RLKs orchestrate the signaling in plant male-female interaction

Different from animals, sessile plants are equipped with a large receptor-like kinase(RLK) superfamily. RLKs are a family of single trans-membrane proteins with divergent N-terminal extracellular domains capped by a signal peptide and C-terminal intracellular kinase. Researches in the last two decades have uncovered an increasing number of RLKs that regulate plant development, stress response and sexual reproduction, highlighting a dominant role of RLK signaling in cell-to-cell communications. Sexual reproduction in flowering plants is featured by interactions between the male gametophyte and the female tissues to facilitate sperm delivery and fertilization. Emerging evidences suggest that RLKs regulate almost every aspect of plant reproductive process, especially during pollination. Therefore, in this review we will focus mainly on the function and signaling of RLKs in plant male-female interaction and discuss the future prospects on these topics.

Differences Between Male andFemale Sex in Speech Behaviour

This paper describes male-female differences in speech behavior from the following aspects: their different attitudes towards public speaking and private speaking; their different attitudes towards public details and private details; their different purposes towards troubles; their different attitudes towards asking information. Then this paper presents explanations for male-female differences in speech behavior from social point of view and anthropological point of view.

Pollination adaptations of group-by-group stamen movement in a meadow plant with temporal floral closure

Floral sexual organ(stamen and pistil)movements are selective adaptations that have different functions in male-female reproduction and the evolution of flowering plants.However,the significance of stamen movements in the spatialetemporal function and separation of male and female organs has not been experimentally determined in species exhibiting floral temporal closure.The current study investigated the role of slow stamen(group-by-group)movement in male-female sexual function,and the effect of stamen movement on pollen removal,male-male and male-female interference,and mating patterns of Geranium pratense,a plant with temporal floral closure.This species uses stamen group-by-group movement and therefore anther-stigma spatialetemporal separation.Spatial separation(two whorls of stamen and pistil length)was shown to be stronger than temporal separation.We found that stamen movements to the center of the flower increase pollen removal,and the most common pollinators visited more frequently and for longer durations during the male floral stage than during the female floral stage.Petal movements increased both self-pollen deposition rate and sexual interference in G.pratense.The fruit and seed set of naturally and outcrossed pollinated flowers were more prolific than those of selfpollinated flowers.Group-by-group stamen movement,dehiscence of stamens,pistil movement,and male-female spatialetemporal functional separation of G.pratense before floral temporal closure may prevent male-female and stamen-stamen interference and pollen discounting,and may increase pollen removal and cross-pollination.

On COVID-19 and Membrane Lipids and Public Health

Coronavirus has a lipid membrane.Whist replication requires hijacking the RNA tools of the host to synthesize virion protein,that then has to be wrapped in a lipid membrane to enable the budding off which extends the infection.Recent studies implicate certain essential fatty acids with replication suppression properties.The lipid membrane is commonly thought of as a fatty barrier to water solubles.It is however highly ordered and compositionally specific to cellular and sub cellular functions.There will likely also be an optimum specificity for the viral coat.Whist DNA,RNA and protein compositions are not affected by diet,the lipid membrane is.Moreover,the greater sensitivity of males over females to inadequacy of these essential fatty acids and membrane integrity has been known since the 1960 s.With evidence that arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids exhibiting anti-viral,immune,anti-inflammatory,blood pressure control and resolvin activity,their status needs to be urgently examined in relation to the prevention and therapy for Covid-19.It would also be advisable to re-assess food policy.The lipid requirements for the membrane rich systems as in the brain,nervous,vascular and immune systems have not been considered.There is little doubt these were significant in shaping the human genome over several million years.Departure from such conditions would be predicted to put populations at risk to disorder and infection,with males being more at risk than females.