叶的营养代谢关键期,即栽培管理重点期。

椰子木蛾生殖系统初步研究

椰子木蛾(Opisina arenosella Walker)是棕榈科植物的一种重要害虫。为阐明椰子木蛾成虫内外生殖系统结构以及卵巢发育,以显微解剖的方法,对其进行了研究。结果表明,椰子木蛾雄成虫内生殖系统由睾丸、贮精囊、输精管、双射精管、单射精管和附腺组成,外生殖系统由钩形突、颚形突、抱握器、阳茎轭片、阳茎和囊形突构成。雌成虫内生殖系统包括卵巢、侧输卵管、中输卵管、受精囊和生殖附腺,外生殖系统由产卵器、导精管和交配囊组成。雌性生殖系统的发育分为成熟待产期(Ⅰ级)、产卵初期(Ⅱ级)、产卵盛期(Ⅲ级)和产卵末期(Ⅳ级)4个级别。详细了解椰子木蛾成虫生殖系统结构特征,对其田间预测预报以及种间鉴定具有重要的指导意义。

新规则下世界男子单杠的发展态势分析

运用录像观察与统计分析法对参加第39、40届体操世锦赛和第29届奥运会单杠决赛的运动员成套A分动作的类型、难度、连接加分和完成情况进行研究，探析在新规则导向下世界男子单杠的发展态势。结果表明：飞行动作快速发展；在成套中使用1～2个F组飞行动作是男子单杠发展的新动向；发展具有0．2连接加分的“二连接”仍是运动员努力的方向；下法开始向F组难度发展；力求动作难度与完成质量达到和谐统一是优秀运动员所追求的目标。

稻纵卷叶螟雄蛾内生殖系统形态指标在性诱测报中的应用

【目的】随着性信息素在稻纵卷叶螟Cnaphalocrocis medinalis监测与防控中的应用越来越广泛,亟须准确判定性信息素所诱集到的雄蛾生殖发育状态,以便获取稻纵卷叶螟测报关键参数并准确评价防控效果。本研究旨在明确判定稻纵卷叶螟雄蛾内生殖系统发育状态的形态指标,进而试图依据性诱雄蛾日龄结构信息判定害虫种群发育状态。【方法】测量不同日龄的稻纵卷叶螟雄蛾精巢长半轴,形成依据精巢长半轴判断雄蛾日龄的发育标准,进而依据该标准划分田间逐日性诱的雄蛾日龄,反推出1日龄雄蛾逐日动态。【结果】解剖结果表明,在稻纵卷叶螟雄蛾内生殖系统各组成器官中,精巢形态稳定良好,其尺寸衰减与成虫日龄具有较好的对应关系,其中8日龄雄蛾精巢长半轴比1日龄长半轴减少41.55%。2015和2016年的田间调查结果表明,田间诱捕稻纵卷叶螟雄蛾中1-4日龄雄蛾占60%以上,不同日龄成虫的比例曲线呈双峰形,1和4日龄雄蛾分别形成第1和2次高峰。利用2015年四川眉山、2016年四川自贡两地性诱雄蛾逐日日龄结构和数量,反演1日龄雄蛾发生动态,其结果与田间发生情况相符合。【结论】稻纵卷叶螟雄蛾精巢大小变化可以准确反映稻纵卷叶螟雄蛾日龄变化,检测雄蛾精巢可获得其相应日龄信息,有利于准确预报该虫种群动态。

利用花药相关基因及启动子创制雄性不育种质研究进展

杂种优势利用是大幅度提高作物产量、改良作物品质的有效途径,而作物雄性不育及优良的育性恢复种质是利用杂种优势的关键因素。为此,综述了近年来有关花药发育重要基因克隆和功能验证研究方面的重要成果,以及运用植物遗传转化工程创制植物雄性不育种质的进展。同时讨论了利用转基因技术创制作物雄性不育系、恢复系和保持系的技术策略,并对利用植物遗传转化技术创制植物杂种优势利用中"三系"种质的现状进行了分析和展望。

高温对光敏水稻与普通水稻结实率降低方式的分析

报道了对农垦５８Ｓ、农垦５８等６个光敏水稻及常规稻进行光周期反应特性分析中，武昌夏季的自然温度对水稻穗发育及结实率的影响。观察到在较高温度下，５ｄ的ＳＤ处理即可使晚粳穗分化启动并抽穗，表明高温对短日诱导穗分化有明显促进作用；同时还观察到在穗分化启动后，温度对幼穗发育进程的光周期效应也有影响，表现为高温可加强长日对幼穗发育的延迟和短日对幼穗发育的促进，而低温则减弱这种作用。在短日照下，对其在不同温度条件下的结实率与温度的相关性分析发现：光敏不育系的结实率均与幼穗发育期的平均温度呈显著负相关，而常规品种的结实率则主要与抽穗扬花期的平均温度呈显著负相关。因此温度在水稻光敏不育中具特殊效应，这种效应与光周期反应基本无关。

两系稻在江西不同地区的生育特性及其育性转换初探

本研究通过不同地区的分期播种试验,观察了W6154S、5460S的生育特性和育性转换特性,指出了两个核雄性不育系的播种至始穗历期随纬度和海拔升高而增加,随栽培季节温度的升高而缩短。温度是诱导两个核雄性不育系育性转换的主导因素。同时提出了其制种与繁殖的适宜季节。

男性不育患者数量皮纹学特征及其波动性不对称

目的：研究数量皮纹学特征及其波动性不对称参数在男性不育患者中的分布特征。方法：随机分析男性不育患者102例和有正常生育史男性156例指纹及掌纹多项指标，并分析其中12项波动性不对称参数。结果：男性不育患者组与正常对照组4种指纹类型出现率差异均无统计学意义；男性不育患者组a-b指纹嵴线数及a-b间距值低于正常对照组；男性不育患者组通贯掌的出现率高于对照组；男性不育患者组与正常对照组在波动性不对称V项有差异，表现为患者组明显增高。结论：男性不育患者掌纹指标变异明显，较高的波动性不对称V水平提示男性不育患者在胚胎发育早期可能易受到环境因素影响，具有较高的发育不稳定性。