Malignant glaucoma treated by low-dose laser cycloplasty: a 1-year multicenter prospective noncomparative study

AIM:To report a one-year clinical outcomes of low-dose laser cycloplasty(LCP)among malignant glaucoma patients.METHODS:In this prospective,multicenter,noncomparative clinical study,participants with malignant glaucoma were recruited and underwent LCP at eight ophthalmic centers in China.Patients were followed up at 1wk,1,3,6,and 12mo.Intraocular pressure(IOP),number of glaucoma medications,anterior chamber depth(ACD),and complications were recorded.Anatomical success was defined as the reformation of the anterior chamber based on slit-lamp biomicroscopy.Recurrence was defined by the presence of a shallow orflat anterior chamber after initial recovery from treatment.RESULTS:A total of 34 eyes received LCP.Mean IOP and medications decreased from 36.1±11.5 mm Hg with 3.3±1.5 glaucoma medications pre-treatment to 20.9±9.8 mm Hg(P<0.001)with 2.9±1.6 medications(P=0.046)at 1d,and 17.4±6.7 mm Hg(P<0.001)with 1.3±1.7 medications(P<0.001)at 12mo.The ACD increased from 1.1±0.8 mm at baseline to 1.7±1.0 mm and to 2.0±0.5 mm at 1d and 12mo,respectively.A total of 32(94.1%)eyes achieved initial anatomical success.During follow-up,2(5.9%)eyes failed and 8(23.5%)eyes relapsed,yielding a 12-month anatomical success rate of 64.3%.Complications including anterior synechia(8.82%),choroidal/ciliary detachment(5.88%)and hypopyon(2.94%)were observed within 1wk.CONCLUSION:LCP is simple,safe,and effective in reforming the anterior chamber in malignant glaucoma.

Bilateral malignant glaucoma with bullous keratopathy:A case report

BACKGROUND Malignant glaucoma,caused by aqueous misdirection,is a challenging postsurgical complication presented with normal/high intraocular pressure and shallowing of the central and peripheral anterior chambers.Its incidence is about 0.6%-4.0%.It can be secondary to filtering surgeries,laser iridotomy,and cataract surgery.Short axial length and a history of angle closure glaucoma are its main risk factors.Here,we report a bilateral malignant glaucoma with bullous keratopathy in the patient’s left eye.CASE SUMMARY We present a case of bilateral malignant glaucoma.The cause of malignant glaucoma for each eye of this patient was different.Hence,the management strategy and selection of surgical methods were also different.However,the normal anterior chamber was ultimately maintained,and maximum visual function was preserved.Even though the left eye received multiple surgeries and corneal endothelial decompensation occurred,the formation of a retroendothelial fibrous membrane partially compensated for the function of the corneal endothelium.CONCLUSION The formation of a retroendothelial fibrous membrane partially compensated for the function of the corneal endothelium.

Management strategies in malignant glaucoma secondary to antiglaucoma surgery

AIM：To assess the outcomes of various interventions for malignant glaucoma（MG）.·M ETHODS：A retrospective,comparative analysis of case series were performed on 38 eyes of 35 MG patients treated in Aier Eye Hospital of Wuhan between Jan.2009and Dec.2012.Numerous treatments were administered including medical therapy,neodymium：yttriumaluminium-garnet（Nd：YAG）laser posterior capsulotomy and hyaloidotomy as well as 3 surgical options.The characteristic,treatment option and outcome of MG in every individual patient were reviewed and analyzed among all patients who were followed up for an average of 27.1±9.1mo.·RESULTS：Four eyes of 3 patients achieved complete resolution with medical therapy.Nd：YAG laser posterior capsulotomy and hyaloidotomy were performed on 2 eyes,both of which achieved resolution after initial intervention.Thirty-two eyes were given surgical treatments with anterior vitrectomy-reformation of anterior chamber in13 eyes,phacoemulsification-intraocular lens implantation in 10 eyes and phacoemulsification-intraocular lens implantation-anterior vitrectomy in 9 eyes.Resolution of MG was seen in almost all patients.The mean intraocular pressure decreased from 41.87±9.44 mm Hg at presentation to 15.84±3.73 mm Hg at the last visit.The mean anterior chamber depth improved from 0.28±0.27 mm to 2.28±0.19 mm.Twenty eyes with preoperative visual acuity better than counting figure/50 cm had various visual improvements.Complications occurred in 3 eyes of 3 patients including bleeding at the entry site of vitrectomy into vitreous cavity,corneal endothelial decompensation and allergic to atropine respectively.·CONCLUSION：MG occurs as a result of multiple mechanisms involved simultaneously or sequentially.Medical therapy is advocated as the initial treatment,laser therapy is beneficial in pseudophakic eyes,and different surgical regimen is recommended based on different pathogenesis of MG when non-response occurs to nonsurgical management.MG can be managed successfully by appropriate and timely interventions with good visual outcome.

Etiology, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of neovascular glaucoma

Neovascular glaucoma is defined as iris and/or anterior chamber angle neovascularization associated with increased intraocular pressure. It is a secondary glaucoma that is most frequently caused by severe retinal ischemia. The most common diseases responsible for the development of neovascular glaucoma are diabetic retinopathy, ischemic central retinal vein occlusion,and ocular ischemic syndrome. Uncommon causes include ocular radiation, ocular tumors, uveitis and other miscellaneous conditions. Vascular endothelial growth factor is an important and likely predominant agent involved in the pathogenesis of intraocular neovascularization and neovascular glaucoma. The evolution of clinical and histopathological changes from predisposing conditions to the occurrence of rubeosis iridis and neovascular glaucoma is divided into four stages: prerubeosis, preglaucoma, open angle glaucoma, and angle-closure glaucoma.

Pathogenesis of glaucoma: how to prevent ganglion cell from axonal destruction?

Glaucoma is the main cause of irreversible blindness globally, but the pathogenesis of glaucoma is still pending consensus. In spite of great advances during the 20th and early 21st centuries in terms of detailed knowledge of pathological processes that take place in glaucoma, the exact pathogenesis is much less clear. Hypotheses abound, and the most researched areas are ischemia at the optic nerve head, blockade of ganglion cell axonal transport, peripapillary atrophy, and changes in the characteristics of the lamina cribrosa （Nucci et al., 2008）.

Pseudophakic Malignant Glaucoma Treatment Assisted with Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography: A Case Report

PSEUDOPHAKIC malignant glaucoma is diagnosedbased on the presence of a shallow or flat centraland peripheral anterior chamber in the presenceof patent iridectomy, with intraocular pressure（IOP） of 22 mm Hg or more after lens extraction andintraocular lens implantation.1 Pseudophakic malignantglaucoma is one of the most challenging complicationsfaced by surgeons. Initial medication includes topicalcycloplegics, osmotic agents.

Effectiveness of surgical management of malignant glaucoma in phakic eyes

AIM:To assess the effectiveness of core vitrectomyphacoemulsification-intraocular lens(IOL)implantationcapsulo-hyaloidotomy in treating phakic eye at least 1 mo after the onset of malignant glaucoma.METHODS:A retrospective analysis were performed on malignant glaucoma patients treated in Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center between 2016 and 2018.Demographic and clinical data were described.The preoperative and postoperative visual acuity(VA),intraocular pressure(IOP),number of IOP-lowering medications used,and anterior chamber depth(ACD)of the case series were compared by Wilcoxon signed-rank test.RESULTS:Thirteen phakic eyes with long time intervals between onset and surgery were identified in this case series.Core vitrectomy-phacoemulsification-IOL implantation-capsulohyaloidotomy reduced the IOP(P=0.046)and the number of IOP-lowering medications used(P=0.004),deepened the ACD(P=0.005).Complete success was achieved in 38.5%of the eyes,and anatomical success was achieved in 100%of the eyes without any recurrence.The only postoperative complication observed is corneal endothelial decompensation.It occurred in two cases.CONCLUSION:Core vitrectomy-phacoemulsification-IOL implantation-capsulo-hyaloidotomy is safe and effective for treatment of long onset phakic malignant glaucoma.

Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus:A case report

BACKGROUND Primary malignant melanoma of the esophagus(PMME)is a rare malignant disease whose clinical and molecular pathological features,origin and pathoge-nesis,diagnosis and treatment have not been elucidated.CASE SUMMARY In this paper,we report a case of a 73-year-old male with PMME.The patient complained of progressive dysphagia accompanied by substantial weight loss.Gastroscopy revealed a purple black bulging-type mass in the lower esophagus with easy bleeding on contact and scattered satellite lesions in the stomach.Histopathological biopsy revealed melanocytes in the esophageal mucosa.Physical examination and multidisciplinary consultation led to diagnostic exclusion of melanoma originating in other organs,such as the skin.Through this case report and literature review,we aimed to describe the clinical and molecular pathological features of PMME and summarize possible pathways of pathoge-nesis as well as cutting-edge therapeutic advances.CONCLUSION PMME is a rare malignancy of the esophagus with a poor prognosis.Clinicians should raise their awareness and be able to identify early lesions.

Comment on “Management strategies in malignant glaucoma secondary to antiglaucoma surgery”

Dear Editor,We read with great interest the article by Wu et al[1]which comprehensively assessed the outcomes of various interventions in 38 eyes of 35 patients with malignant glaucoma（MG）secondary to antiglaucoma surgery whowere followed up for an average of 27.1mo.

New Management of Malignant Glaucoma by Phacoemulsification with Posterior Chamber Foldable Intraocular Lens Implantation

Objective:To investigate the feasibility of phacoemulsification with posterior chamber foldable intraocular lens implantation in the management of malignant glaucoma. Patients and Methods:Fourteen patients with malignant glaucoma diagnosed in the Department of Glaucoma were enrolled in the study.12 patients developed malignant glaucoma after filtration surgery.1 developed after peripheral iridectomy.1 patient developed malignant glaucoma without any clear cause.Cataract phacoemulsification was performed.Posterior chamber intraocular foldable lens was implanted in 10 cases of patients.Results:All 14 patients were cured wiht normal intraocular pressure,normal anterior chamber depth and increased visual acuity.Conclusion:Phacoemulsification with posterior chamber foldable intraocular lens implantation is a good alternative in treating malignant glaucoma.

Progress in the pathogenesis and related drug therapy of primary open angle glaucoma

Glaucoma is the second major cause of blindness in the world, and primary open angle glaucoma has a high incidence, complicated pathogenesis and difficult clinical diagnosis and treatment. Its main features are optic nerve damage and visual field defect, which seriously affect the quality of patients' life. The pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma is closely related to genetic factors, and MYOC, OPTN, WDR36 and CAV1/CAV2 genes are related to primary open angle glaucoma. The risk factors for primary open angle glaucoma mainly include intraocular pressure, high myopia, race, age and family history, and the pathogenesis may be aqueous humor outflow obstruction, trabecular meshwork changes, intra-scleral canal changes, Schlemm's canal collapse, hemodynamic abnormalities, related gene abnormalities as well as the effects of aqueous humor. At present, most of the clinical treatment is through drugs, laser and surgery, and local drug therapy is the first choice for primary open angle glaucoma. The study on the pathogenesis of primary open angle glaucoma has not been uniformly defined, and the corresponding new methods for diagnosis and treatment have been emerging one after another. In clinical practice, the features of the disease should be combined with the patients' actual situation to reasonably use operation and medicines and constantly improve the clinical treatment effect of POAG.

Prof.Tae-Woo Kim:open angle glaucoma patients should be classified by pathogenesis,not simply by intraocular pressure

Expert’s introduction Tae-Woo Kim(Figure 1)is Professor of Seoul National University College of Medicine.He also serves as an ophthalmologist in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital.His research interests include but not limited to lamina cribrosa imaging,diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma,relationship of myopia and glaucoma,blood flow in normal-tension glaucoma.

原发性开角型青光眼发病机制的文献计量学研究

目的:通过对近30 a原发性开角型青光眼(POAG)发病机制的相关文献进行计量学分析,了解该领域的发文情况、研究趋势及研究前沿和热点。方法:检索1993-09-01/2023-09-01在中国知网(CNKI)和Web of Science(WOS)核心数据库已发表的关于POAG发病机制的相关文献986篇,运用CiteSpace(6.2.R.4)和VOSviewer(1.6.18)软件对检索到的文献进行知识图谱分析,分析内容包括发文量、作者、研究机构、国家/地区及关键词。结果:美国发文量最多(243篇),其次是中国(121篇)。发文量最多的国外研究机构是哈佛大学(37篇),国内研究机构中山医科大学中山眼科中心、首都医科大学宣武医院眼科、北京医科大学第一医院眼科发文量并列第一。Louis R. Pasquale(21篇)是最高产的英文作者,王宁利是该领域最活跃的中国研究者。该领域研究的关键词包括小梁网、眼压、房水、糖皮质激素、血液流变学等。结论:POAG发病机制的研究正处于蓬勃发展期,美国在该领域发文量最大,哈佛大学为该领域的领先研究机构。POAG研究领域的研究重点已经从结构方面转移到了基因层面,基因研究与中医治疗在该领域具有广泛的应用前景。

清热解毒法在恶性肿瘤治疗中的临床应用

现代中医肿瘤学的癌毒病机理论提出,清热解毒法为治疗恶性肿瘤的抗癌解毒八法之一,可在恶性肿瘤治疗中广泛应用。清热解毒法治疗恶性肿瘤的临床应用需基于辨证、辨病、分期、辨体相结合的综合辨治模式。若肿瘤患者热毒证候明显,辨证应用清热解毒法无疑;若热毒不明显或无证可辨,结合现代肿瘤的病理本质特征,在不违背整体遣方用药原则下,可辨病应用清热解毒法以发挥抗癌祛毒之效。清热解毒法本质属于攻法,其辨证或辨病应用均应以患者正气强弱为考量因素,同时还需结合患者的肿瘤分期、体质因素等。辨证应用强调了清热解毒法运用于肿瘤热毒证的普遍性,辨病应用突破了清热解毒法仅用于宏观热毒证的局限性,分期应用体现了清热解毒法阶段性使用的精准性,辨体应用则体现了清热解毒法应用过程中的个体性。辨证、辨病、分期、辨体4种辨治模式当相互参照、综合运用,方可取得显效。治疗肿瘤常用的清热解毒药物有白花蛇舌草、半枝莲、重楼、天葵子、漏芦、山豆根等。

基于线粒体自噬从“虚气留滞”理论角度探讨青光眼的病机与治疗

视网膜神经节细胞(retinal ganglion cells,RGCs)凋亡是青光眼致盲的直接原因,线粒体自噬是RGCs维持线粒体质量的自我保护机制,与青光眼视神经损害密切相关。线粒体自噬对于青光眼具有双面效应,因此,调节线粒体自噬水平在青光眼领域具有重要的意义。“虚气留滞”是指病久损耗机体元气,导致脏腑气血阴阳亏虚,无力推动气、血、水的运行,使得痰饮、瘀血等病理产物内生的过程。以“虚气”之肝脾肾三脏亏虚为本,以“留滞”之血瘀、痰饮为标,是青光眼视神经损伤的关键病机。“虚气留滞”与线粒体自噬存在直接联系,肝脾肾三脏亏虚可增加RGCs的线粒体自噬,增加不完整的线粒体自噬数量,是促进RGCs凋亡的关键因素,而痰瘀有形之邪是导致线粒体自噬无法完整进行的直接原因。立足于“虚气留滞”理论,中医治疗以扶正祛邪为主,治宜益气活血利水,以益气扶正为治本,以活血利水为治标,可将RGCs中的线粒体自噬调整为合适的状态。线粒体自噬与“虚气留滞”理论的结合为中医认识青光眼提供了新的角度,增添了新的观点。

新生血管性青光眼的发病机制及治疗进展

新生血管性青光眼属于难治性青光眼,病理表现为虹膜及房角新生血管形成、新生血管膜收缩牵拉,使虹膜和房角黏连关闭,阻碍房水外流导致眼压升高,产生剧烈眼痛或头痛,进而损害视神经,造成视力急剧下降,严重者可导致失明。目前,治疗新生血管性青光眼主要有全视网膜激光光凝术、注射抗血管内皮生长因子、局部或全身应用降眼压药物以及抗青光眼手术等多种方法,从而尽可能地减少新生血管形成、保留视功能和改善症状。但由于新生血管性青光眼复杂的发病机制和病理改变,在临床上其治疗较原发性青光眼更为困难,预后也更差。因此,通过了解其发病机制和治疗方法,可以更好地在不同病情下选择最科学的治疗策略。故文章将对新生血管性青光眼的发病机制和治疗进行归纳和总结,并作一综述。

原发性闭角型青光眼发病机制的研究进展

原发性闭角型青光眼(PACG)是导致失明的常见原因,房角关闭是PACG的一个基本病理过程。随着眼科设备的发展,对PACG的发病机制有了更深入的了解。除了传统的瞳孔阻滞、高褶虹膜机制,研究发现其发病原因不仅与异常眼球解剖结构相关,还与眼部动态变化因素、遗传因素和心理生理应激因素等有较为密切的关系。本文结合文献报道对PACG的发病机制和危险因素进行归纳总结,以期为临床工作提供指导作用,为青光眼的早期诊断和治疗方案的制定提供有益的理论支撑。

林胜友基于病机演变理论辨治放射性肺损伤

[目的]总结林胜友教授基于病机演变理论辨治放射性肺损伤的经验。[方法]通过随师临诊,整理医案和古今文献学习,以病机演变为出发点,总结林师临床运用病机演变理论治疗放射性肺损伤的经验,并附一则临床验案予以佐证。[结果]由于放射线对人体的特殊作用,林师认为放射性肺损伤的基础病机贯穿始终,即热邪伤肺,而随着病程发展,其病机变化主要分为三个阶段,初起为邪盛正不衰,热毒伤肺;中期邪盛正衰,热邪先伤阴,肺肾两虚;日久阴损及阳,出现阴阳两虚。并提出临证时要把握基础病机,识别现时病机,推演潜在病机,选取经方麻杏石甘汤为该病基础方,结合各阶段病机进行加减。验案按病机演变规律,予麻杏石甘汤为主方进行加减,取得满意疗效。[结论]林师通过病机演变理论辨治放射性肺损伤,见解独到,疗效显著,值得临床进一步推广及研究。

恶性肿瘤复合病机理论指导下温滋解毒法的构建

基于恶性肿瘤的复合病机,将正邪、阴阳和中气等理论与癌毒理论相整合,指出正虚邪盛为肿瘤的发病基础。阴阳俱损、气机郁滞、癌毒深伏为肿瘤的病机特点。认为阴阳俱损多起于脾肾,气机郁滞首先责之于脾胃,癌毒深伏常兼夹多种邪气。基于此提出以温滋解毒法为恶性肿瘤的基本治法。温滋解毒法是温法、滋法、解毒法三法并用或次第应用,共同发挥温滋并用,调和阴阳;行气解郁,调畅情志;消癌解毒,破兼夹之邪的功效。

倪海雯基于“癌毒-态靶”理论探讨恶性淋巴瘤临证思维模式

恶性淋巴瘤是一组原发于淋巴结或其他淋巴造血组织的恶性肿瘤。精准分层、靶向治疗是淋巴瘤新药时代主要治疗模式;耐药复发、并发症、不良反应管理是真实世界的主要挑战;减毒增效是中西整合的优势和目标。癌毒病机学说是周仲瑛国医大师倡导的肿瘤辨治体系;“态靶理论”是仝小林院士提出的现代中医辨治新模式,即“以病为参,以态为基,以症为靶,以因为先,以果为据”。通过中医辨证“宏观调态”,借助现代医学“微观打靶”,最终实现更高层次的中西整合。导师倪海雯教授以癌毒病机理论指导淋巴瘤临床实践,结合态靶理论的核心理念,创新提出“癌毒-态靶”结合的淋巴瘤中西整合临床辨治新模式,紧扣“正虚癌毒”的核心病机,以“消癌解毒方”作为核心靶方,扶正抗癌,贯穿全程;癌毒易损正,把握正邪交争,邪正消长的规律,区分不同阶段;癌毒多夹杂,多因复合,辨析“痰、热、瘀、虚”之夹杂,谨守病机,分别投以化痰、清热、化瘀、益气、养阴以调偏态;针对淋巴瘤常见症状施以对症靶药,结合分子机制进展,针对关键靶点投以相应“标靶”药以精准打靶。构建新药时代“癌毒-态靶”辨治模式,“态靶同调,病证结合”,优化中西整合淋巴瘤临床实践。