Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage vs percutaneous transhepatic bile duct drainage in the management of malignant obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND Malignant obstructive jaundice(MOJ)is a condition characterized by varying degrees of bile duct stenosis and obstruction,accompanied by the progressive development of malignant tumors,leading to high morbidity and mortality rates.Currently,the two most commonly employed methods for its management are percutaneous transhepatic bile duct drainage(PTBD)and endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage(EUS-BD).While both methods have demonstrated favorable outcomes,additional research needs to be performed to determine their relative efficacy.To compare the therapeutic effectiveness of EUS-BD and PTBD in treating MOJ.METHODS This retrospective analysis,conducted between September 2015 and April 2023 at The Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University(The First People’s Hospital of Changzhou),involved 68 patients with MOJ.The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of surgical procedure received:EUS-BD subgroup(n=33)and PTBD subgroup(n=35).Variables such as general data,preoperative and postoperative indices,blood routine,liver function indices,myocardial function indices,operative success rate,clinical effectiveness,and complication rate were analyzed and compared between the subgroups.RESULTS In the EUS-BD subgroup,hospital stay duration,bile drainage volume,effective catheter time,and clinical effect-iveness rate were superior to those in the PTBD subgroup,although the differences were not statistically significant(P>0.05).The puncture time for the EUS-BD subgroup was shorter than that for the PTBD subgroup(P<0.05).Postoperative blood routine,liver function index,and myocardial function index in the EUS-BD subgroup were significantly lower than those in the PTBD subgroup(P<0.05).Additionally,the complication rate in the EUS-BD subgroup was lower than in the PTBD subgroup(P<0.05).CONCLUSION EUS-BD may reduce the number of punctures,improve liver and myocardial functions,alleviate traumatic stress,and decrease complication rates in MOJ treatment.

Effect of postoperative early enteral nutrition on clinical outcomes and immune function of cholangiocarcinoma patients with malignant obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND Most cholangiocarcinoma patients with malignant obstructive jaundice(MOJ)have varying degrees of malnutrition and immunodeficiency preoperatively.Therefore,perioperative nutritional support has important clinical significance in the treatment of cholangiocarcinoma.AIM To investigate the effects of postoperative early enteral nutrition(EEN)on immunity function and clinical outcomes of cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ.METHODS This prospective clinical study included 60 cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ who underwent surgery.The patients were randomly divided into an experimental group and a control group according to the nutrition support modes.The control group received postoperative total parenteral nutrition(TPN),whereas the experimental group received postoperative EEN and parenteral nutrition(PN;EEN+PN).The clinical outcomes,postoperative immune function,incidences of surgical site infection and bile leakage,intestinal function recovery time,average hospitalization days,and hospitalization expenses of the two groups were assessed on postoperative days(PODs)1,3,and 7.RESULTS The CD3+T,CD4+T,CD8+T,and CD4+T/CD8+T cell count and the immunoglobulin(Ig)G,IgM,and IgA levels in the EEN+PN group were significantly higher than those in the TPN group on PODs 3 and 7(P<0.05),whereas no significant differences in the CD3+T,CD4+T,CD8+T,and CD4+T/CD8+T cell counts and IgG,IgM,and IgA levels before operation and on POD 1 were found between the two groups(P>0.05).The intestinal function recovery time and postoperative hospital stay were shorter(P<0.001 for both)in the EEN+PN group than in the TPN group.The hospitalization expenses of the EEN+PN group were lower than those of the TPN group(P<0.001).However,the incidence of abdominal distension was higher than in the EEN+PN group than in the TPN group(P<0.05).The incidence rates of biliary leakage and surgical site infection were not significantly different between the two groups(P>0.05).CONCLUSION A postoperative EEN program could reduce the incidence of postoperative complications and improve the clinical outcomes and immune functions of cholangiocarcinoma patients with MOJ and is thus beneficial to patient recovery.

Biliary stent combined with iodine-125 seed strand implantation in malignant obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND Malignant obstructive jaundice is mainly caused by cholangiocarcinoma.Only a few patients are indicated for surgical resection,and the 3-year survival rate is<50%.For patients who are not eligible for surgery,biliary stent placement can relieve biliary obstruction and improve liver function and quality of life.However,restenosis after biliary stents has a poor prognosis and is a clinical challenge.Biliary stent combined with iodine-125(125I)seed implantation can prolong stent patency and improve survival.AIM To evaluate the safety and efficacy of biliary stent combined with 125I seed strand implantation in malignant obstructive jaundice.METHODS We enrolled 67 patients between January 2016 and June 2018 with malignant obstructive jaundice and randomized them into a biliary stent combined with 125I seed strand treatment(combined)group(n=32)and biliary stent(control)group(n=35).All patients underwent enhanced computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging and were tested for biochemical and cancer markers.Twelve patients underwent pathological examination before surgery.All patients were followed up by telephone or clinical visit.Postoperative liver function improvement,postoperative complications,stent patency time,and survival time were compared between the two groups.Prognostic risk factors were evaluated.RESULTS Technical success was achieved in all patients in both groups.Postoperative liver function improved significantly in all patients(total bilirubin,direct bilirubin,alanine aminotransferase,and aspartate aminotransferase decreased significantly in all patients,the P values were less than 0.05).There was no significant difference in preoperative or postoperative indexes between the two groups for changes in total bilirubin(P=0.147),direct bilirubin(P=0.448),alanine aminotransferase(P=0.120),and aspartate aminotransferase(P=0.387)between the two groups.The median stent patency time of the combined group was 9.0±1.4 mo[95%confidence interval(CI):6.3-11.8 mo],which was significantly longer than the that of the control group(6.0±0.3 mo,95%CI:5.5-6.5 mo,P=0.000).The median survival time of the combined group was 11.0±1.4 mo(95%CI:8.2-13.7 mo),which was significantly longer than that of the control group(7.0±0.3 mo,95%CI:6.4-7.6 mo,P=0.000).Location of obstruction and number of stents were independent risk factors affecting prognosis.CONCLUSION Biliary stent combined with 125I seed strand implantation is safe and effective in malignant obstructive jaundice and improves stent patency time and median survival time.

Effect of preoperative biliary drainage on malignant obstructive jaundice:A meta-analysis

AIM: To evaluate the effect of preoperative biliary drainage (PBD) on obstructive jaundice resulting from malignant tumors. METHODS: According to the requirements of Cochrane systematic review, studies in the English language were retrieved from MEDLINE and Embase databases from 1995 to 2009 with the key word "preoperative biliary drainage". Two reviewers independently screened the eligible studies, evaluated their academic level and extracted the data from the eligible studies confirmed by cross-checking. Data about patients with and without PBD after resection of malignant tumors were processed for meta-analysis using the Stata 9.2 software, including postoperative mortality, incidence of postoperative pancreatic and bile leakage, abdominal abscess, delayed gastric emptying and incision infection.RESULTS: Fourteen retrospective cohort studies involving 1826 patients with malignant obstructive jaundice accorded with our inclusion criteria, and were included in meta-analysis. Their baseline characteristics were comparable in all the studies. No significant difference was found in combined risk ratio (RR) of postoperative mortality and incidence of pancreatic and bile leakage, abdominal abscess, delayed gastric emptying between patients with and without PBD. However, the combined RR for the incidence of postoperative incision infection was improved better in patients with PBD than in those without PBD (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: PBD cannot significantly reduce the post-operative mortality and complications of malignant obstructive jaundice, and therefore should not be used as a preoperative routine procedure for malignant obstructive jaundice.

Surgical mortality in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice: a multivariate discriminant analysis

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the operative mortality in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice. METHODS: Twelve risk factors were analyzed using multivariate discriminant analysis in 90 patients who had been operated on. RESULTS: Operative mortality was significantly related to the following factors: age, duration of jaundice, packed RBC volume, white blood cell count and concentration of blood urine nitrogen; it was not significantly related to diseases and types of operation. The following formula was obtained: packed RBC volume×0.09954-age×0. 04018-blood urine nitrogen×0. 23693-duration of jaundice× 2. 07388-WBC count×0. 21118+5. 26593. With this formula, an operative mortality of 77. 8% was predicted. CONCLUSION: With a positive value from the formula, the patient should be operated on; otherwise non-operative treatment is advocated.

Percutaneous biliary stent combined with brachytherapy using 125I seeds for treatment of unresectable malignant obstructive jaundice:A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Malignant obstructive jaundice(MOJ)is a common pathologic manifestation of malignant biliary obstruction.Recently,several clinical trials have explored the clinical effectiveness of intraluminal^(125)I seed-based brachytherapy for MOJ patients,and various outcomes have been reported.AIM To assess the efficacy and safety of percutaneous biliary stents with^(125)I seeds compared to conventional metal stents in patients with unresectable MOJ.METHODS A systematic search of English-language databases(PubMed,Embase,Cochrane Library,and Web of Science)was performed to identify studies published prior to June 2020 that compared stents with or without^(125)I seeds in the treatment of unresectable MOJ.The outcomes analyzed included primary outcomes(stent patency and overall survival)and secondary outcomes(complications and liver function parameters).RESULTS Six randomized controlled trials and four retrospective studies involving 875 patients were eligible for the analysis.Of the 875 included patients,404 were treated with^(125)I seed stents,while 471 were treated with conventional stents.Unadjusted pooled analysis demonstrated that compared to conventional stents,^(125)I seed stents extended the stent patency time[hazard ratio(HR)=0.36,95%confidence interval(CI)=0.28-0.45,P<0.0001]and overall survival period(HR=0.52,95%CI=0.42–0.64,P<0.00001).Subgroup analyses based on the type of^(125)I seed stent and type of study design showed consistent results.However,there were no significant differences in the occurrence of total complications[odds ratio(OR)=1.12,95%CI=0.75-1.67,P=0.57],hemobilia(OR=1.02,95%CI=0.45-2.3,P=0.96),pancreatitis(OR=1.79,95%CI=0.42-7.53,P=0.43),cholangitis(OR=1.13,95%CI=0.60-2.13,P=0.71),or pain(OR=0.67,95%CI=0.22-2,P=0.47).In addition,there were no reductions in the levels of serum indices,including total bilirubin[mean difference(MD)=10.96,95%CI=-3.56-25.49,P=0.14],direct bilirubin(MD=7.37,95%CI=-9.76-24.5,P=0.4),alanine aminotransferase(MD=7.52,95%CI=-0.71-15.74,P=0.07),and aspartate aminotransferase(MD=-4.77,95%CI=-19.98-10.44,P=0.54),after treatment.Publication bias was detected regarding the outcome overall survival;however,the conclusions were not changed after the adjustment.CONCLUSION Placement of stents combined with brachytherapy using^(125)I seeds contributes to a longer stent patency and higher overall survival than placement of conventional stents without extra complications or severe liver damage.Thus,it can be considered an effective and safe treatment for unresectable MOJ.

Obstructive jaundice caused by secondary pancreatic tumor from malignant solitary fibrous tumor of pleura:A case report

对胸膜的恶意的独居的含纤维的肿瘤的手术后的双边的多重肺转移的全身的化疗上的一个 77 岁的人受不了瘙痒和黄疸。血检查显示出肝胆管酶的提高的层次。腹的计算断层摄影术在胰腺的头与外部改进显示出一个肿瘤，与 intra 肝、额外肝的胆汁管的膨胀伴随了。他作为把妨碍的黄疸被一个胰腺的头肿瘤引起了被诊断。胰腺的头肿瘤大概作为胸膜的恶意的独居的含纤维的肿瘤的转移被诊断，因为腹的 CT 上的胰腺的头肿瘤上的调查结果类似于胸膜的恶意的独居的含纤维的肿瘤的主要的肺损害上的那些。胰腺的肿瘤在胆总管的劣等的部分在金属性的斯滕特氏印模膏的培植以后很快成长了。病人死于肺的癌性淋巴管炎。尸体揭示了从胰腺的头传播了到肝的核的一个肿瘤。用显微镜，和骨胶原免职展出原子 atypicality 或分割的塑造锭子的房间被观察。Immunohistochemically 胰腺的头肿瘤房间为 alpha 光滑的肌肉肌动朊(alpha-SMA ) 或 CD117 染色是否定的，但是为 vimentin， CD34 和 CD99 积极。这些调查结果与胸膜的恶意的独居的含纤维的肿瘤上的那些一致。我们报导一个第二等的胰腺的肿瘤从胸膜的恶意的独居的含纤维的肿瘤引起的妨碍的黄疸的第一个案例。

Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Biliary Drainage with a Fully Covered Self-Expandable Metal Stent for Malignant Obstructive Jaundice

Objective: To study the therapeutic effect of Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage (EUS-BD) with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice when endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) fails. Methods: From January 2016 January 2018, all patients with malignant obstructive jaundice during hospitalization underwent EUS-guided biliary drainage with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent, and the operation success rate, the clinical success rate, complications, length of hospital stay and survival time were observed. Results: Of 36 patients, 34 cases had successful operation;the operation success rate was 94.44% (34/36). The clinical success rate was 88.89% (32/36). Hemobilia occurred in 1, acute cholangitis in 1, and bile peritonitis in 1;improved after conservative treatment, the complication rate is 8.33% (3/36). Hospital stay and survival time was 21.54 ± 4.73 days and 220.54 ± 54.76 days, respectively. Conclusion: EUS-BD with a nitinol fully covered self-expandable metal stent may be a feasible and effective treatment option in patients with malignant biliary obstruction when ERCP fails.

Effectiveness of a new approach to minimally invasive surgery in palliative treatment of patients with distal malignant biliary obstruction

BACKGROUND Palliative endoscopic biliary drainage is the primary treatment option for the management of patients with jaundice which results from distal malignant biliary obstruction(DMBO).In this group of patients,decompression of the bile duct(BD)allows for pain reduction,symptom relief,chemotherapy administration,improved quality of life,and increased survival rate.To reduce the unfavorable effects of BD decompression,minimally invasive surgical techniques require continuous improvement.AIM To develop a technique for internal-external biliary-jejunal drainage(IEBJD)and assess its effectiveness in comparison to other minimally invasive procedures in the palliative treatment of patients with DMBO.METHODS A retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data was performed,which included 134 patients with DMBO who underwent palliative BD decompression.Biliary-jejunal drainage was developed to divert bile from the BD directly into the initial loops of the small intestine to prevent duodeno-biliary reflux.IEBJD was carried out using percutaneous transhepatic access.Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage(PTBD),endoscopic retrograde biliary stenting(ERBS),and internal-external transpapillary biliary drainage (IETBD) were used for the treatment of studypatients. Endpoints of the study were the clinical success of the procedure, the frequency andnature of complications, and the cumulative survival rate.RESULTSThere were no significant differences in the frequency of minor complications between the studygroups. Significant complications occurred in 5 (17.2%) patients in the IEBJD group, in 16 (64.0%)in the ERBS group, in 9 (47.4%) in the IETBD group, and in 12 (17.4%) in the PTBD group.Cholangitis was the most common severe complication. In the IEBJD group, the course ofcholangitis was characterized by a delayed onset and shorter duration as compared to other studygroups. The cumulative survival rate of patients who underwent IEBJD was 2.6 times higher incomparison to those of the PTBD and IETBD groups and 20% higher in comparison to that of theERBS group.CONCLUSIONIEBJD has advantages over other minimally invasive BD decompression techniques and can berecommended for the palliative treatment of patients with DMBO.

Efficacy and safety of percutaneous transhepatic biliary radiofrequency ablation in patients with malignant obstructive jaundice

BACKGROUND Percutaneous transhepatic cholangiodrainage(PTCD)and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography/endoscopic nasobiliary drainage are the most common clinical procedures for jaundice control in patients with unresectable malignant obstructive jaundice,yet the safety and effect of endobiliary radiofrequency ablation(EB-RFA)combined PTCD is rarely reported,in this article,we report our experience of EB-RFA combined PTCD in such patients.AIM To retrospectively study the efficacy and safety of EB-RFA combined PTCD in patients with unresectable malignant obstructive jaundice.METHODS Patients with unresectable malignant obstructive jaundice treated with EB-RFA under PTCD were selected,the bile ducts of the right posterior lobe was selected as the target bile ducts in all cases.The general conditions of all patients,preoperative tumour markers,total bilirubin(TBIL),direct bilirubin(DBIL),albumin(ALB),alkaline phosphatase(ALP),and glutamyl transferase(GGT)before and on the 7th day after the procedure,as well as perioperative complications,stent patency time and patient survival were recorded.RESULTS All patients successfully completed the operation,TBIL and DBIL decreased significantly in all patients at the 7th postoperative day(P=0.009 and 0.006,respectively);the values of ALB,ALP and GGT also decreased compared with the preoperative period,but the difference was not statistically significant.Perioperative biliary bleeding occurred in 2 patients,which was improved after transfusion of blood and other conservative treatments,pancreatitis appeared in 1 patient after the operation,no serious complication and death happened after operation.Except for 3 patients with loss of visits,the stent patency rate of the remaining 14 patients was 100%71%and 29%at the 1^(st),3^(rd),and 6^(th)postoperative months respectively,with a median survival of 4 months.CONCLUSION EB-RFA under PTCD in patients with unresectable malignant obstructive jaundice has a satisfactory therapeutic effect and high safety,which is worthy of further clinical practice.

经内镜逆行胰胆管造影胆管支架置入术对老年恶性梗阻性黄疸患者免疫炎性反应及肝功能的影响

目的探讨经内镜逆行胰胆管造影(ERCP)胆管支架置入术治疗老年恶心梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)患者临床疗效及可能作用机制。方法收集2020年7月至2022年6月在我院接受胆管支架置入术治疗的老年MOJ患者102例临床资料,根据胆管支架置入方式分为ERCP组(54例)与PTCD组(48例),比较两组手术成功率与临床疗效、细胞免疫功能、炎性因子、肝功能、不良反应等指标。结果ERCP组低位梗阻患者手术成功率、临床疗效高于PTCD组(χ^(2)=4.193,4.877,P<0.05);CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)高于PTCD组,CD8^(+)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);血清C-反应蛋白(CRP)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);血清谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBil)、直接胆红素(DBil)低于PTCD组(P<0.05);导管堵塞等并发症7.41%低于PTCD组22.92%(χ^(2)=4.873,P<0.05)。结论ERCP胆管支架置入能够提高手术治疗效果,减少并发症的发生,可能与调节细胞免疫功能、抑制炎症反应、改善肝功能等因素有关。

PTBD联合体外辅助胆汁入肠治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸患者疗效研究

目的观察采用经皮肝穿刺胆道引流(PTBD)联合体外辅助胆汁入肠治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的疗效。方法2019年9月~2022年9月我院诊治的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者100例(其中胆管细胞癌42例、胰头癌35例、胆囊癌23例),被随机分为对照组50例和观察组50例,分别采用单纯的PTBD治疗或在PTBD治疗的基础上,联合体外辅助胆汁入肠治疗。使用PUZS-600A型全自动生化分析仪检测血生化指标。结果在治疗2周后,观察组体质指数、血钠、血钾和血清白蛋白水平分别为(20.3±2.2)kg/m^(2)、(144.8±14.6)mmol/L、(4.6±0.5)mmol/L和(35.2±4.2)g/L,显著高于对照组[分别为(16.9±1.8)kg/m^(2)、(138.2±10.7)mmol/L、(4.3±0.4)mmol/L和(30.1±4.9)g/L,P<0.05];观察组血清TBIL、AST、ALT和GGT水平分别为(142.5±34.5)μmol/L、(42.7±18.6)U/L、(45.9±12.9)U/L和(215.2±74.3)U/L,显著低于对照组[分别为(172.3±36.8)μmol/L、(58.4±14.4)U/L、(62.35±17.8)U/L和(271.9±62.1)U/L,P<0.05];术后,观察组出现5例胆汁外渗、8例置管部位疼痛、1例腹泻、1例胆汁性腹膜炎,对照组出现6例胆汁外渗、11例置管部位疼痛、3例胆汁性腹膜炎,两组并发症发生率无显著性统计学差异(30.0%对40.0%,P>0.05)。结论采用PTBD联合体外辅助胆汁入肠治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸患者有利于短期改善营养状况和肝功能指标,作为姑息治疗,值得临床应用。

恶性梗阻性黄疸PTCD带管病人出院经历的质性研究

目的:基于“以家庭为中心”的理论,探讨恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿刺胆管引流术(PTCD)带管病人出院经历的体验,为制定相应的护理支持方案提供依据。方法:采用现象学研究方法,选取2022年6月—12月在武汉市某三级甲等综合医院胆胰外科住院的13例携带PTCD引流管出院的病人,对其进行半结构访谈,应用Colaizzi 7步分析法对资料进行分析、归纳及提炼主题。结果:遵循“以家庭为中心”的理论,提炼出恶性梗阻性黄疸病人出院准备期、出院接受期、出院后期带管出院体验的3个主题。结论:恶性梗阻性黄疸PTCD带管病人出院照护体验动态变化,医护人员应有针对性地给予心理支持,强调家庭的参与感,增强家庭照护的延续性。

肝门部恶性梗阻性黄疸应用多支架联合^(125)I放射性粒子腔内照射治疗的效果观察

目的 分析肝门部恶性梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)应用多支架联合^(125)I放射性粒子腔内照射治疗的临床效果。方法 30例肝门部MOJ患者为研究对象,所有患者均接受多支架联合^(125)I放射性粒子腔内照射治疗。分析患者手术一般情况、术中并发症发生率;对比患者手术前后总胆红素水平、恶性梗阻性黄疸患者特异性条目池(QLQ-MOJ11)评分及术后不同时间总胆红素缓解率、黄疸缓解率、生存率、胆道再次梗阻发生率。结果 30例患者均一次性顺利置入支架,共置入支架55枚,术后影像学检查明确胆道狭窄处得以改善,术后患者黄疸逐渐消退,肝功能逐渐好转。患者术后1、3个月总胆红素水平分别为(39.35±13.96)、(21.30±10.63)μmol/L,均显著低于术前的(144.62±63.73)μmol/L(P<0.05);患者术后3个月总胆红素水平显著低于术后1个月(P<0.05)。患者术后3个月总胆红素、黄疸缓解率分别为100.00%、100.00%,高于术后1个月的76.67%、73.33%(P<0.05)。30例患者均未出现大出血、休克、心脏血管意外等并发症。患者术后6、12、16个月生存率及胆道再次梗阻发生率对比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。患者术后3个月黄疸、瘙痒、消瘦、消化异常的QLQ-MOJ11评分分别为(26.35±3.85)、(27.42±5.63)、(43.67±6.93)、(22.63±3.27)分,均低于术前的(35.32±4.23)、(36.18±6.72)、(53.93±6.67)、(30.41±5.71)分(P<0.05)。结论 多支架联合^(125)I放射性粒子腔内照射治疗肝门部MOJ能显著提升其临床效果,改善总胆红素水平,降低胆道再梗阻率,提升患者生活质量,其安全性也较高,具有较高的应用价值。

经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术引流管置入胆道对恶性梗阻性黄疸患者肝功能及近期预后的影响研究

目的探讨经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTBD)引流管置入胆道对恶性梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)患者肝功能及近期预后的影响。方法选取2021年1—12月于上饶东信第五医院肝胆胰外科就诊的60例MOJ患者作为研究对象,根据不同治疗方式分为PTBD组(n=33)与对照组(n=27)。PTBD组给予PTBD介入治疗,对照组给予常规开腹引流。比较两组肝功能指标[天冬氨酸转氨酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、总胆红素(TBIL)、直接胆红素(DBIL)、间接胆红素(IBIL)]、细胞免疫水平[CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)]、临床疗效、术后并发症发生情况及随访不良预后情况。结果术后7 d,两组血清AST、ALT、TBIL、DBIL、IBIL水平均低于术前,且PTBD组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。术后7 d,PTBD组CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)水平及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)均高于术前、对照组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),对照组CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)水平及CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)手术前后比较差异无统计学意义。PTBD组治疗总有效率为90.91%,高于对照组的66.67%,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。两组术后并发症及不良预后发生率比较差异无统计学意义。结论PTBD引流管置入胆道临床疗效显著,可明显恢复MOJ患者肝功能,改善患者免疫水平,改善近期预后。

血清和胆汁CA72-4对良恶性梗阻性黄疸的鉴别诊断价值

目的探讨血清和胆汁CA72-4对良恶性梗阻性黄疸的鉴别诊断价值。方法收集2020年6月1日至2022年6月1日因梗阻性黄疸就诊于福建医科大学附属福州市第一医院需行内镜逆行性胰胆管造影术(ERCP)检查或治疗患者,最终纳入67例患者,分为良性组和恶性组。术前抽取血清标本,ERCP术中抽取胆汁标本检测进行肿瘤标志物CA72-4检测。结果肿瘤标志物CA72-4在胆汁中明显高于血清,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),恶性组胆汁及血清CA72-4高于良性组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。根据受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线所示血清、胆汁CA72-4诊断恶性梗阻性黄疸的最佳临界值为1.84、7.10 U/ml。血清CA72-4诊断恶性梗阻性黄疸的敏感度和特异度分别为63.30%、86.50%,胆汁CA72-4的敏感度和特异度分别为83.30%、89.20%。良性组和恶性组中血清和胆汁CA72-4与总胆红素无相关性(P>0.05)。结论血清和胆汁CA72-4检测可以作为判断良恶性梗阻性黄疸的鉴别诊断方法,其中胆汁CA72-4诊断效能优于血清CA72-4。

加味茵陈黄柴汤联合经皮肝穿刺胆管引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床观察

目的探讨加味茵陈黄柴汤联合经皮肝穿刺胆管引流治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的效果。方法纳入2022年1月~2023年12月上海市第七人民医院100例恶性梗阻性黄疸住院患者,随机分为观察组、对照组各50例。对照组予经皮肝穿刺胆管引流及西药护肝利胆治疗,观察组在对照组基础上予加味茵陈黄柴汤治疗14天。观察两组患者治疗1周及2周时肝功能指标(血清总胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶)及中医证候积分(黄染、皮肤瘙痒、胁痛、纳差、乏力)变化情况。结果共脱落19例,最终纳入对照组42例、观察组39例进行统计分析,治疗前后比较,治疗1周时两组患者的血清总胆红素、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶水平均分别得到了一定改善(P<0.05),“黄染”证候积分均有所下降(P<0.05)。组间比较,治疗1周时两组患者肝功能指标及中医证候积分均无明显差异(P>0.05);治疗2周时,观察组血清总胆红素及“黄染、皮肤瘙痒、乏力、纳差”证候积分与对照组比较均差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论经皮肝穿刺胆管引流后运用加味茵陈黄柴汤治疗可进一步退黄,并改善患者症状。

Endoscopic stenting for inoperable malignant biliary obstruction: A systematic review and meta-analysis

AIM: To analyze through meta-analyses the benefits of two types of stents in the inoperable malignant biliary obstruction.METHODS: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials(RCT) was conducted, with the last update on March 2015, using EMBASE, CINAHL(EBSCO), MEDLINE, LILACS/CENTRAL(BVS), SCOPUS, CAPES(Brazil), and gray literature. Information of the selected studies was extracted in sight of six outcomes: primarily regarding dysfunction, complication and reintervention rates; and secondarily costs, survival, and patency time. The data about characteristics of trial participants, inclusion and exclusion criteria and types of stents were also extracted. The bias was mainly assessed through the JADAD scale. This meta-analysis was registered in the PROSPERO database by the number CRD42014015078. The analysis of the absolute risk of the outcomes was performed using the software Rev Man, by computing risk differences(RD) of dichotomous variables and mean differences(MD) of continuous variables. Data on RD and MD for each primary outcome were calculated using the MantelHaenszel test and inconsistency was qualified and reported in χ2 and the Higgins method(I2). Sensitivity analysis was performed when heterogeneity was higher than 50%, a subsequent assay was done and other findings were compiled. Student's t-test was used for the comparison of weighted arithmetic means regarding secondary outcomes.RESULTS: Initial searching identified 3660 studies; 3539 were excluded through title, repetition, and/or abstract, while 121 studies were fully assessed and were excluded mainly because they did not compare self-expanding metal stents(SEMS) and plastic stents(PS), leading to thirteen RCT selected, with 13 articles and 1133 subjects meta-analyzed. The mean age was 69.5 years old, that were affected mostly by bile duct(proximal) and pancreatic tumors(distal). The preferred SEMS diameter used was the 10 mm(30 Fr) and the preferred PS diameter used was 10 Fr. In the metaanalysis, SEMS had lower overall stent dysfunction compared to PS(21.6% vs 46.8%, P < 0.00001) and fewer re-interventions(21.6% vs 56.6%, P < 0.00001), with no difference in complications(13.7% vs 15.9%, P = 0.16). In the secondary analysis, the mean survival rate was higher in the SEMS group(182 d vs 150 d, P < 0.0001), with a higher patency period(250 d vs 124 d, P < 0.0001) and a lower cost per patient(4193.98 vs 4728.65 Euros, P < 0.0985).CONCLUSION: SEMS are associated with lower stent dysfunction, lower re-intervention rates, better survival, and higher patency time. Complications and costs showed no difference.

超声定位导向经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的临床研究

目的:观察经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术(PTCD)在超声定位导向下治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸(MOJ)的临床效果及对患者肝功能的影响。方法:选取2018年1月至2021年1月本院诊治的MOJ患者134例作为研究对象,以随机数字表法分为A组(n=67)和B组(n=67),其中A组患者采用常规导向下PTCD治疗,B组患者采用超声定位导向下PTCD治疗,比较两组患者相关手术指标、肝功能指标及临床效果。结果:A组患者手术时间长于B组,穿刺次数多于B组,有效带管时间短于B组(P<0.05);两组患者术后胆汁引流量比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者术后天门冬氨酸氨基转移酶(AST)、丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)、谷氨酰转肽酶(GCT)、总胆红素(TBil)水平均下降(P<0.05),两组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);两组患者术后CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平均明显升高,且B组高于A组(P<0.05);两组患者术后CD8^(+)均明显降低(P<0.05),组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。两组患者总有效率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),B组患者并发症发生率7.46%,低于A组16.42%(P<0.05);随访发现,B组患者3年生存率为64.18%(43/67),高于A组46.27%(31/67),差异有统计学意义。结论:超声定位导向下PTCD治疗MOJ患者可缩短手术时间,在一定程度上改善患者细胞免疫功能并促进肝功能恢复,延长患者生存时间,安全性高。

Cholangioscopy-assisted guidewire placement in a malignant biliary stricture: A case report

BACKGROUND Cholangioscopy has been described in case reports and series to facilitate guidewire placement in difficult benign biliary strictures.Specifically,it has been infrequently used in difficult benign anastomotic liver transplant biliary strictures to visualize the stricture orifice for guidewire placement.Here we describe a case of guidewire placement through a difficult malignant biliary stricture using single operator cholangioscopy.CASE SUMMARY A 74-year-old female presented with jaundice and weight loss.Endoscopic ultrasound and endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP)by other endoscopists demonstrated pancreatic adenocarcinoma with a dilated cystic duct(CD)and proximal common bile duct(CBD).The associated distal CBD stricture was dilated and stented with a plastic stent.However she subsequently developed cholangitis,prompting referral for a repeat ERCP.The stent was found to have migrated distally to the confluence of the dilated CD and CBD stricture.Despite using multiple hydrophilic guidewires,the stricture could not be traversed due to preferential wire passage into the dilated CD.SpyGlass DS(Boston Scientific Corp,Marlborough,MA,United States)was then used to visualize the orifices of the CD and CBD stenosis,enabling the guidewire to be placed directly through the stricture into the proximal CBD.A WallFlex covered metal stent(Boston Scientific Corp,Marlborough,MA,United States)was successfully placed,resulting in resolution of her cholangitis.CONCLUSION To our knowledge,this is one of the first cases to describe successful cholangioscopic guidewire placement for malignant biliary strictures.